how to write a business research

How to Write a Business Research Paper: A Step-by-Step Guide for Academic Success

• October 31, 2024
• / General Business
• / By Daniela Solis

Writing a business research paper can feel like an overwhelming task, especially with the weight of academic standards and the expectation to present clear, valuable insights. But here’s the good news—you’re not alone, and breaking down the writing process into manageable steps makes it a whole lot simpler.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through crafting an engaging thesis statement, building a strong literature review, and sharing your research findings in a way that connects with readers and highlights your expertise. Ready to dive in?

Selecting a Research Topic

Choosing a compelling and focused research topic is foundational to writing a successful business research paper. A well-chosen topic, aligned with your interests and the broader business research framework, helps ensure academic relevance and value. For a detailed guide on this process, you might find “How to Write a Business Research Paper” helpful. And, if support is needed, Academized offers research paper writing services to help you craft an impactful, well-structured paper that meets academic standards.

Step 1: Define Your Research Objectives

Before diving into topic selection, clarify your research objectives. Consider what you want to achieve with your business research paper—whether it’s exploring a trend, solving a problem, or analyzing a business case. A well-defined objective will guide your direction, making the research process more structured and purposeful.

Step 2: Conduct Preliminary Research

Once your objectives are set, conduct preliminary research to identify gaps in existing research. Reviewing academic journals, articles, and case studies will provide insight into trending topics and areas lacking in-depth exploration. Existing research can also inspire your unique angle, helping you build on previous work or challenge current findings with fresh perspectives.

Step 3: Narrow Down Your Focus

A broad topic can lead to an overwhelming writing process, so aim to narrow your focus to a specific aspect of business research. For instance, if you’re interested in corporate sustainability, consider exploring specific data collection methods for tracking carbon footprints or data analysis techniques that provide insights into sustainable practices. This refinement makes your research more targeted, yielding a high-quality research paper that addresses a precise issue in the business world.

Step 4: Evaluate Feasibility and Resources

Selecting a topic should also involve assessing the feasibility of completing it within your resources and timeframe. Ask yourself: Do I have access to data collection methods and tools to gather sufficient information? Will I be able to adhere to an academic writing standard given the complexity of the topic? Understanding resource constraints will help you choose a topic that’s realistic and achievable, ensuring your first business research paper is thorough and well-structured.

Step 5: Formulate a Clear Research Question

A focused research question is crucial in defining the scope of your paper. It serves as the foundation for your thesis statement and shapes the direction of your study. For example, rather than asking, “How does digital marketing affect businesses?” consider a more specific question like, “What data collection and data analysis methods are most effective for small businesses in digital marketing ?” This clarity will help you formulate an answerable and researchable question.

Step 6: Draft a Research Paper Outline

Before starting the writing process, draft a research paper outline to organize your ideas systematically. Your outline should include sections for the introduction, literature review, research methodology, research findings, and conclusion. A well-structured outline not only streamlines your writing but also ensures that each section logically flows into the next, reinforcing your paper’s academic integrity.

Step 7: Gather Supporting Evidence

To write a great business research papers, gather supporting evidence from credible sources. This could include peer-reviewed articles, business case studies , or industry reports. Ensure that your sources meet high academic standards, as they will substantiate your arguments and give weight to your thesis statement. Reliable evidence also contributes to a solid academic research paper, strengthening its impact and credibility.

Step 8: Ensure Originality and Relevance

When finalizing your topic, ensure it contributes something new to the greater scientific community. Avoid choosing topics that are too well-covered unless you plan to offer a unique perspective or method. Originality doesn’t mean inventing something entirely new; it can be as simple as applying existing research methods to a new context, such as exploring business research trends within niche industries.

Taking the Next Steps

Choosing a solid research topic sets you on the right path toward writing an impactful business research paper. By following these steps, you’ll not only create a foundation that ensures clarity and direction but also prepare yourself for a smooth writing process that aligns with academic standards. With the right topic, your paper will stand out, add value to the existing research, and showcase your unique insights into the business world. Now that you have your topic, you’re ready to dive into drafting and bringing your ideas to life.

Creating an Outline for Structure and Flow

A clear and structured outline is essential to producing a great business research paper. An outline helps organize your ideas, ensuring your paper maintains a logical flow and covers each element thoroughly. Here’s a guide to crafting an effective outline.

1. Introduction

The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. It should provide background on the research topic, briefly highlight the thesis statement, and explain the scope of the study. Use concise language to convey the study’s significance in a way that engages readers.

2. Literature Review

The literature review explores relevant literature related to your topic. By examining existing academic papers, you can identify gaps in research and justify the need for your study. Focus on credible sources from academic databases, making sure to reference appropriately. This section lays the groundwork for your research methodology.

3. Research Methodology

This section outlines your approach to data collection and analysis. Describe your data collection process, including any descriptive statistics or specific tools used. The methodology should be detailed enough to allow replication, ensuring academic integrity. Choose a citation style that aligns with academic standards and is easy to follow.

4. Data Analysis and Key Findings

In this part, present and analyze data collected from your research. Use in-depth analysis techniques to interpret findings, and display data clearly to support your thesis statement. Focus on presenting key findings that advance the objectives of your study. This section should be clear and precise, making complex information accessible.

5. Discussion

The discussion section interprets findings in the context of your business research paper. Here, you’ll reflect on the implications of your findings, link them to previous research, and explore potential limitations. This section provides a space to consider any maintained academic integrity and methodological constraints. You may also suggest areas for exploratory research based on your results.

6. Conclusion

Conclude with a concise summary of the research paper and reiterate the importance of the findings. Highlight key insights and suggest possible future directions. Close by emphasizing the value of well-conducted research in advancing knowledge within the business world.

Final Tips for a Well-Structured Paper

Seek Feedback: After completing a draft, get input from peers to ensure clarity.

Use Clear and Precise Language: Aim for a clear and concise manner in conveying complex ideas.

Maintain Academic Integrity: Adhere to ethical research standards in all sections of your paper.

By following these steps, you’ll create a well-organized and impactful business research paper that showcases both your analytical abilities and attention to detail.

Conducting Research

Conducting research for a business paper involves a few structured steps to ensure a thorough understanding and presentation of the subject. To begin, establishing a focused research question provides direction and purpose. This initial step helps in identifying key areas to explore and gives a brief overview of what the entire paper will discuss. A strong compelling introduction can then present the rationale behind the research, grounded in existing literature, ensuring that the study builds upon an established existing body of knowledge.

One of the essential steps to write a quality research paper includes identifying relevant information and key concepts. This involves locating credible sources, such as academic journals and case studies, and using content analysis to critically examine these sources. As you gather collected data, it’s vital to critically evaluate each piece of information to ensure its relevance to your research question. This process forms a strong basis for any business papers by making sure that every piece of information aligns with your main objectives and is grounded in reliable sources.

The research design is a critical component of the process, providing structure for data collection and analysis. Here, ethical considerations should be a priority, especially if the research involves human subjects or sensitive information. Using an appropriate citation style throughout your paper shows respect for the original authors’ work and maintains academic integrity. Proper citations not only provide credit but also make it easier for others to verify or build upon your research. Therefore, an appropriate citation style should be consistent throughout the paper, ensuring that all sources are documented accurately.

After gathering and assessing collected data, the next step is organizing it into coherent sections within the paper. Break down the information into main points and integrate it into the existing body of research. By providing a clear, logical flow of ideas, the research remains accessible to readers, guiding them through complex information. This structure also helps in highlighting the key concepts related to your research question and ensures that every section builds upon the last, maintaining a seamless narrative throughout the entire paper.

Incorporating content analysis is another effective strategy when writing a research paper, as it allows for an in-depth examination of the topic. For example, analyzing previous studies can provide insights into any gaps in research, thus guiding future studies. Furthermore, addressing these gaps within your own paper demonstrates critical thinking and adds originality to the research. This analysis should then be summarized in a way that highlights its importance without overwhelming readers, thus supporting a smooth reading experience from start to finish.

Finally, as you compile the findings and draw conclusions, make sure to synthesize the research cohesively. Avoiding unnecessary jargon and instead opting for clear and precise language keeps the paper reader-friendly and accessible, helping your research resonate with a broader audience. Additionally, take the time to review and refine your paper, keeping in mind the entire paper as a unified piece.

Writing Process

The writing process for a business research paper can be simplified by following structured steps, ensuring that each section fulfills its purpose and presents information in a logical order. By focusing on each component with a thorough approach, you can create a compelling, well-organized, and informative paper.

Step 1: Planning and Outlining

Before starting, it’s crucial to have a clear outline. This includes defining your main arguments, the structure of your literature review, and deciding on sections that require extensive research. Begin with a clear research proposal or concept that highlights the main objectives of your research study. Planning allows you to conduct research effectively and ensures that you stay organized, making it easier to produce a research paper properly.

Step 2: Conducting Thorough Research

Successful business research papers are built on thorough research and the integration of relevant sources. Identify reputable sources from academic journals, books, and case studies to determine supporting evidence for your arguments. In this stage, you’ll also start gathering data and reviewing resources that you collected earlier to support the paper’s main points. This stage should be done comprehensively, laying a solid foundation for the upcoming academic writing.

Step 3: Writing a Compelling Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for the research paper. It should clearly define the purpose of the paper, outline the research objectives, and engage the reader with a compelling overview of the topic. An introduction in business research paper writing serves not only to present the research study but also to give a quick snapshot of the background, motivating readers to explore the entire work.

Step 4: Crafting the Literature Review

A well-constructed literature review shows the scope of existing research and identifies gaps in knowledge. By analyzing previous studies, you can contextualize your own research paper within the field and highlight how it contributes to the larger body of work. It’s essential to cite sources accurately and demonstrate a deep understanding of the material to establish your credibility in the field. The literature review also plays a critical role in helping to determine supporting evidence for your research objectives.

Step 5: Developing a Strong Research Methodology

A clear methodology outlines how you will gather and analyze data. When writing a research paper, the methodology provides a framework for collected data, ensuring that readers understand your approach. A well-defined methodology in business research paper writing adds rigor to your work and demonstrates that your findings are grounded in reliable research methods. Discuss any limitations of the study and show how your approach contributes to achieving the paper’s goals.

Step 6: Writing the Main Body

The main body of your paper is where you expand on your findings and delve into the business paper’s core topics. This section should be broken down into organized paragraphs, each focusing on specific points or arguments. Ensure that each argument is supported by evidence, either from existing literature or from data you have gathered. By following a logical flow, the main body builds up your analysis and supports the conclusions you will make.

Step 7: Analyzing Data and Presenting Findings

This stage requires you to present and analyze the data gathered during your research. Use clear explanations and, if necessary, statistical tools to interpret your findings. The analysis must be relevant to the research objectives and the research question, linking back to the initial aims of the research paper. If you conducted a large-scale data study, mention any patterns, correlations, or anomalies that arose, supporting the insights you wish to convey.

Step 8: Summarizing Key Points in the Conclusion

The conclusion should summarize the main points and findings of your business research papers. This final section should restate your thesis and highlight the paper’s contributions to the field. An effective conclusion doesn’t merely recap but emphasizes the importance of your study and suggests possible directions for future research. By summarizing key findings and insights, you offer a concise closure to your study that encourages further exploration.

Step 9: Reviewing and Refining Your Work

The final step is to review and refine the paper for clarity, coherence, and academic integrity. Steps to write an effective conclusion include checking for alignment with the initial goals and ensuring that each section flows logically. Use this stage to critically evaluate your arguments, confirm that your citations follow an appropriate citation style, and edit for precision. This final review ensures that your research paper is presented professionally and meets the standards expected in academic circles.

Following These Steps in Writing a Research Paper

By following these organized steps, you’ll create a business research paper that presents complex information in a logical, accessible way. A well-executed writing process contributes to a paper that is not only informative but also professionally structured, ultimately allowing readers to understand the insights and implications of your work.

Key Sections of a Business Research Paper

A business research paper typically follows a structured approach that ensures clarity, coherence, and a logical flow of information. Starting with the introduction, this initial section sets the tone, offering background on the chosen topic and presenting a concise yet compelling thesis statement that defines the study’s purpose and main arguments. The introduction is not only about stating the research topic but also about establishing its importance within the field and setting the stage for the rest of the paper. Here, the research objectives are often outlined, helping to frame the study’s direction and ensuring that readers understand the problem the paper aims to address. This clarity helps in keeping the reader engaged and provides context for each subsequent section.

Following the introduction is the literature review, which serves a dual purpose. First, it offers an overview of existing research and significant theories or findings that relate to the research topic. By reviewing relevant studies, this section highlights the foundation upon which the current research is built. Second, the literature review identifies gaps in the existing body of knowledge, allowing the paper to establish how it will contribute uniquely to the field. This section typically includes supporting evidence and citations from academic sources, showcasing the researcher’s familiarity with prior work and grounding the paper in reputable references. A strong literature review not only contextualizes the research but also helps to refine the study’s focus by narrowing down key areas where new insights can be offered.

After the literature review, the paper presents its research methodology, detailing the processes and techniques used for data collection and data analysis. This section is crucial for establishing the credibility and replicability of the study, as it allows other researchers to understand and potentially replicate the approach taken. Whether it involves surveys, interviews, case studies, or quantitative analysis, the methodology needs to be clearly explained and justified. Key aspects, such as the rationale behind choosing specific data analysis techniques and any ethical considerations that guided the research process, are discussed here. For a business paper, this might include an explanation of how data was gathered from industry sources, or how certain data collection methods were chosen to address particular aspects of the research question. Each methodological choice reinforces the validity of the research findings and underscores the academic rigor of the study.

The main body of the paper typically follows, where the researcher presents and elaborates on the key findings and insights that emerged from the study. This section forms the core of the business paper and should be organized into logical subsections, each addressing a specific point or argument related to the research question. By structuring the content this way, the paper can effectively communicate complex information in a digestible format. In a business research context, this might involve analyzing trends, patterns, or relationships within the data, which are then connected back to the initial thesis statement and research objectives. Here, any quantitative or qualitative results are discussed, with graphs, tables, or figures often used to illustrate significant findings. By clearly explaining each result, the paper enhances the reader’s understanding and demonstrates the study’s relevance to the broader business field.

Once the findings have been thoroughly discussed, the paper moves on to interpret these results in the discussion section. This is where the data analysis conducted earlier is examined in detail, drawing connections between the study’s outcomes and the existing literature presented in the literature review. This section may also explore any unexpected findings, limitations of the study, or implications of the results for both theory and practice. By evaluating the findings within the context of academic writing standards, the discussion provides a balanced view of what the research has achieved and where further research may be needed. A well-rounded discussion section not only reinforces the significance of the paper’s contributions but also acknowledges the scope and boundaries of the research.

In the final part of the paper, the conclusion, the researcher summarizes the main contributions of the study. Here, the paper restates the thesis statement and emphasizes the broader implications of the findings, connecting them back to the initial research proposal. This section often highlights areas for future research, encouraging other scholars to build upon the work presented. In a business research context, this could mean suggesting ways that organizations could apply the findings to improve practices or proposing new avenues for investigating similar topics. The conclusion wraps up the paper in a way that reinforces its value and invites ongoing exploration within the field.

Throughout each section of a business research paper, maintaining academic integrity is essential, especially when citing sources and presenting findings. A strong paper demonstrates respect for prior research through accurate citations and careful attribution of ideas, which bolsters the paper’s credibility. Additionally, adhering to an appropriate citation style ensures consistency and clarity, making it easier for readers to trace the sources referenced. By following these principles, a business research paper achieves a level of professionalism that reflects well on both the author and the academic community.

In sum, a well-structured business research paper brings together each of these sections—introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusion—to form a cohesive, insightful analysis of a business topic. The paper not only presents new knowledge but also contributes meaningfully to the broader field, ensuring that each part of the research process has been handled with rigor and integrity. This structured approach helps in crafting a paper that is informative, relevant, and impactful, establishing it as a valuable resource within the academic and business communities alike

In writing a successful business research paper, following a clear structure and a rigorous approach at each stage is key. From selecting a meaningful topic to conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and presenting findings, each step contributes to a cohesive and insightful study.

By adhering to high standards in academic writing, maintaining academic integrity, and incorporating relevant research findings, your work will not only meet scholarly expectations but also provide valuable insights within the business field. Ultimately, a well-prepared business research paper serves as a contribution to the broader research community, helping to advance knowledge, inform practice, and inspire future studies.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

A research proposal is a formal document that outlines the purpose, scope, methodology, and significance of a proposed study. It serves as a roadmap for the research project and is essential for securing approval, funding, or academic support. Writing a clear and compelling research proposal is crucial, whether for academic research, grants, or professional projects. This article provides a step-by-step guide and a template for creating an effective research proposal.

How To Write a Research Proposal

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Research Proposal

1. Title Page

The title page should include:

• The title of the proposal (concise and descriptive).
• The researcher’s name and affiliation.
• The date of submission.
• The name of the supervisor, institution, or funding organization (if applicable).

2. Abstract

Write a brief summary of the research proposal, highlighting:

• The research problem or question.
• The objectives of the study.
• A concise overview of the methodology.
• The significance of the research.

The abstract should be approximately 150–250 words.

3. Introduction

The introduction sets the context for the study and captures the reader’s interest. Include:

• Background Information: Explain the broader context of the research area.
• Research Problem: Define the specific issue or gap in knowledge the research will address.
• Objectives: Clearly outline what the research aims to achieve.
• Research Questions: Present the central questions the study seeks to answer.
• Significance: Highlight the importance and potential impact of the study.

4. Literature Review

Summarize existing research relevant to your topic, demonstrating your understanding of the field.

• Identify Gaps: Highlight gaps or limitations in current knowledge.
• Theoretical Framework: Discuss theories or models that underpin the study.
• Connection to Research: Explain how your research builds on or diverges from existing studies.

5. Research Methodology

Provide a detailed description of how you plan to conduct the research. Include:

• Research Design: Specify whether the study is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods.
• Population and Sampling: Define the target population and sampling methods.
• Data Collection Methods: Describe the tools (e.g., surveys, interviews, experiments) and procedures for gathering data.
• Data Analysis Techniques: Explain how the data will be analyzed (e.g., statistical methods, thematic analysis).
• Ethical Considerations: Address ethical issues, such as informed consent and confidentiality.

6. Expected Results

Discuss the anticipated outcomes of the research.

• Predictions: Provide a hypothesis or expected findings based on existing knowledge.
• Contribution to Knowledge: Highlight how the findings will advance the field or solve the research problem.

7. Timeline

Create a timeline for completing the research, including key milestones.

• Month 1-2: Literature review and proposal finalization.
• Month 3-4: Data collection.
• Month 5-6: Data analysis and report writing.

8. Budget (if applicable)

Detail the financial resources required for the research. Include:

• Equipment costs.
• Participant incentives.
• Travel and accommodation expenses.
• Software or licensing fees.

9. References

Include a comprehensive list of all sources cited in the proposal. Use a citation style appropriate for your discipline (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

10. Appendices (optional)

Attach supplementary materials, such as:

• Questionnaires or survey instruments.
• Data collection templates.
• Ethical approval forms.

Research Proposal Template

• Title of Proposal
• Researcher’s Name and Affiliation
• Date of Submission
• Supervisor/Institution

1. Introduction

• Background Information
• Research Problem
• Research Questions
• Significance

2. Literature Review

• Summary of Existing Research
• Gaps in Knowledge
• Theoretical Framework

3. Research Methodology

• Research Design
• Population and Sampling
• Data Collection Methods
• Data Analysis Techniques
• Ethical Considerations

4. Expected Results

5. timeline, 6. budget (if applicable), 7. references, 8. appendices (optional), tips for writing a strong research proposal.

• Be Clear and Concise: Avoid jargon and write in straightforward language.
• Align Objectives with Methods: Ensure your research design supports your objectives.
• Justify the Research: Highlight its importance and potential impact.
• Proofread Thoroughly: Check for grammatical errors and formatting inconsistencies.
• Seek Feedback: Share your draft with peers or supervisors for constructive input.

Writing a research proposal is a critical step in planning and securing support for your research project. By following the step-by-step guide and using the provided template, you can create a well-structured and compelling proposal. A strong research proposal not only demonstrates your understanding of the topic but also conveys the feasibility and significance of your study, laying the foundation for successful research.

• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Punch, K. F. (2016). Developing Effective Research Proposals . Sage Publications.
• Babbie, E. (2020). The Practice of Social Research . Cengage Learning.
• University of Southern California Libraries (2023). Research Guides: Writing a Research Proposal .
• Locke, L. F., Spirduso, W. W., & Silverman, S. J. (2013). Proposals That Work: A Guide for Planning Dissertations and Grant Proposals . Sage Publications.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How To Write A Research Paper

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

F or many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

• How to write a research paper
• Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
• Stage 2 : Structure & outline
• Stage 3 : Iterative writing
• Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

• Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
• Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
• Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail. 

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications . If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

• To choose a research question and review the literature
• To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
• To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

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Can you help me with a full paper template for this Abstract:

Background: Energy and sports drinks have gained popularity among diverse demographic groups, including adolescents, athletes, workers, and college students. While often used interchangeably, these beverages serve distinct purposes, with energy drinks aiming to boost energy and cognitive performance, and sports drinks designed to prevent dehydration and replenish electrolytes and carbohydrates lost during physical exertion.

Objective: To assess the nutritional quality of energy and sports drinks in Egypt.

Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study assessed the nutrient contents, including energy, sugar, electrolytes, vitamins, and caffeine, of sports and energy drinks available in major supermarkets in Cairo, Alexandria, and Giza, Egypt. Data collection involved photographing all relevant product labels and recording nutritional information. Descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests were employed to analyze and compare the nutritional values of energy and sports drinks.

Results: The study analyzed 38 sports drinks and 42 energy drinks. Sports drinks were significantly more expensive than energy drinks, with higher net content and elevated magnesium, potassium, and vitamin C. Energy drinks contained higher concentrations of caffeine, sugars, and vitamins B2, B3, and B6.

Conclusion: Significant nutritional differences exist between sports and energy drinks, reflecting their intended uses. However, these beverages’ high sugar content and calorie loads raise health concerns. Proper labeling, public awareness, and responsible marketing are essential to guide safe consumption practices in Egypt.

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• How to write a research paper

Last updated

11 January 2024

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With proper planning, knowledge, and framework, completing a research paper can be a fulfilling and exciting experience. 

Though it might initially sound slightly intimidating, this guide will help you embrace the challenge. 

By documenting your findings, you can inspire others and make a difference in your field. Here's how you can make your research paper unique and comprehensive.

• What is a research paper?

Research papers allow you to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of a particular topic. These papers are usually lengthier and more detailed than typical essays, requiring deeper insight into the chosen topic.

To write a research paper, you must first choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to the field of study. Once you’ve selected your topic, gathering as many relevant resources as possible, including books, scholarly articles, credible websites, and other academic materials, is essential. You must then read and analyze these sources, summarizing their key points and identifying gaps in the current research.

You can formulate your ideas and opinions once you thoroughly understand the existing research. To get there might involve conducting original research, gathering data, or analyzing existing data sets. It could also involve presenting an original argument or interpretation of the existing research.

Writing a successful research paper involves presenting your findings clearly and engagingly, which might involve using charts, graphs, or other visual aids to present your data and using concise language to explain your findings. You must also ensure your paper adheres to relevant academic formatting guidelines, including proper citations and references.

Overall, writing a research paper requires a significant amount of time, effort, and attention to detail. However, it is also an enriching experience that allows you to delve deeply into a subject that interests you and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in your chosen field.

• How long should a research paper be?

Research papers are deep dives into a topic. Therefore, they tend to be longer pieces of work than essays or opinion pieces. 

However, a suitable length depends on the complexity of the topic and your level of expertise. For instance, are you a first-year college student or an experienced professional? 

Also, remember that the best research papers provide valuable information for the benefit of others. Therefore, the quality of information matters most, not necessarily the length. Being concise is valuable.

Following these best practice steps will help keep your process simple and productive:

1. Gaining a deep understanding of any expectations

Before diving into your intended topic or beginning the research phase, take some time to orient yourself. Suppose there’s a specific topic assigned to you. In that case, it’s essential to deeply understand the question and organize your planning and approach in response. Pay attention to the key requirements and ensure you align your writing accordingly. 

This preparation step entails

Deeply understanding the task or assignment

Being clear about the expected format and length

Familiarizing yourself with the citation and referencing requirements 

Understanding any defined limits for your research contribution

Where applicable, speaking to your professor or research supervisor for further clarification

2. Choose your research topic

Select a research topic that aligns with both your interests and available resources. Ideally, focus on a field where you possess significant experience and analytical skills. In crafting your research paper, it's crucial to go beyond summarizing existing data and contribute fresh insights to the chosen area.

Consider narrowing your focus to a specific aspect of the topic. For example, if exploring the link between technology and mental health, delve into how social media use during the pandemic impacts the well-being of college students. Conducting interviews and surveys with students could provide firsthand data and unique perspectives, adding substantial value to the existing knowledge.

When finalizing your topic, adhere to legal and ethical norms in the relevant area (this ensures the integrity of your research, protects participants' rights, upholds intellectual property standards, and ensures transparency and accountability). Following these principles not only maintains the credibility of your work but also builds trust within your academic or professional community.

For instance, in writing about medical research, consider legal and ethical norms , including patient confidentiality laws and informed consent requirements. Similarly, if analyzing user data on social media platforms, be mindful of data privacy regulations, ensuring compliance with laws governing personal information collection and use. Aligning with legal and ethical standards not only avoids potential issues but also underscores the responsible conduct of your research.

3. Gather preliminary research

Once you’ve landed on your topic, it’s time to explore it further. You’ll want to discover more about available resources and existing research relevant to your assignment at this stage. 

This exploratory phase is vital as you may discover issues with your original idea or realize you have insufficient resources to explore the topic effectively. This key bit of groundwork allows you to redirect your research topic in a different, more feasible, or more relevant direction if necessary. 

Spending ample time at this stage ensures you gather everything you need, learn as much as you can about the topic, and discover gaps where the topic has yet to be sufficiently covered, offering an opportunity to research it further. 

4. Define your research question

To produce a well-structured and focused paper, it is imperative to formulate a clear and precise research question that will guide your work. Your research question must be informed by the existing literature and tailored to the scope and objectives of your project. By refining your focus, you can produce a thoughtful and engaging paper that effectively communicates your ideas to your readers.

5. Write a thesis statement

A thesis statement is a one-to-two-sentence summary of your research paper's main argument or direction. It serves as an overall guide to summarize the overall intent of the research paper for you and anyone wanting to know more about the research.

A strong thesis statement is:

Concise and clear: Explain your case in simple sentences (avoid covering multiple ideas). It might help to think of this section as an elevator pitch.

Specific: Ensure that there is no ambiguity in your statement and that your summary covers the points argued in the paper.

Debatable: A thesis statement puts forward a specific argument––it is not merely a statement but a debatable point that can be analyzed and discussed.

Here are three thesis statement examples from different disciplines:

Psychology thesis example: "We're studying adults aged 25-40 to see if taking short breaks for mindfulness can help with stress. Our goal is to find practical ways to manage anxiety better."

Environmental science thesis example: "This research paper looks into how having more city parks might make the air cleaner and keep people healthier. I want to find out if more green spaces means breathing fewer carcinogens in big cities."

UX research thesis example: "This study focuses on improving mobile banking for older adults using ethnographic research, eye-tracking analysis, and interactive prototyping. We investigate the usefulness of eye-tracking analysis with older individuals, aiming to spark debate and offer fresh perspectives on UX design and digital inclusivity for the aging population."

6. Conduct in-depth research

A research paper doesn’t just include research that you’ve uncovered from other papers and studies but your fresh insights, too. You will seek to become an expert on your topic––understanding the nuances in the current leading theories. You will analyze existing research and add your thinking and discoveries.  It's crucial to conduct well-designed research that is rigorous, robust, and based on reliable sources. Suppose a research paper lacks evidence or is biased. In that case, it won't benefit the academic community or the general public. Therefore, examining the topic thoroughly and furthering its understanding through high-quality research is essential. That usually means conducting new research. Depending on the area under investigation, you may conduct surveys, interviews, diary studies , or observational research to uncover new insights or bolster current claims.

7. Determine supporting evidence

Not every piece of research you’ve discovered will be relevant to your research paper. It’s important to categorize the most meaningful evidence to include alongside your discoveries. It's important to include evidence that doesn't support your claims to avoid exclusion bias and ensure a fair research paper.

8. Write a research paper outline

Before diving in and writing the whole paper, start with an outline. It will help you to see if more research is needed, and it will provide a framework by which to write a more compelling paper. Your supervisor may even request an outline to approve before beginning to write the first draft of the full paper. An outline will include your topic, thesis statement, key headings, short summaries of the research, and your arguments.

9. Write your first draft

Once you feel confident about your outline and sources, it’s time to write your first draft. While penning a long piece of content can be intimidating, if you’ve laid the groundwork, you will have a structure to help you move steadily through each section. To keep up motivation and inspiration, it’s often best to keep the pace quick. Stopping for long periods can interrupt your flow and make jumping back in harder than writing when things are fresh in your mind.

10. Cite your sources correctly

It's always a good practice to give credit where it's due, and the same goes for citing any works that have influenced your paper. Building your arguments on credible references adds value and authenticity to your research. In the formatting guidelines section, you’ll find an overview of different citation styles (MLA, CMOS, or APA), which will help you meet any publishing or academic requirements and strengthen your paper's credibility. It is essential to follow the guidelines provided by your school or the publication you are submitting to ensure the accuracy and relevance of your citations.

11. Ensure your work is original

It is crucial to ensure the originality of your paper, as plagiarism can lead to serious consequences. To avoid plagiarism, you should use proper paraphrasing and quoting techniques. Paraphrasing is rewriting a text in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. Quoting involves directly citing the source. Giving credit to the original author or source is essential whenever you borrow their ideas or words. You can also use plagiarism detection tools such as Scribbr or Grammarly to check the originality of your paper. These tools compare your draft writing to a vast database of online sources. If you find any accidental plagiarism, you should correct it immediately by rephrasing or citing the source.

12. Revise, edit, and proofread

One of the essential qualities of excellent writers is their ability to understand the importance of editing and proofreading. Even though it's tempting to call it a day once you've finished your writing, editing your work can significantly improve its quality. It's natural to overlook the weaker areas when you've just finished writing a paper. Therefore, it's best to take a break of a day or two, or even up to a week, to refresh your mind. This way, you can return to your work with a new perspective. After some breathing room, you can spot any inconsistencies, spelling and grammar errors, typos, or missing citations and correct them. 

• The best research paper format 

The format of your research paper should align with the requirements set forth by your college, school, or target publication. 

There is no one “best” format, per se. Depending on the stated requirements, you may need to include the following elements:

Title page: The title page of a research paper typically includes the title, author's name, and institutional affiliation and may include additional information such as a course name or instructor's name. 

Table of contents: Include a table of contents to make it easy for readers to find specific sections of your paper.

Abstract: The abstract is a summary of the purpose of the paper.

Methods : In this section, describe the research methods used. This may include collecting data , conducting interviews, or doing field research .

Results: Summarize the conclusions you drew from your research in this section.

Discussion: In this section, discuss the implications of your research . Be sure to mention any significant limitations to your approach and suggest areas for further research.

Tables, charts, and illustrations: Use tables, charts, and illustrations to help convey your research findings and make them easier to understand.

Works cited or reference page: Include a works cited or reference page to give credit to the sources that you used to conduct your research.

Bibliography: Provide a list of all the sources you consulted while conducting your research.

Dedication and acknowledgments : Optionally, you may include a dedication and acknowledgments section to thank individuals who helped you with your research.

• General style and formatting guidelines

Formatting your research paper means you can submit it to your college, journal, or other publications in compliance with their criteria.

Research papers tend to follow the American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), or Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) guidelines.

Here’s how each style guide is typically used:

Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS):

CMOS is a versatile style guide used for various types of writing. It's known for its flexibility and use in the humanities. CMOS provides guidelines for citations, formatting, and overall writing style. It allows for both footnotes and in-text citations, giving writers options based on their preferences or publication requirements.

American Psychological Association (APA):

APA is common in the social sciences. It’s hailed for its clarity and emphasis on precision. It has specific rules for citing sources, creating references, and formatting papers. APA style uses in-text citations with an accompanying reference list. It's designed to convey information efficiently and is widely used in academic and scientific writing.

Modern Language Association (MLA):

MLA is widely used in the humanities, especially literature and language studies. It emphasizes the author-page format for in-text citations and provides guidelines for creating a "Works Cited" page. MLA is known for its focus on the author's name and the literary works cited. It’s frequently used in disciplines that prioritize literary analysis and critical thinking.

To confirm you're using the latest style guide, check the official website or publisher's site for updates, consult academic resources, and verify the guide's publication date. Online platforms and educational resources may also provide summaries and alerts about any revisions or additions to the style guide.

Citing sources

When working on your research paper, it's important to cite the sources you used properly. Your citation style will guide you through this process. Generally, there are three parts to citing sources in your research paper: 

First, provide a brief citation in the body of your essay. This is also known as a parenthetical or in-text citation. 

Second, include a full citation in the Reference list at the end of your paper. Different types of citations include in-text citations, footnotes, and reference lists. 

In-text citations include the author's surname and the date of the citation. 

Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page of your research paper. They may also be summarized within a reference list at the end of the paper. 

A reference list includes all of the research used within the paper at the end of the document. It should include the author, date, paper title, and publisher listed in the order that aligns with your citation style.

10 research paper writing tips:

Following some best practices is essential to writing a research paper that contributes to your field of study and creates a positive impact.

These tactics will help you structure your argument effectively and ensure your work benefits others:

Clear and precise language:  Ensure your language is unambiguous. Use academic language appropriately, but keep it simple. Also, provide clear takeaways for your audience.

Effective idea separation:  Organize the vast amount of information and sources in your paper with paragraphs and titles. Create easily digestible sections for your readers to navigate through.

Compelling intro:  Craft an engaging introduction that captures your reader's interest. Hook your audience and motivate them to continue reading.

Thorough revision and editing:  Take the time to review and edit your paper comprehensively. Use tools like Grammarly to detect and correct small, overlooked errors.

Thesis precision:  Develop a clear and concise thesis statement that guides your paper. Ensure that your thesis aligns with your research's overall purpose and contribution.

Logical flow of ideas:  Maintain a logical progression throughout the paper. Use transitions effectively to connect different sections and maintain coherence.

Critical evaluation of sources:  Evaluate and critically assess the relevance and reliability of your sources. Ensure that your research is based on credible and up-to-date information.

Thematic consistency:  Maintain a consistent theme throughout the paper. Ensure that all sections contribute cohesively to the overall argument.

Relevant supporting evidence:  Provide concise and relevant evidence to support your arguments. Avoid unnecessary details that may distract from the main points.

Embrace counterarguments:  Acknowledge and address opposing views to strengthen your position. Show that you have considered alternative arguments in your field.

7 research tips 

If you want your paper to not only be well-written but also contribute to the progress of human knowledge, consider these tips to take your paper to the next level:

Selecting the appropriate topic: The topic you select should align with your area of expertise, comply with the requirements of your project, and have sufficient resources for a comprehensive investigation.

Use academic databases: Academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and JSTOR offer a wealth of research papers that can help you discover everything you need to know about your chosen topic.

Critically evaluate sources: It is important not to accept research findings at face value. Instead, it is crucial to critically analyze the information to avoid jumping to conclusions or overlooking important details. A well-written research paper requires a critical analysis with thorough reasoning to support claims.

Diversify your sources: Expand your research horizons by exploring a variety of sources beyond the standard databases. Utilize books, conference proceedings, and interviews to gather diverse perspectives and enrich your understanding of the topic.

Take detailed notes: Detailed note-taking is crucial during research and can help you form the outline and body of your paper.

Stay up on trends: Keep abreast of the latest developments in your field by regularly checking for recent publications. Subscribe to newsletters, follow relevant journals, and attend conferences to stay informed about emerging trends and advancements. 

Engage in peer review: Seek feedback from peers or mentors to ensure the rigor and validity of your research . Peer review helps identify potential weaknesses in your methodology and strengthens the overall credibility of your findings.

• The real-world impact of research papers

Writing a research paper is more than an academic or business exercise. The experience provides an opportunity to explore a subject in-depth, broaden one's understanding, and arrive at meaningful conclusions. With careful planning, dedication, and hard work, writing a research paper can be a fulfilling and enriching experience contributing to advancing knowledge.

How do I publish my research paper? 

Many academics wish to publish their research papers. While challenging, your paper might get traction if it covers new and well-written information. To publish your research paper, find a target publication, thoroughly read their guidelines, format your paper accordingly, and send it to them per their instructions. You may need to include a cover letter, too. After submission, your paper may be peer-reviewed by experts to assess its legitimacy, quality, originality, and methodology. Following review, you will be informed by the publication whether they have accepted or rejected your paper. 

What is a good opening sentence for a research paper? 

Beginning your research paper with a compelling introduction can ensure readers are interested in going further. A relevant quote, a compelling statistic, or a bold argument can start the paper and hook your reader. Remember, though, that the most important aspect of a research paper is the quality of the information––not necessarily your ability to storytell, so ensure anything you write aligns with your goals.

Research paper vs. a research proposal—what’s the difference?

While some may confuse research papers and proposals, they are different documents. 

A research proposal comes before a research paper. It is a detailed document that outlines an intended area of exploration. It includes the research topic, methodology, timeline, sources, and potential conclusions. Research proposals are often required when seeking approval to conduct research. 

A research paper is a summary of research findings. A research paper follows a structured format to present those findings and construct an argument or conclusion.

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