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Philippines: Country Climate and Development Report 2022

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Stronger Climate Action Will Support Sustainable Recovery and Accelerate Poverty Reduction in the Philippines

MANILA, November 09, 2022 – Climate change is exacting a heavy toll on Filipinos’ lives, properties, and livelihoods, and left unaddressed, could hamper the country’s ambition of becoming an upper middle-income country by 2040. However, the Philippines has many of the tools and instruments required to reduce damages substantially, according to the World Bank Group’s Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) for the Philippines, released today.

With 50 percent of its 111 million population living in urban areas, and many cities in coastal areas, the Philippines is vulnerable to sea level rise. Changes due to the variability and intensity of rainfall in the country and increased temperatures will affect food security and the safety of the population.

Multiple indices rank the Philippines as one of the countries most affected by extreme climate events. The country has experienced highly destructive typhoons almost annually for the past 10 years. Annual losses from typhoons have been estimated at 1.2 percent of GDP.

Climate action in the Philippines must address both extreme and slow-onset events. Adaptation and mitigation actions, some of which are already underway in the country, would reduce vulnerability and future losses if fully implemented.

“Climate impacts threaten to significantly lower the country’s GDP and the well-being of Filipinos by 2040. However, policy actions and investments – principally to protect valuable infrastructure from typhoons and to make agriculture more resilient through climate-smart measures -- could reduce these negative climate impacts by two-thirds,” said World Bank Vice President for East Asia and Pacific, Manuela V. Ferro.

The private sector has a crucial role to play in accelerating the adoption of green technologies and ramping up climate finance by working with local financial institutions and regulators.

“ The investments needed to undertake these actions are substantial, but not out of reach, ” said IFC Acting Vice President for Asia and the Pacific, John Gandolfo . “ The business leaders and bankers who embrace climate as a business opportunity and offer these low-carbon technologies, goods and services will be the front runners of our future. ”

The report also undertakes an in-depth analysis of challenges and opportunities for climate-related actions in agriculture, water, energy, and transport. Among the recommendations are:

• Avoiding new construction in flood-prone areas.
• Improving water storage to reduce the risk of damaging floods and droughts. This will also increase water availability.
• Extending irrigation in rainfed areas and promoting climate-smart agriculture practices such as Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD).
• Making social protection programs adaptive and scalable to respond to climate shocks.
• Removing obstacles that private actors face in scaling investments in renewable energy.
• Ensuring new buildings are energy efficient and climate resilient.

Many climate actions will make the Philippines more resilient while also contributing to mitigating climate change.

“The Philippines would benefit from an energy transition towards more renewable energy. Accelerated decarbonization would reduce electricity costs by about 20 percent below current levels which is good for the country’s competitiveness and would also dramatically reduce air pollution,” said Ferro.

Even with vigorous adaptation efforts, climate change will affect many people. Some climate actions may also have adverse effects on particular groups, such as workers displaced by the move away from high-emission activities. The report recommends that the existing social protection system in the country be strengthened and scaled up to provide support to affected sectors and groups.

World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Reports : The World Bank Group’s Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) are new core diagnostic reports that integrate climate change and development considerations. They will help countries prioritize the most impactful actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and boost adaptation while delivering on broader development goals. CCDRs build on data and rigorous research and identify main pathways to reduce GHG emissions and climate vulnerabilities, including the costs and challenges as well as benefits and opportunities from doing so. The reports suggest concrete, priority actions to support the low-carbon, resilient transition. As public documents, CCDRs aim to inform governments, citizens, the private sector, and development partners and enable engagements with the development and climate agenda. CCDRs will feed into other core Bank Group diagnostics, country engagements, and operations to help attract funding and direct financing for high-impact climate action.

• 10 Things You Should Know About the World Bank Group’s First Batch of Country Climate and Development Reports
• CCDR Video link

PRESS RELEASE NO: 2023/025/EAP

In Washington: Kym Smithies [email protected]

In Manila: David Llorito [email protected]

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UN Philippines 2023 Annual Report

Challenging the Change: The Growing Impact of Climate Change on PH Food Security and Livelihoods

The new WFP study analyzes climate change through both geospatial and livelihood lenses

On the final day of the world’s global climate summit (COP26) in Glasgow - the World Food Programme Philippines organized a high-level roundtable to discuss a new study which illustrates the impact of increasing climate change on food security and livelihoods.

Globally, in 2020, extreme weather contributed to most of the world’s food crises and was the primary driver of acute hunger in 15 countries. Climate shocks and stresses are increasingly destroying lives, crops and livelihoods, and undermining people’s ability to feed themselves. The Philippines ranks fourth amongst countries in the world most affected by climate risks over the last 20-year period. November has been a month of particular devastation caused by typhoons and super typhoons, stretching from Haiyan eight years to VAMCO and Goni last year.

The World Food Programme, together with the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, launched the study entitled, “Climate Change and Food Security Analysis in the Philippines,” on 12 November 2021 from 10:00 AM to 11:30 AM. This is a virtual forum called “Challenging the Change: Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on Food Security and Livelihoods in the Philippines.”

According to the study, climate variability and extreme hazards such as typhoons, floods and drought are projected to have a substantial impact on agricultural, livestock, and fishery supply chains that will affect all aspects from production to distribution to consumption across both urban and rural sectors. This could in turn negatively affect the availability, affordability and accessibility to nutritious food for the Philippine population, particularly for the most vulnerable, poor and remote populations.

By analyzing climate change through both geospatial and livelihood lenses, this report highlights that the effects of climate change can significantly vary at the local and regional level, and also nationwide for particular types of livelihoods. Both urban and rural populations that are already afflicted by food and nutrition insecurity are the most vulnerable to these effects, particularly rural families whose main income depends on agricultural livelihoods.

This roundtable was opened by UN Philippines Resident Coordinator Gustavo Gonzalez and World Food Programme Philippines Representative and Country Director Brenda Barton.

Below is the text of Mr. Gonzalez's remarks:

I am very pleased to be here at this event which brings together two key priorities of the UN Secretary General for this year. As you all know, today will be the last day of this year’s global climate change conference - COP26 - where expectations are very high that the conference will lead to concrete commitments and actions to meet climate ambitions. In September of this year, a global Food Systems Summit tackled the challenge of transforming food systems, including how to minimize their impacts on the climate, as well as how to ensure access to food in light of significant climate changes.

These two issues - climate change and food security – are closely intertwined and pose highly significant challenges for the Philippines. Though most of you will already know, it is worth repeating and highlighting that on one hand, the country ranks 2nd out of 135 countries in the world most affected by climate change impacts based on the Global Climate Risk Index 2020. On the other hand, in 2020, moderate or severe prevalence of food insecurity in the Philippines stood at 62.1%, more than double the global rate of 25.5%. In this context, the study that we are launching today – the Philippines Climate Change and Food Security Analysis – plays an important role in increasing our shared understanding of how climate vulnerability and climate change will impact food security, nutrition and livelihoods in this country.

For today’s discussions, I would like to pose two challenges to our panelists and our audience in relation to the study that we will hear more about today.

First, how can we – government, development partners, sectoral groups – make better use of data to inform the design of appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies to address risks? As we have seen, the climate crisis can no longer be considered just as an anomaly in the future but should be regarded as challenges in the daily reality for vulnerable people, especially Filipino small-holder farmers and fisherfolk in the here and now. Climate shocks and stresses already threaten our lives, directly affect agricultural production, and impact livelihoods. What are the concrete ways that the analysis from this study, such as livelihood zone maps, be used to inform possible impact scenarios in rural and urban settings?

Second, how can we shift from recurrent crisis response to forward-looking climate risk management and develop proactive plans and programmes geared towards climate risk mitigation and adaptation options to help vulnerable communities cope with the increasing disastrous effects of climate change on food security and nutrition?  Innovations, such as forecast-based anticipatory actions to avoid losses and damages from predictable climate hazards, are being scaled up. However, mitigating losses is not enough by itself to protect the most vulnerable populations from the rising climate-related risks and impacts they are bound to face in the coming decades. Solutions that address medium- to long-term climate risks are necessary to complement these innovations in disaster risk management and support longer-term agricultural adaptation programmes.

It is my hope that this discussion today will spark a multisectoral collaboration at the local and national level to form data driven policies and programmes for more resilient food systems, and climate-proof investments to mitigate the effects of climate change, protect the most vulnerable with safety nets against climate extremes and ensure that no Filipino is left behind. [Ends]

UN entities involved in this initiative

Goals we are supporting through this initiative.

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Govt completes 16 resiliency road maps for climate-vulnerable provinces, cities

The government has completed the resilience road maps for 16 vulnerable areas, which will serve as a guide in managing disaster risks and climate vulnerabilities in the Philippines. The road maps and their corresponding investment portfolios for risk resilience (IPRR) are for 12 climate-vulnerable provinces and four major urban cities.

National Climate Change Consciousness Week 2019

Ribbon-cutting of the exhibit of the winning and selected entries to the same contest led by the DENR Undersecretary Analiza Rebuelta-Teh, with other officials of the DENR namely: Undersecretary Jonas Leones, Undersecretary Juan Miguel Cuna, Assistant Secretary Corazon Davis, Assistant Secretary Nonita Caguioa, Head Executive Assistant Gavin Edjawan, Director Nilo Tamoria, and DepEd Director Margarita Ballesteros. This contest focused on the so-called 30 behavioral solutions to climate change, which a global civil society organization, Rare, reported may be able to mitigate 19.9 to 36.8 percent of global emissions from 2020-2050. This analysis is built in Drawdown’s work in the evaluation of the role of individual behavior and its potential to reduce emissions.

DENR GAD Strategic Plan for 2020-2025 revisited

The DENR National Gender and Development Focal Point System (GADFPS) has initiated the review of the agency’s six-year strategic plan for proposed enrichments to align planned programs and activities of the environment and natural resources (ENR) sector with the current state of the country as it continues to face impacts and effects of climate change, health and gender issues.

Climate Change in the Philippine Context

As an archipelago in the Pacific, the Philippines experiences the effects of climate change through extreme weather events such as typhoons reaching the (highest) Category 5 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale or “supertyphoons’’.

Costly typhoon seasons have become a national reality in the country.  The typhoon seasons in recent decades (1980s to 2010s) have been tallying more deaths and damages. Even the Philippines’ southern islands or Mindanao, once considered ‘typhoon-free’, are now more frequently visited by typhoons: two of the deadliest typhoons that visited the country in the 2010s – Sendong and Pablo – had devastated the region.

Hence, according to the Global Climate Risk Index, the Philippines is among the top five countries that are most affected by climate change.  A study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has estimated that by 2100, the average cost of climate change to the country would equal losing 6% of its gross domestic product (GDP) each year, which is more than twice the global average loss

Government Response

The same ADB study has estimated that by investing 0.5% of the Philippines’ GDP each year until 2020 in climate change adaptation, the country may avert losses equalling up to 4% of its GDP by 2100. 

Responding to these climate risks, Philippine government has demonstrated leadership through a strong commitment to a climate policy and institutional reform agenda.

In 2009, Republic Act 9729 or the Climate Change Act was enacted into law.  The law mandates the mainstreaming climate change (CC) considerations into government policy and planning.  This piece of legislation provided the foundation for the creation of the Climate Change Commission, the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC) for 2010-2022, and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) for 2011-2028.

As a result of these policy reforms, the scope of the government’s climate change response has been further defined across agencies and at the national and local levels.  Contained in the NFSCC and the NCCAP are several time-bound targets of the government in relation to climate change adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk reduction (CCAM-DRR).

As signatory to global agreements related to climate change such as the Paris Agreement, the Philippines has submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), that is to be finalized into Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs).  The NDCs are to be renewed every five years with progressing ambition.

Furthermore, Executive Order 43, Series of 2011, created the Cabinet Cluster on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (that was later reorganized to include Disaster Risk Reduction or Cabinet Cluster on CCAM-DRR pursuant to Executive Order 24, series of 2017).  The creation of the Cabinet Cluster aimed to facilitate coordination among national government agencies (NGAs), the local government units (LGUs) and other stakeholders on CC adaptation and mitigation measures.

The Philippines is among the countries that have pioneered Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews on climate change, as noted in the World Bank’s 2014 Climate Change Public Expenditure and Institutional Review Sourcebook.  The Philippine National Budget Memorandum (NBM) 114 called for the adoption of a program approach for budget preparation.  It required government agencies to categorize programs according to five priority spending areas, one of which corresponds to CCAM-DRR.

DENR as  lead agency 

The Climate Change Act, the NFSCC, the NCCAP, the Cabinet Cluster on CCAM-DRR, and the NBM 114 and 118 have designated responsibilities to the DENR. The DENR is tasked to lead the Cabinet Cluster on CCAM-DRR as well as oversee the implementation of the Program Convergence Budgeting for the said cluster.  Adaptation Pillar No. 9 of the NFSCC is within the purview of DENR’s mandate.  The said pillar includes integrated ecosystems-based management, and water governance and management.  Section 15 of the Climate Change Act tasks the DENR with the creation of a climate change information management system.

The Climate Change Service of the DENR answers the need for a unit within the department that will focus on and address these needs.  The Climate Change Service facilitates: (i) the harmonized coordination and overall direction in the implementation of the mandated CC functions of the DENR inter-bureaus and offices; (ii) better secretariat work relative to the Cabinet Cluster on CCAM-DRR; and (iii) the effective and efficient integration and implementation of the Risk Resiliency Program and Risk Resiliency and Sustainability Program, among others.

RESILIENCE ROADMAP AND INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO FOR RISK RESILIENCE OF CLIMATE VULNERABLE PROVINCES

IPCC Report on Climate Change

Joint Crediting Mechanism

Briefing on JCM

Status of JCM Implementation (2019)

JCM Website:   https://gec.jp/jcm/

Ang Tinig Klima

Listen to past radio program episodes on informative discussions on climate change as linked to various concerns such as Waste Management, Wetlands, Wildlife, Women, Forest, Water, Agriculture, Disasters, Renewable Energy, Coral Reefs, Lifestyle, Resilient Infrastructure, Air Quality, Chemicals, Environmental Education, Youth, Environmentally-sustainable Cities, Plant-rich diets, Reducing Food Wastes, The 1.5°C Climate Challenge, and other topics

Announcements

Cabinet Cluster on CCAM-DRR

Executive Order 43, Series of 2011, established the Cabinet Cluster on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (CCAM).  Executive Order (EO) 24, Series of 2017, reorganized the Cabinet Clusters, and the Cabinet Cluster on CCAM became the Cabinet Cluster on Climate Change Adaptation, Mitigation, and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCAM-DRR).

  RESOURCES

• Republic Act No. 9729
• Climate Change and the Philippines_ Executive Brief 2018-01
• Republic Act No. 10174
• National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC)
• Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022
• Instrument of Accession of the Philippines
• (Annex I) Declaration of State

Climate Change Impacts

Philippines is the third most vulnerable country to climate change according to the 2017 world risk report. Impacts of climate change in the Philippines are immense, including: annual losses in GDP, changes in rainfall patterns and distribution, droughts, threats to biodiversity and food security, sea level rise, public health risks, and endangerment of vulnerable groups such as women and indigenous people.

Philippines to lose 6% GDP anually by 2100  

The latest IPCC Assessment Report concluded that climate change will create new poor between now and 2100. Poverty breeds disaster vulnerability, and those who have least in life risk like most.

Based on a study by the Asian Development Bank on the economics of climate change, the country stands to lose 6% of its GDP annually by 2100 if it disregards climate change risks. This same study found that if the Philippines invests 0.5% of its GDP by 2020 in climate change adaptation, it can avert losses of up to 4% of its GDP by 2100—clearly a short-term investment with a long-term eight-fold gain.

Major rainfall changes in patterns and distributions  

A 2011 PAGASA report suggests a decrease in rainfall by 2020 in most parts of the country except Luzon. As far as extreme rainfall is concerned, however, the number of days with heavy rainfall (e.g., greater than 200 mm) is expected to increase with global warming by the year 2020 and 2050.

Threats to natural ecosystems

Approximately 1 million hectares of grasslands in the Philippines are highly vulnerable to climate change in the future. Most grasslands in the uplands are prone to fires particularly during extended periods of dryness and lack of rainfall during summer.

Coral Loss The 2016 Low Carbon Monitor Report foresees that 98 percent of coral reefs in Southeast Asia will die by 2050, practically an extinction by the end of the century if current global warming trends will continue. The IPCC projects that by years 2051 to 2060, the maximum fish catch potential of Philippine seas will decrease by as much as 50% compared to 2001-2010 levels.

Declining rice yields An analysis of temperature trends and irrigated field experiments at the International Rice Research Institute shows that grain yield decreased by at least 10% for each 1°C increase in growing-season minimum temperature in the dry season.

More intense droughts Global warming exacerbates the effects of El Niño the most recent of which was experienced in the country from 2015 to 2016. The Department of Agriculture estimated that 413,456 farmers have been directly affected by El Niño-associated drought and dry spells during the last El Niño period.

Higher sea level rise Observed sea level rise is remarkably highest at 60 centimeters in the Philippines, about three times that of the global average of 19 centimeters. This puts at risk 60% of LGUs covering 64 coastal provinces, 822 coastal municipalities, 25 major coastal cities, and an estimated 13.6 million Filipinos that would need relocation.

Water scarcity Climate change, rapid urbanization, and population growth drives water scarcity worldwide. A study conducted by the World Resources Institute predicts that Philippines will experience a 'high' degree of water shortage by the year 2040. The country ranked 57th likely most water stressed country in 2040 out of 167 countries. The sector that will bear the brunt of water shortage by that year is agriculture, a major component of the country’s economy and which currently employs x% of the country's workforce.

Labor productivity declined According to a 2016 United Nations study, climate change-induced heat in the workplace is projected to render 1% loss in working hours by 2025, 2% by 2050, and 4% by 2085.

More public health emergencies Higher temperatures also trigger the surge of diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera, and typhoid. In 1998, when the Philippines experienced the strongest El Nino phenomenon to-date, almost 40,000 dengue cases, 1,200 cholera cases, and nearly 1,000 typhoid fever cases, were recorded nationwide.

More women endangered and killed A paper released by the World Health Organization (WHO) examining gender, climate change, and health, stated that the impacts of natural hazards such as droughts, floods and storms affect more women than men, and tend to affect women at a younger age. Climate-sensitive and gender-specific health impacts affect women disproportionately than men.

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For a stronger national climate resiliency, Philippines to seek broader, results-oriented partnerships

The Philippine Climate Change Commission (CCC) convened today "Strengthening Partnerships for Climate-Resilient Philippines," taking stock of existing climate change partnerships and determining ways to optimize these international partnerships for a more climate-resilient Philippines.

Calling it "climate justice in no uncertain terms," CCC Secretary Robert E.A. Borje  referenced what President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. said about the Philippines bearing the brunt of climate change, despite having a small carbon footprint.

"It is the responsibility of States responsible for climate change to do more," said Secretary Borje in a statement.

"The CCC will be guided by President Marcos' guidance and vision of building a more climate-resilient Philippines through stronger international partnerships," he added.

Borje led the meeting, which was attended also by Finland’s Ambassador Juha Marku Pyykkö, as well as representatives from the embassies of Canada, Denmark, the European Union, France, Germany, Republic of Korea, the Kingdom of Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.

Representatives from Agence Française de Développement (AFD), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), NDC Partnership, United Nations Development Programme Philippines (UNDP), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United States Agency for International Development Philippines (USAID), and the World Bank were also present, sharing the status and progress on their climate change initiatives in the Philippines.

As the lead policy-making body of the government on climate change, the Commission recognizes the importance of coordinating and synchronizing climate change programs with national government agencies and other stakeholders, such as foreign embassies and development partners.

Climate change and the Philippines

On the contrary.

Read this in The Manila Times digital edition.

THE 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference or COP27 officially started in Sharm El Sheik in Egypt on Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2022. This is 30 years after the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held, and seven years after the Paris Agreement was agreed upon by parties during the COP21 meeting.

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Climate change and mental health in the Philippines

Chat with Paper

HIV Service Delivery Innovations in the Philippines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Geopsychiatry and political determinants of mental health in the philippines., mental health service, training, promotion, and research during typhoons: climate change experiences from the philippines., climate change and mental health: a scoping review, an agenda for climate change and mental health in the philippines., addressing the gaps in the philippine public mental health strategy, mental health legislation in the philippines: philippine mental health act., related papers (5), global mental health and the diada project., global mental health: from science to action., globalising mental health or pathologising the global south mapping the ethics, theory and practice of global mental health, cost of climate change: risk of building loss from typhoon in south korea, trending questions (3).

The paper discusses mental health issues post-Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, highlighting challenges faced by survivors. However, it doesn't specifically address mental health issues in Manila.

- Fragile mental health system post-Typhoon Haiyan. - Improved services with local and international NGO support.

- Focus on climate change impact on mental health - Collaboration with NGOs for mental health services improvement

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Climate agenda

It took only six hours for last month’s Typhoon Karding to develop into a supertyphoon — showing how storms have become unpredictable due to climate change. Those who were in its path were not exactly unprepared — previous typhoons have taught them hard lessons — but they were still caught off guard by its intensity. This situation will prevail, with even worse consequences, if the government continues to romanticize Filipino resilience instead of being accountable — and this is as worse as denying that climate change exists.

Last Oct. 5, President Marcos Jr. assured that the country’s resiliency and adaptation to the new normals of climate change, which he called the world’s “first truly global crisis,” are on top of his administration’s national agenda. This policy direction, however, will remain as mere rhetoric unless matched by tangible programs aimed at not only mitigating the impact of disasters on Filipinos, but equipping them with more knowledge and options to avoid death and damage to property. These could include livelihood initiatives that are insulated from extreme weather events, and better infrastructure in the form of public housing and permanent evacuation centers across the country.

Based on the World Risk Index 2022 , the Philippines ranks as the most disaster-prone country in the world, with an index score of 46.82. Each Filipino will have their own disaster story to tell, whether they live in rural or urban areas. Sixty-two percent of the population live in coastal areas, including major cities, where they are likely to experience the full wrath of typhoons. And even those who are not in the coastal zones may be living along fault lines instead, or in areas where human activities such as logging and mining pose risks to their lives.

Ironically, in a survey conducted by Pulse Asia last month, only 9 percent of the respondents believed that “stopping the destruction and abuse of our environment” was an urgent national issue. Understandably, controlling inflation (66 percent), increasing workers’ pay (44 percent), creating more jobs (35 percent), reducing poverty (34 percent), and fighting graft and corruption (22 percent) are gut issues that need urgent attention from the government, but environmental issues are part of the chain that impacts Filipinos’ lives, their livelihood, and food security.

Aside from stronger typhoons, climate change is expected to bring higher sea levels and storm surges, the main cause of deaths for thousands during Supertyphoon Yolanda in 2013. These climate-related impacts will affect the farming and fishing industries, and reduce the productivity of farmers and fisherfolk impacting the availability and cost of food — which, in fact, is already happening.

Aside from the President, his predecessors have also committed to combating climate change. So have world leaders. But as Foreign Affairs pointed out in an article published in October last year, decarbonization — the central goal of climate policies — has remained unchanged despite international agreements over the last three decades. It cited three reasons why: lack of incentive to decarbonize, inadequate investment in low-carbon technologies, and the expectation that other countries will act first.

In 2009, the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 9729, or the Climate Change Act, which requires local government units (LGUs) to develop their own local climate change action plan (LCCAP). Government data show that 1,394 out of 1,700 LGUs already have LCCAPs as of 2021. This is an impressive increase from only 137 LGUs in 2015, and hopefully indicates that progress is being made on the local front.

On the national level, however, the government must address the issue of reliance on fossil fuels to generate power and machinery for the transportation and manufacturing industries. World Bank has noted that while the country is a minor contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, it ranks in the top 25 percent among low- and middle-income countries; emissions from the energy sector are projected to quadruple by 2030, making it even more unlikely for the Philippines to meet its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 75 percent by then.

The President vowed that his administration’s climate initiatives will be “smarter, more responsible, more sustainable.” He can start by seeing to it that existing environment-related laws — on forestation, mining, waste management, clean water, clean air, wildlife conservation, etc. — are properly implemented to help the country do its part for the planet. Because if there is one catastrophe that must be avoided, it is a climate policy failure.

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Climate Change Will Hit the Philippines the Worst, According to a Report

Filipinos should be very, very concerned about global warming.

The Philippines is the country at most risk from the climate crisis, according to a report published in 2019 by the Institute for Economics and Peace.

A  Climate Central study projects that roughly 150 million people currently live in areas set to be submerged by 2050. About 70 percent of them are in Southeast Asia and the Philippines is at the top spot.

Geographically, the Philippines is prone to typhoons. We are hit by an average of 20 of them a year. The past years have also shown that the intensity of these storms have increased. Some of the most deadly typhoons the country has had, including Reming, Frank, Winnie, Pablo, and Yolanda, all happened during the new millennium. These accounted for more or less 12,600 fatalities.

This worrisome trend can be attributed to rising sea temperatures. While this means typhoons are less frequent, it also entails that they are likely to be more powerful. Add the fact that a lot of Filipinos live on the coast and future typhoons may produce even more fatalities in the long run.

For instance, a coastal island in Visayas may be fully submerged by the year 2050.

In an interview with  ABS-CBN News , Meteorologist and Climatologist Lourdes Tibig claimed that an island in the region is experiencing a sea level rise faster than the global average.

“The global average is 3.7 millimeters per year. In Visayas islands, in that particular study site, they found out that the sea level rise is happening four times 3.7 millimeters per year. 3.7 millimeters times four. That’s more than one centimeter every year,” she expressed. “Imagine what that coastal island would look like, say, in 2050."

At the very least, Filipinos have become more aware of the impending crisis. According to a 2022 Statista survey, 73.8 percent of respondents in the Philippines believed that climate change was serious and an immediate threat. What remains to be seen is further safeguards from our institutions.

What will the country look like in 50 years? 

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Climate change and mental health in the Philippines

Rowalt carpo alibudbud.

Assistant Professorial Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Behavioral Sciences, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. Email: [email protected]

Associated Data

Data availability is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.

The mental health repercussions of the climate crisis are observed annually in the Philippines, one of the world's most climate-vulnerable countries. This paper explores these repercussions by examining the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan. It shows that mental health problems persisted beyond the typhoon's immediate aftermath among a large number of survivors. Since the mental health system was fragile, the affected community improved their mental health services through the help of local and international non-governmental organisations. Nonetheless, several challenges must be addressed as the country faces the climate crisis.

Climate change has a negative impact on the mental health of populations. Climate-related changes in humidity, rainfall, droughts, wildfires and floods are associated with psychological distress, poorer mental health, increased mortality among people with mental disorders, higher psychiatric hospital admissions and heightened suicide rates. 1 In the Philippines, evidence suggests that climate-related events may worsen anxiety, distress and health inequalities among Filipinos. 2 , 3

Climate change in the Philippines

The Philippines is one of the world's most climate-vulnerable countries. 2 It is confronted with at least 20 typhoons every year, which lead to the destruction of houses and livelihoods, displacement of thousands and hundreds of deaths. 3 It also experiences extreme droughts and rising sea levels. 2 , 3 These not only lead to the forced displacement of communities but also threaten food security. 2 , 3 Given the negative effects of these adverse social and environmental conditions on mental health, 4 climate-related anxiety has affected the Philippine population. In 2022, a global survey showed that the Philippines has the highest number of young people experiencing high levels of anxiety and negative emotions associated with the climate crisis. 3 Thus, there is an ever-increasing need for a strong and resilient mental health system.

Typhoon Haiyan and its mental health repercussions

The intersection of mental illness and the climate crisis in the Philippines is exemplified in the aftermath of Super Typhoon Haiyan (local name Yolanda) in November 2013. 5 , 6 Typhoon Haiyan is one of the strongest typhoons to ever hit land in recorded history. 5 , 6 It has turned thriving communities into wastelands, destroyed decades-long livelihoods, displaced four million people, destroyed one million homes and killed at least 6000 people. 5 , 7 In its aftermath, local health authorities noted that those needing psychological help easily tripled because the population ‘were all shocked’. 5 Likewise, the authorities also stated that there were rising cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. 5 Although no official records were collated at that time owing to limited resources and lack of structure, 5 a study found that about 80.5% of survivors who helped with the typhoon relief response were at risk for mental disorders 4 months after the typhoon. 8 This rate of people at risk for mental disorder following the typhoon is higher than the estimated national rate of common mental disorders in the Philippines, such as schizophrenia (0.4%) and depression (14.5%), before the typhoon. 9 It is also higher than the rate of PTSD (7–24%) found after other natural disasters, such as the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, the 2004 Asian tsunami and the 2010 Yushu earthquake, as well as depression (14%) and psychological distress (15%) following the 2011 Japan earthquake. 10

However, at that time, only ten psychiatrists served a population of 4.7 million in the Philippines’ critically hit region, Eastern Visayas. 5 This was worsened by the badly damaged regional hospital. 5 , 6 Thus, international and national organisations became the primary providers of mental health services. 5 However, it was reported that there was no clear structure in these services: ‘some were already “overprocessed,” having received so many psychological services. But many others, especially poorer communities, were left behind’. 5 Thus, the months following the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan led to extreme social and mental health adversities against a background of a fragile mental health system.

A year after, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that over 800 000 people in the region suffered from various mental health conditions. Although most of these people could be treated in their homes, at least 10% needed comprehensive psychiatric treatment for depression, anxiety, PTSD or schizophrenia, including further medication and support. 6 For the survivors, it was ‘stark evidence [of] why we need to address the mental health situation, because every time these disasters come, it takes a mentally healthy individual to cope with challenges’. 5 Hence, mental health adversities from Typhoon Haiyan persisted in a large number of survivors even a year later.

Given the evident shortcomings in the mental health care system and the persistent mental health problems after Typhoon Haiyan, the Eastern Visayas region partnered with the WHO to establish the Mental Health Gap Action Programme for all its health units. 5 As a result, by December 2014, it became the first Philippine region where mental healthcare and support are present at primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare levels. 5 In the same year, 300 community workers and 70 health professionals were trained to assess and treat severe mental health problems. 5 The regional government further supported these efforts by allocating a budget for disaster response and community-based interventions for psychosocial needs in the succeeding years. 5 Thus, various mental health system improvements have been accomplished in Eastern Visayas by incorporating mental health services into primary care and augmenting the mental health workforce with the help of non-governmental organisations.

Towards building a climate-responsive mental health system

Although several improvements have indeed been accomplished, several challenges remain for the Philippine mental health system. Among other things, mental health stigma remains pervasive in the Philippines, including Eastern Visayas. 5 Moreover, only 3–5% of the total government health budget is spent on mental health. 2 Human resources are also scarce, with only about 0.5 psychiatrists per 100 000 population and a total ratio of 2 to 3 mental health workers per 100 000 population. 11 , 12 Given this situation, the country's new Mental Health Act in 2018 was met with the hope of filling these gaps in mental health services. 2

The Mental Health Act mandates the government to strengthen mental health research, increase the mental health workforce through training, provide mental health services in all hospitals and community health centres, and expand mental health promotion in schools, communities and workplaces. 2 , 11 , 12 In addition, envisioning the future climate crisis needs of the Philippines, it advocates hope that it can act as a springboard for creating a climate-resilient and accessible mental health system. 2

Nonetheless, the Mental Health Act has been critiqued as ‘nothing more than “just an act”’. 13 This is because healthcare expenditure for mental health remained at 3–5% despite the Act's implementation. 13 , 14 Likewise, the ratio of psychiatrists remained low (0.4 psychiatrist per 200 000 population) compared with other Western Pacific countries of similar economic status, such as Indonesia. 13 Moreover, there remains a paucity of research that can translate to evidence-based culturally sensitive interventions and policies. 14 The Act's implementation was also criticised for its disproportionate focus on clinical mental health, resilience and individual coping, despite the resonating need for social intervention for social environmental factors, such as climate change, experienced in the Philippines. 14 Consequently, mental health promotion and services were regarded as outdated despite the new Mental Health Act. 13 , 14

Given the Philippines’ vulnerability to the worsening climate crisis and the weaknesses in its mental health system, reforms and improvements are needed in mental health services, resources and policy implementation. As exemplified by the Eastern Visayas region, this can be started by integrating mental health services into primary care services, increasing the mental health training of health professionals and community workers, collaborating with non-governmental organisations and sustaining support towards achieving better mental health. 5 , 6 In addition, the low number of psychiatrists and mental health professionals can be addressed by supporting and increasing training institutions and their capacity. Furthermore, since there is high climate-related anxiety among Filipino youth, hope-based climate education for the empowerment of young people can also be provided since there is evidence that this might help them cope. 7 Likewise, mental health information systems need to be strengthened to adequately assess the needs of disaster-affected localities, including accounting for affected populations and mental health workers. By doing so, data from the information systems can inform mental health and psychosocial support services in affected localities. Importantly, the implementation of the Mental Health Act must be strengthened.

Conclusions

Overall, the mental health repercussions of the climate crisis are experienced annually in the Philippines. It has exposed weaknesses in the Philippines’ mental health system, including low human resources, lack of funding and poor policy implementation. Despite having limited resources, as have other low- and middle-income countries, societal efforts paved the way for improvements in recent years. Nonetheless, more needs to be done as the country gears up for future challenges stemming from the climate crisis. As a start, evidence suggests a need to strengthen disaster responder training, social support, surveillance systems and communication in disaster response. 8 , 10 Moreover, further research, including longitudinal studies, is needed to understand climate-related mental health conditions and responses. 2 , 8 , 10

Data availability

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Declaration of interest

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Global Energy Crisis

How the energy crisis started, how global energy markets are impacting our daily life, and what governments are doing about it

• English English

What is the energy crisis?

Record prices, fuel shortages, rising poverty, slowing economies: the first energy crisis that's truly global.

Energy markets began to tighten in 2021 because of a variety of factors, including the extraordinarily rapid economic rebound following the pandemic. But the situation escalated dramatically into a full-blown global energy crisis following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The price of natural gas reached record highs, and as a result so did electricity in some markets. Oil prices hit their highest level since 2008. 

Higher energy prices have contributed to painfully high inflation, pushed families into poverty, forced some factories to curtail output or even shut down, and slowed economic growth to the point that some countries are heading towards severe recession. Europe, whose gas supply is uniquely vulnerable because of its historic reliance on Russia, could face gas rationing this winter, while many emerging economies are seeing sharply higher energy import bills and fuel shortages. While today’s energy crisis shares some parallels with the oil shocks of the 1970s, there are important differences. Today’s crisis involves all fossil fuels, while the 1970s price shocks were largely limited to oil at a time when the global economy was much more dependent on oil, and less dependent on gas. The entire word economy is much more interlinked than it was 50 years ago, magnifying the impact. That’s why we can refer to this as the first truly global energy crisis.

Some gas-intensive manufacturing plants in Europe have curtailed output because they can’t afford to keep operating, while in China some have simply had their power supply cut. In emerging and developing economies, where the share of household budgets spent on energy and food is already large, higher energy bills have increased extreme poverty and set back progress towards achieving universal and affordable energy access. Even in advanced economies, rising prices have impacted vulnerable households and caused significant economic, social and political strains.

Climate policies have been blamed in some quarters for contributing to the recent run-up in energy prices, but there is no evidence. In fact, a greater supply of clean energy sources and technologies would have protected consumers and mitigated some of the upward pressure on fuel prices.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine drove European and Asian gas prices to record highs

Evolution of key regional natural gas prices, june 2021-october 2022, what is causing it, disrupted supply chains, bad weather, low investment, and then came russia's invasion of ukraine.

Energy prices have been rising since 2021 because of the rapid economic recovery, weather conditions in various parts of the world, maintenance work that had been delayed by the pandemic, and earlier decisions by oil and gas companies and exporting countries to reduce investments. Russia began withholding gas supplies to Europe in 2021, months ahead of its invasion of Ukraine. All that led to already tight supplies. Russia’s attack on Ukraine greatly exacerbated the situation . The United States and the EU imposed a series of sanctions on Russia and many European countries declared their intention to phase out Russian gas imports completely. Meanwhile, Russia has increasingly curtailed or even turned off its export pipelines. Russia is by far the world’s largest exporter of fossil fuels, and a particularly important supplier to Europe. In 2021, a quarter of all energy consumed in the EU came from Russia. As Europe sought to replace Russian gas, it bid up prices of US, Australian and Qatari ship-borne liquefied natural gas (LNG), raising prices and diverting supply away from traditional LNG customers in Asia. Because gas frequently sets the price at which electricity is sold, power prices soared as well. Both LNG producers and importers are rushing to build new infrastructure to increase how much LNG can be traded internationally, but these costly projects take years to come online. Oil prices also initially soared as international trade routes were reconfigured after the United States, many European countries and some of their Asian allies said they would no longer buy Russian oil. Some shippers have declined to carry Russian oil because of sanctions and insurance risk. Many large oil producers were unable to boost supply to meet rising demand – even with the incentive of sky-high prices – because of a lack of investment in recent years. While prices have come down from their peaks, the outlook is uncertain with new rounds of European sanctions on Russia kicking in later this year.

What is being done?

Pandemic hangovers and rising interest rates limit public responses, while some countries turn to coal.

Some governments are looking to cushion the blow for customers and businesses, either through direct assistance, or by limiting prices for consumers and then paying energy providers the difference. But with inflation in many countries well above target and budget deficits already large because of emergency spending during the Covid-19 pandemic, the scope for cushioning the impact is more limited than in early 2020. Rising inflation has triggered increases in short-term interest rates in many countries, slowing down economic growth. Europeans have rushed to increase gas imports from alternative producers such as Algeria, Norway and Azerbaijan. Several countries have resumed or expanded the use of coal for power generation, and some are extending the lives of nuclear plants slated for de-commissioning. EU members have also introduced gas storage obligations, and agreed on voluntary targets to cut gas and electricity demand by 15% this winter through efficiency measures, greater use of renewables, and support for efficiency improvements. To ensure adequate oil supplies, the IEA and its members responded with the two largest ever releases of emergency oil stocks. With two decisions – on 1 March 2022 and 1 April – the IEA coordinated the release of some 182 million barrels of emergency oil from public stocks or obligated stocks held by industry. Some IEA member countries independently released additional public stocks, resulting in a total of over 240 million barrels being released between March and November 2022.

The IEA has also published action plans to cut oil use with immediate impact, as well as plans for how Europe can reduce its reliance on Russian gas and how common citizens can reduce their energy consumption . The invasion has sparked a reappraisal of energy policies and priorities, calling into question the viability of decades of infrastructure and investment decisions, and profoundly reorientating international energy trade. Gas had been expected to play a key role in many countries as a lower-emitting "bridge" between dirtier fossil fuels and renewable energies. But today’s crisis has called into question natural gas’ reliability.

The current crisis could accelerate the rollout of cleaner, sustainable renewable energy such as wind and solar, just as the 1970s oil shocks spurred major advances in energy efficiency, as well as in nuclear, solar and wind power. The crisis has also underscored the importance of investing in robust gas and power network infrastructure to better integrate regional markets. The EU’s RePowerEU, presented in May 2022 and the United States’ Inflation Reduction Act , passed in August 2022, both contain major initiatives to develop energy efficiency and promote renewable energies. 

The global energy crisis can be a historic turning point

Energy saving tips

1. Heating: turn it down

Lower your thermostat by just 1°C to save around 7% of your heating energy and cut an average bill by EUR 50-70 a year. Always set your thermostat as low as feels comfortable, and wear warm clothes indoors. Use a programmable thermostat to set the temperature to 15°C while you sleep and 10°C when the house is unoccupied. This cuts up to 10% a year off heating bills. Try to only heat the room you’re in or the rooms you use regularly.

The same idea applies in hot weather. Turn off air-conditioning when you’re out. Set the overall temperature 1 °C warmer to cut bills by up to 10%. And only cool the room you’re in.

2. Boiler: adjust the settings

Default boiler settings are often higher than you need. Lower the hot water temperature to save 8% of your heating energy and cut EUR 100 off an average bill.  You may have to have the plumber come once if you have a complex modern combi boiler and can’t figure out the manual. Make sure you follow local recommendations or consult your boiler manual. Swap a bath for a shower to spend less energy heating water. And if you already use a shower, take a shorter one. Hot water tanks and pipes should be insulated to stop heat escaping. Clean wood- and pellet-burning heaters regularly with a wire brush to keep them working efficiently.

3. Warm air: seal it in

Close windows and doors, insulate pipes and draught-proof around windows, chimneys and other gaps to keep the warm air inside. Unless your home is very new, you will lose heat through draughty doors and windows, gaps in the floor, or up the chimney. Draught-proof these gaps with sealant or weather stripping to save up to EUR 100 a year. Install tight-fitting curtains or shades on windows to retain even more heat. Close fireplace and chimney openings (unless a fire is burning) to stop warm air escaping straight up the chimney. And if you never use your fireplace, seal the chimney to stop heat escaping.

4. Lightbulbs: swap them out

Replace old lightbulbs with new LED ones, and only keep on the lights you need. LED bulbs are more efficient than incandescent and halogen lights, they burn out less frequently, and save around EUR 10 a year per bulb. Check the energy label when buying bulbs, and aim for A (the most efficient) rather than G (the least efficient). The simplest and easiest way to save energy is to turn lights off when you leave a room.

5. Grab a bike

Walking or cycling are great alternatives to driving for short journeys, and they help save money, cut emissions and reduce congestion. If you can, leave your car at home for shorter journeys; especially if it’s a larger car. Share your ride with neighbours, friends and colleagues to save energy and money. You’ll also see big savings and health benefits if you travel by bike. Many governments also offer incentives for electric bikes.

6. Use public transport

For longer distances where walking or cycling is impractical, public transport still reduces energy use, congestion and air pollution. If you’re going on a longer trip, consider leaving your car at home and taking the train. Buy a season ticket to save money over time. Your workplace or local government might also offer incentives for travel passes. Plan your trip in advance to save on tickets and find the best route.

7. Drive smarter

Optimise your driving style to reduce fuel consumption: drive smoothly and at lower speeds on motorways, close windows at high speeds and make sure your tires are properly inflated. Try to take routes that avoid heavy traffic and turn off the engine when you’re not moving. Drive 10 km/h slower on motorways to cut your fuel bill by around EUR 60 per year. Driving steadily between 50-90 km/h can also save fuel. When driving faster than 80 km/h, it’s more efficient to use A/C, rather than opening your windows. And service your engine regularly to maintain energy efficiency.

Analysis and forecast to 2026

Fuel report — December 2023

Europe’s energy crisis: Understanding the drivers of the fall in electricity demand

Commentary — 09 May 2023

Where things stand in the global energy crisis one year on

Commentary — 23 February 2023

The global energy crisis pushed fossil fuel consumption subsidies to an all-time high in 2022

Commentary — 16 February 2023

Fossil Fuels Consumption Subsidies 2022

Policy report — February 2023

Background note on the natural gas supply-demand balance of the European Union in 2023

Report — February 2023

Analysis and forecast to 2025

Fuel report — December 2022

How to Avoid Gas Shortages in the European Union in 2023

A practical set of actions to close a potential supply-demand gap

Flagship report — December 2022

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JSmol Viewer

Ecological and environmental risk warning framework of land use/cover change for the belt and road initiative.

1. Introduction

2. study area, 3. research methods, objectives, and evaluation system construction, 3.1. bivariate choropleth–multiple-criteria decision analysis (bc-mcda) method.

• Problem: First, the comprehensive decision-making problem is concretized according to the goal, defined and constructed into two different parts.
• Standardization: Since each parameter has its own physical unit and measurement scale, these values cannot be directly compared with each other. Therefore, standardization is required to convert the parameter value into an equal, dimensionless score, usually between 0 and 1, with values close to 1 indicating areas that fully meet the standard, and 0 on the contrary.
• Weight: Reflects the importance of each factor relative to the considered goal. Weights can be assigned using a variety of methods, such as the AHP method or the entropy method, and the numerical weights are determined by normalization and the maximum eigenvector of the ratio matrix.
• Superposition: After each parameter is standardized and the weight is determined, a single mapping is performed first, and then a bivariate choropleth mapping is performed. By converting the original counts into ratios or proportions, complex spatial problems between two relationships can be evaluated, determined, and solved.

3.2. Research Objectives

3.3. construction of an early-warning framework, 3.4. ecological and environmental risk layer, 3.5. ecological and environmental importance layer, 3.6. superposition of ecological and environmental risk and importance layers, 4.1. analysis of ecological and environmental risk–importance by type.

• High-conflict zones (early-warning zones)

4.2. Analysis by Type and Country

5. conclusions, suggestions, and discussion, 5.1. conclusions and development strategy suggestions.

• Areas with high risk–low importance (economic development areas)

5.2. Discussion

Author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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He Y, Wu D, Li S, Zhou P. Ecological and Environmental Risk Warning Framework of Land Use/Cover Change for the Belt and Road Initiative. Land . 2024; 13(8):1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081281

He, Yinjie, Dafang Wu, Shuangcheng Li, and Ping Zhou. 2024. "Ecological and Environmental Risk Warning Framework of Land Use/Cover Change for the Belt and Road Initiative" Land 13, no. 8: 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081281

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• DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100217
• Corpus ID: 271788318

Life Cycle Assessment of Plastic and Paper Carrying Bags in the Philippines

• A. Ubando , Jeremias A. Gonzaga , +1 author Jose Bienvenido Manuel M. Biona
• Published in Cleaner Environmental Systems 1 August 2024
• Environmental Science

32 References

Multi‐scalar interactions between mismanaged plastic waste and urban flooding in an era of climate change and rapid urbanization, country-specific net-zero strategies of the pulp and paper industry., modeling consumer preference on refillable shampoo bottles for circular economy in metro manila, philippines, comprehensive life cycle assessment analysis of an italian composting facility concerning environmental footprint minimization and renewable energy integration, decarbonizing the pulp and paper industry: a critical and systematic review of sociotechnical developments and policy options, an environmentally-extended input-output analysis of circular economy scenarios in the philippines, growing environmental footprint of plastics driven by coal combustion, addressing the challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and management in developing countries, more than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean, when plastic packaging should be preferred: life cycle analysis of packages for fruit and vegetable distribution in the spanish peninsular market, related papers.

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Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines

The report says that an integration of the climate change agenda in government's planning and budgeting is critical to build the country's resilience.

• The Philippines is among the most vulnerable countries to climate-related weather events.
• A World Bank report looks at the innovations and gaps in policy and financing of climate change programs in the country.
• Climate change adaptation is very important in achieving inclusive growth.

The report entitled Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines looks at the innovations as well as gaps in policy and financing of climate change programs since the country adopted the Climate Change Act four years ago.

The report – done at the request of, and in close collaboration with the Climate Change Commission (CCC) and the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) – provides detailed analysis and recommendations on how the country could accelerate reforms for managing the growing climate change impacts and increasing greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to poverty reduction.

The report provides recommendations along three themes:

• Strengthening the planning, execution, and financing framework for climate change;

• Enhancing leadership and accountability through monitoring, evaluation, and review of climate change policies and activities; and

• Building the country’s capacity and managing change

The report also underscores that while the government builds resilience to climate change impacts, it should also ensure that the country’s emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g. methane and carbon dioxide) remain in check.

Though a minor contributor to climate change globally, the Philippines’ greenhouse gas emissions rank in the top 25 percent among low- and middle-income countries, with significant increases projected in the coming decades. Emissions from the energy sector are projected to quadruple by 2030, with the transport sector expected to double its emissions.

In 2009, Congress passed the Climate Change Act creating the CCC to develop policies and coordinate government programs on climate change. The CCC in turn developed the National Climate Change Action Plan that serves as a road map for all climate change programs in the Philippines. “Incorporating the climate change action plan into the national and local development process, supported by properly-targeted public investments, is important to ensure that climate change priorities are translated into concrete actions on the ground,” said Secretary Sering .

Coastal communities are most at risk to climate-related weather events.

According to Budget Secretary Florencio B. Abad , appropriations for climate change programs have been increasing at an average of 26 percent yearly since 2009, outpacing the growth of the national budget which has been growing at around 6 percent.

“Climate change has a direct and immediate impact on development. As it stands, the Philippines is already in the path of major weather disturbances that damage property and critical infrastructure. More urgent however is the fact that these weather patterns frequently jeopardize the welfare of communities in high-risk areas. Recognizing this, the Aquino administration remains committed to providing sufficient budgetary support for programs and projects that mitigate the effects of climate change in the country,” said Secretary Abad .

Last week, the World Bank launched a global report titled Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts and the Case for Resilience . The study says that climate change-related impacts are projected to increase in the coming decades, threatening in particular:

• Coastal populations: Climate change is expected to lead to more intense typhoons, higher sea levels, and storm surges. Storm surges are projected to affect about 14 percent of the total population and 42 percent of coastal populations. Informal settlements, which account for 45 percent of the Philippines’ urban population, are particularly vulnerable to floods due to less secure infrastructure, reduced access to clean water, and lack of health insurance.

• Farming and fishing: Climate-related impacts are expected to reduce agricultural productivity in the Philippines. Also, warming oceans and ocean acidification affect coral reefs which serve as feeding and spawning grounds for many fish species that support the livelihoods of fisher folks.

World Bank Country Director Motoo Konishi said that implementing the country’s climate change programs with increased financing, improved design, and greater focus and coordination contributes significantly to the country’s development goals.

He said that promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency, for instance, boosts energy security and can lower energy costs, thus improving the country’s competitiveness. In agriculture, adaptation activities like conserving water and improving water quality will enhance food security.

“Labor-intensive activities like developing climate-resilient farming and retrofitting infrastructure for flood control will build resilience while increasing job opportunities, especially for the poor. Climate change adaptation is very important in achieving inclusive growth,” said Mr. Konishi .

Your Questions Answered on Coping with Climate Change in the Philippines

Press release.

• BLOG Jun 18, 2013 Filipinos, how are you adapting to climate change? You ask, we answer
• INFOGRAPHIC Jun 19, 2013 What Climate Change Means for Africa and Asia
• REPORT OVERVIEW Jun 25, 2013 Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines

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How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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More From Forbes

How ai is changing the way students learn.

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Abhinand Chincholi, President & CEO of OneOrigin Inc .

Typically, when consumers think of AI, they think of applications that can make decisions or hold a conversation. What is often overlooked, however, is how influential AI is becoming in the way we learn and understand new things.

In the education landscape, technology is rapidly changing. AI and machine learning, in particular, are now impacting the education sector in numerous ways. In fact, despite some commonly held beliefs, the use of AI in education goes beyond grading student assessments , and this technology can greatly benefit both educators and students.

That said, in our increasingly fast-moving world, many schools are still facing the challenge of integrating the latest digital technologies that allow for a new way of teaching to take shape. Before looking at how to overcome these challenges, let’s look at three ways in which AI and edtech is being utilized in education:

Personalized Learning: Every student has a different mindset, learns at a different pace and has different interests and preferences. Because of this, not every student gets the attention and educational approach they need. With the use of AI, learning can be tailored and adapted to every student’s individual needs, goals and abilities through personalized programs , which can help fill any gaps in learning and teaching. This can be particularly useful in closing the gap between students who already understand something new and students trying to catch up.

Automation: Tasks that were once tedious, repetitive and time-consuming and resulted in high stress levels and lack of productivity can now be automated , which can boost teachers’ bandwidth and allow them to alter their day-to-day practices as needed.

AI Chatbots: The implementation of AI chatbots allows for 24/7 availability for learning from anywhere and at any time. These chatbots can also interact with students instantly and send updates regularly. As there is an increasing demand for self-service and assistance for students, AI chatbots can be critical in helping provide students a more effective and engaging learning experience. Likewise, for educators, staff members can focus on other needs as chatbots can engage with multiple students at once.

How The Education Sector Can Get Started With AI

AI is increasingly becoming a part of the education space, but continued adoption is not a given. Whether it’s because of cost, time or other challenges, educational leaders may decide it’s not worth the effort to adopt AI in the classroom. As AI ultimately enhances the students’ learning experience, institutions will need to find ways to overcome these challenges, in particular:

• Lack of knowledge about AI for the education sector. This alone can cause reluctance to use AI in the curriculum.

• Uncertainty about the role of teachers. Will teachers need to be retrained? If so, how?

• Questions about the resources needed for AI implementation. It can be tough to understand the required budget, equipment and bandwidth, which can cause projects to be scuttled.

To overcome these challenges and begin implementing AI, you need to answer this question from the outset: What do you want from AI?

The question requires a visionary answer, and many organizations are unclear about what AI should accomplish for them. Take the time to become familiar with what AI can do, and then identify the problems that it can solve. Understand that you will need to start simple, gradually use AI, collect feedback and expand accordingly.

Once you’ve answered that question and assessed your needs, it may be difficult to determine the right approach for implementation. Understand that AI is all about data, so it’s crucial to identify existing data sources and what additional data sources are needed to accomplish the decided-upon AI vision. At this stage, you should identify resources in-house and what external partnerships will be needed.

AI can support many important needs in education, such as acquiring insight through data analysis, automating processes and interacting with students and staff. There are already numerous examples where AI is already being used in the education sector. By succeeding with AI, students should be able to learn better and faster. Adding AI technologies change with the students’ learning process to create an opportunity to educate students of all learning styles.

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As Biden’s Presidency Wanes, U.S. and Asian Nations Do a Delicate Dance

On an epic trip, Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken tried to reassure Asian leaders about American commitments. But China remains the enduring backyard behemoth.

By Edward Wong

Edward Wong is a diplomatic correspondent and former Beijing bureau chief who reported this article from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and five other Asian capitals while traveling with the U.S. secretary of state.

Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken’s sprint across Asia last week — six nations in six days — ended with a neighborly gesture in Mongolia.

During a traditional outdoor display of wrestling, archery and equestrianism in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital, the prime minister presented Mr. Blinken with a horse.

Mr. Blinken named his new companion Frontier, and the prime minister snapped a horse selfie. It appeared to be a sign of the country’s unalloyed bond with the United States, which officials in both countries call a “third neighbor” of Mongolia, an alternative to China and Russia next door.

Other U.S. officials have received gifts of horses from Mongolia — Celtic was given to Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. , Victory to President Donald J. Trump and Montana to Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld. And like them, Mr. Blinken did not take his horse home across the Pacific; if he had wanted to do so, the logistics were a reminder that the United States does not actually border Mongolia, the way China and Russia do.

Mongolia operates in a multipolar world, not in the triumphalist moment that America briefly enjoyed in the post-Cold War era.

Just weeks before Mr. Blinken’s visit, the nation in the high steppes of Central Asia held an annual peacekeeping exercise, called Khaan Quest, in which it hosted Chinese soldiers, as well as troops from the United States, Turkey, India, Japan, South Korea and Qatar.

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