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Program assessment.

Program evaluation looks at the parameters, needs, components, and outcomes of program design with an eye towards improving student learning. It involves a complex approach, taking into consideration needs assessment, curriculum mapping, and various models of program review.

Needs Assessment

Curriculum mapping, program review, kirkpatrick model, data collection, you may be interested in.

program evaluation higher education

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program evaluation higher education

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program evaluation higher education

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Shapiro Library

Higher Education Administration (HEA) Guide

A review of quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Need a refresher on Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis? Click below to get a review of both research methodologies.

  • Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis This link opens in a new window

Program Evaluation and Planning

Close up on hand writing out numbered plans on paper

Image by Kelly Sikkema, retrieved via Unsplash

From data analysis to program management methods and more, evaluating and planning for the success of each program is a crucial aspect of Higher Education Administration. Below you will find some useful articles and reports to help bring context to this important element of higher education leadership. 

Useful Articles

Below you will find a sample of reports, case studies and articles that outline the process of program evaluation, planning and analysis. Click through and read on for more information. 

  • The Feasibility of Program-Level Accountability in Higher Education: Guidance for Policymakers. Research Report Policymakers have expressed increased interest in program-level higher education accountability measures as a supplement to, or in place of, institution-level metrics. But it is unclear what these measures should look like. In this report, the authors assess the ways program-level data could be developed to facilitate federal accountability.
  • Improving Institutional Evaluation Methods: Comparing Three Evaluations Using PSM, Exact and Coarsened Exact Matching Policymakers and institutional leaders in higher education too often make decisions based on descriptive data analyses or even anecdote when better analysis options could produce more nuanced and more valuable results. Employing the setting of higher education program evaluation at a midwestern regional public university, for this study we compared analysis approaches using basic descriptive analyses, regression, standard propensity score matching (PSM), and a mixture of PSM with continuous variables, coarsened exact matching, and exact matching on categorical variables. We used three examples of program evaluations: a freshman seminar, an upper division general education program intended to improve cultural awareness and respect for diverse groups, and multiple living learning communities. We describe how these evaluations were conducted, compare the different results for each type of method employed, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each in the context of program evaluation.
  • Data-Informed Policy Innovations in Tennessee: Effective Use of State Data Systems This link opens in a new Analysis of student-level data to inform policy and promote student success is a core function of executive higher education agencies. Postsecondary data systems have expanded their collection of data elements for use by policymakers, institutional staff and the general public. State coordinating and governing boards use these data systems for strategic planning, to allocate funding, establish performance metrics, evaluate academic programs, and inform students and their families. This report discusses efforts at the Tennessee Higher Education Commission to support policy innovation with data and information resources.

Other Resources

program evaluation higher education

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Solutions : Program Evaluation

Delivering a high-quality educational program requires measuring its effectiveness and making necessary adjustments along the way.

At the Johns Hopkins School of Education, we’re committed to improving educational programs and initiatives by expanding the body of evidence on what makes them effective.

From assessing what your stakeholders really think about your school community to identifying at-risk students early on, our expertise leads to informed decisions.

Our experts evaluate programs for all grade levels and content areas, as well as overarching topics in education, including school completion, post-secondary readiness (career and college), school reforms and partnerships, education technology, education policy, and community engagement.

Discover Effective Program Evaluation Solutions

Ela knowledge map™.

PROGRAM EVALUATION

An in-depth proprietary analysis that maps every piece of student-facing material across an ELA curriculum.

  • School districts
  • School systems
  • Education leaders

Social Studies Knowledge Map™

A tool that analyzes a social studies curriculum by mapping knowledge domains and the texts that are studied.

  • State, district, and school leaders

School Culture 360™ Survey

A survey that produces an “under the hood” analysis of behaviors and beliefs that influence student success.

  • K-12 school communities

Teacher Survey of Curriculum Use

A full picture of teachers’ use of curriculum materials and their satisfaction level with those materials.

Policy and Implementation Guidance

The Johns Hopkins Institute for Education Policy strives to ensure that policy and practice are guided by research.

Online Referral Tool

A technology solution that promotes early identification and referral for infants and toddlers who may be eligible for early intervention services.

On Track 4 Success Program

A program that places early warning response systems in schools in under-resourced central Maryland neighborhoods.

On Track to Career Success

Enabling all students, including those facing the toughest challenges, to build educational, social-emotional, and workplace skills that lead to success.

Case Study: Fairfax County Public School System Rethinks Student Success

One of the largest public school districts in the United States, Fairfax County Public Schools is rethinking what student success means in a technology-driven society.

FCPS partnered with the Center for Research and Reform in Education to evaluate a phased rollout of its FCPSOn program over several years. An innovative approach to technology-enhanced education and blended learning, FCPSOn involves the distribution of personal laptops for students, targeted professional development for teachers, unique tools for technology-enhanced classrooms, and moving beyond high-stakes assessment.

FCPSOn initiative goals. Source: FCPSOn Executive Summary

Focus areas examined in the first three years included student technology use, teacher technology practices, and family technology perceptions. Among other key points, CRRE found high agreement among teachers  — over 75% — that students had improved in their use of technology as a learning tool each year.

More Program Evaluation Solutions from the Johns Hopkins School of Education

City year network school improvement.

Continuous improvement practices that help students complete eighth grade on track to high school graduation.

Implementation Evaluation

Qualitative case studies that generate formative information.

Efficacy Evaluation

Smaller-scale, formative studies that focus on how a program operates and affects educational outcomes in pilot schools.

Effectiveness Evaluation

Larger-scale, summative studies that focus on the success of a program in improving outcomes in rigorous, nonrandomized (“quasi”) experimental studies (QEDs), or randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Building an Evidence Portfolio

Personalized goals and plans for obtaining evidence to support your products and services.

Instructional Design and Curriculum Review

An expert review of teacher and student materials, including the written, taught, and learned curriculum, conducted by the Center for Research and Reform in Education.

Our Program Evaluation Experts

The Johns Hopkins School of Education is home to a diverse group of scholars, researchers, analysts, and administrators with expertise in educational program evaluation.

David Steiner, PhD

Professor Executive Director, Johns Hopkins Institute for Education Policy

Affiliation

Institute for Education Policy, SOE Leadership

Curriculum Studies, Education Policy & Politics, Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Ashley Rogers Berner, PhD

Associate Professor Director, Johns Hopkins Institute for Education Policy

Jennifer Morrison, PhD

Associate Research Professor Deputy Director of Evaluation Research, Center for Research and Reform in Education

Center for Research and Reform in Education

Curriculum Studies, Educational Technology, Learning & Instruction, Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Steven M. Ross, PhD

Professor Director, Center for Research and Reform in Education

Center for Research and Reform in Education, SOE Leadership

Curriculum Studies, Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Certificate in Education Program Evaluation

Develop expertise in program evaluation theory, methods, and skills to effectively measure and report on the success of programming and add value to your organization.

Curriculum & Schedule

How to register, tuition & funding.

The Certificate in Education Program Evaluation prepares you with an advanced understanding of program evaluation theory, methods, and applications for the 21st century. Through case studies and hands-on exercises, you’ll develop the well-rounded skills and expertise needed to support and influence programs across not only the education sector, but also non-profit organizations, government, and associations.

In the classroom, you’ll learn from academics and advanced practitioners as you work toward designing and presenting your own program evaluation. Upon completing the program, you’ll be able to effectively measure, evaluate, and report on the success of programming within your organization.

Ideal for Professionals in education, non-profits, the public or private sector

Duration 7 weeks

Tuition $2,797

Format Online (SDL+)

Schedule Weekly Zoom class session

Semester of Entry Fall, spring

Upon successful completion of the certificate, you‘ll be able to:

  • Compare evaluation theories and techniques
  • Identify design structure of an evaluation tool
  • Apply appropriate research methodology to program evaluations
  • Design a program or policy evaluation outline
  • Leverage evaluation findings to influence future change

Testimonials from current students and alumni.

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Amy did a really exceptional job keeping the conversations within scope of relevance. The activities also helped me develop the mindset to critically think about programs I develop and how I would eventually want to evaluate them.

You must successfully complete all three modules for a total of 4.9 Continuing Education Units (CEUs), which is equivalent to 49 contact hours.See detailed description of the modules.

  • Program Planning, Analysis and Evaluation (Required; 1.4 CEUs)
  • Research Methods (Required; 2.1 CEUs)
  • Program Evaluation Design (Required; 1.4 CEUs)

What is Self-Directed Learning Plus? Self-Directed Learning Plus (SDL+) courses are learning experiences designed by Georgetown University instructional designers to maximize flexibility for your weekly learning schedule, while also providing opportunities for real-time engagement and networking with our faculty and other professional learners.

There is a required Zoom class session each week. Professional learners who cannot attend the class session will have the opportunity to satisfy the course requirement by making arrangements with the instructor, watching the recorded video, or responding to discussion questions. In order to maintain flexibility, the dates/time of the weekly Zoom lesson will be confirmed at the start of the course and will depend upon the location of the professional learners in that cohort.

Each course module will have assignment and assessment deadlines to support students in progressing in a timely manner to the successful completion of the certificate

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Oct 7 to Nov 23, 2024
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You can combine on-campus and online courses (if available) to complete your certificate. Depending on the certificate program, we may suggest taking courses in a specific order, but this is not a requirement.

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International students who enter the U.S. on a valid visa are eligible to enroll in certificate courses. However, Georgetown University cannot sponsor student visas for noncredit professional certificate programs.

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Students from most countries may register for our online certificate programs; however, due to international laws, residents of certain countries are prohibited from registering.

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Noncredit professional certificates do not qualify for federal financial aid, scholarships, grants, or needs-based aid. However, several finance and funding options do exist, as listed below.

Some employers offer funding for employee education or professional development. If an employer guarantees payment for employee education and training, Georgetown will accept an Intent to Pay form . If you are using employer sponsorship or training authorizations, you must submit an Intent to Pay form with your registration.

If your employer will pay for your tuition, select “Third-Party Billing” as your method of payment when you register for courses online. Please submit an Intent to Pay form indicating that your employer or another third party should be billed for tuition. Invoices will not be generated without this form on file.

  • Pay training and education expenses from appropriated funds or other available funds for training needed to support program functions
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*Federal employees should ask the appropriate budget officer about training budgets available.

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SCS is registered with GoArmyEd.com to accept SF-182 training authorization forms. GoArmyEd.com is the virtual gateway for all eligible active duty, National Guard, and Army Reserve soldiers to request Tuition Assistance (TA) online. GoArmyEd.com is also the virtual gateway for Army Civilians to apply for their Civilian education, training, and leadership development events.

The professional certificate programs offer an interest-free payment plan for certificate programs that are more than one month in duration and for which the total tuition is greater than or equal to $4,000. The payment plan is structured in the following manner:

  • Payment #1: A down payment of 25% of the total tuition balance must be paid online (within 72 hours after you register and select Payment Plan) via the Noncredit Student Portal . Please submit your down payment as soon as possible.
  • Payments #2, #3, and #4: Your remaining balance will be due in three (3) equal monthly installments beginning 30 calendar days after your down payment is processed. Your monthly payments must be paid via credit card in the Noncredit Student Portal . You will be able to access each invoice and payment due date in your student account.

PLEASE NOTE: Automatic Payment Service is not available. You must make each subsequent payment via the Noncredit Student Portal .

A number of tuition benefits are available through the Department of Veterans Affairs and under various parts of the GI Bill ® . Please visit the Resources for Military Students page for additional information and instructions.

Some students choose to finance certificate programs with private education loans. Students are responsible for contacting lenders directly to find out if a noncredit professional certificate program is eligible for a loan. While Georgetown University will not recommend specific lenders, it will certify loans for eligible programs from approved lenders.

For eligible noncredit professional certificate programs, Georgetown University will certify loan amounts up to the full cost of tuition for the program. Tuition does not cover books, travel, or living expenses. Please see individual program pages for tuition rates.

Georgetown University has a unique campus code for Sallie Mae. Our Sallie Mae branch code is 001445-99.

You must be approved for a loan before registering for courses. Follow these steps to pursue a loan option:

  • Check the list of lenders that have offered private education loans in the past to Georgetown University students.
  • Contact the lender and confirm your program is eligible for a private education loan.
  • Obtain the necessary paperwork and apply for the loan.
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  • Enter the information about the lender and then contact Noncredit Student Accounts at [email protected] .

Note: It is your responsibility to contact Georgetown University Noncredit Student Accounts at [email protected] to ensure that your loan is processed.

While you may choose to complete your certificate program in one semester, many programs (but not all) allow up to two years to complete all requirements. As a result, you may choose to register for required and elective courses over several semesters to spread out the cost of tuition over time. We generally offer every course in a program each semester, so you'll have many opportunities to enroll in required and elective courses within the two-year time frame.

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Only one tuition discount may be applied at the time of registration. Tuition discounts cannot be combined. Tuition discounts are not applied retroactively. Please contact [email protected] with any questions.

Georgetown University alumni and SCS certificate completers are eligible to receive a 30% tuition discount for many certificates offered within SCS’s Professional Development & Certificates (PDC) portfolio. When registering for an eligible certificate through the SCS website, you will see the "30% Georgetown Alumni Discount" as an option. The Enrollment Team will then verify your eligibility status as a Georgetown University alumnus or certificate completer.

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Professional Certificates Help You Retool, Learn New Skills

In an age of accountability, program evaluation has become a key skill, ‘flex learning’ recreates classroom experience online.

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  • v.6(Suppl 1); 2022 Jun

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Program evaluation: An educator's portal into academic scholarship

Shera hosseini.

1 Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster Education Research, Innovation, and Theory, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

Yusuf Yilmaz

2 McMaster Education Research, Innovation and Theory (MERIT) Program & Office of Continuing Professional Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

3 Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir Turkey

Kaushal Shah

4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York New York, USA

Michael Gottlieb

5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA

Christine R. Stehman

6 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine ‐ Peoria/OSF Healthcare, Peoria Illinois, USA

Andrew K. Hall

7 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada

8 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada

Teresa M. Chan

9 Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

10 Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

11 McMaster Program for Education Research, Innovation, and Theory (MERIT), McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

12 Department of Health Research Methodology, Impact, and Evidence, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

Program evaluation is an “essential responsibility” but is often not seen as a scholarly pursuit. While Boyer expanded what qualifies as educational scholarship, many still need to engage in processes that are rigorous and of a requisite academic standard to be labelled as scholarly. Many medical educators may feel that scholarly program evaluation is a daunting task due to the competing interests of curricular change, remediation, and clinical care. This paper explores how educators can take their questions around outcomes and efficacy of our programs and efficiently engage in education scholarship. The authors outline how educators can examine whether training programs have a desired impact and outcomes, and then how they might leverage this process into education scholarship.

INTRODUCTION

Program evaluation has been referred to as an “essential responsibility” for those tasked with the oversight of medical training programs, 1 but it is striking how little of this program evaluation work is labelled as scholarly, and how rarely this work translates into academic scholarship. While what qualifies as educational scholarship has been expanded well beyond traditional peer‐reviewed publications to include the scholarship of teaching, discovery, integration, and application, 2 there is still a need to engage in processes that are rigorous and of a requisite academic standard to be labeled as scholarly. 3 However, being asked to both create educational deliverables and innovate within this context is often already above and beyond the duties of overworked and under‐supported medical educators. Many medical educators may feel that scholarly program evaluation is a step too far—with so many competing interests, it can be difficult to find the “bandwidth” to accomplish these scholarly tasks. 4 Don’t we all wonder about the outcomes and efficacy of our programs? Were our programs received as they were intended? And finally, is my training program having the desired impact and outcomes? And if so, wouldn’t it be nice to generate a multiple win around your project? 5

It is not just a lack of time that can prevent medical educators from engaging in scholarly evaluation efforts. Some educators may also feel inadequately trained in program evaluation and unclear what approaches and strategies to employ when engaging in program evaluation. Further, if evaluation is completed well, there is often an opportunity to translate this work into scholarly outputs.

The goal of this paper was to accomplish three goals: (1) to introduce educators to the concept of program evaluation, (2) to help them to understand frameworks that will guide them in correctly and rigorously performing program evaluations, and (3) to discuss ways in which program evaluation can translate to scholarly output.

WHAT IS PROGRAM EVALUATION?

In medical education, a “program” can refer to a large spectrum of activities, and experiences—they can range from a new workplace‐based assessment program 6 , 7 to a boot camp series 8 to a longitudinal faculty development course. 9 , 10 It is an ever‐evolving field with new technologies, shifting paradigms, and often unclear scholarly formats. The delivery of medical education requires the implementation of programs. Whether it is a well‐established program (e.g., intern orientation or airway management training) or a novel approach to assessment (e.g., simulation‐based critical care competency or entrustable professional activity), these programs need to be evaluated to determine if they are worthwhile with respect to effectiveness or value. A formal definition for program evaluation has been put forth by Mohanna and Cottrell as “a systematic approach to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of information about any aspect of the conceptualization, design, implementation, and utility of educational programmes”. 11 Simply stated, program evaluation is the process of identifying the value of an educational offering, but at times it can also be a way of determining issues or problems in need of systematic improvement.

Methods similar to those employed by experimentalists or epidemiologists may be used for measurement and analysis when conducting program evaluation, but this process is distinct from conventional research studies. Experimental research typically focuses on the generation of new knowledge that adds to the world more transferable or generalizable to other contexts, whereas program evaluation seeks to understand the efficacy of a specific, discrete project (e.g., a curricular change in a program or a new course design). Quantitative experiments may involve hypothesis testing with a control group and an experimental group, while qualitative studies may seek to understand or describe an experienced phenomenon. Despite being distinct from research, program evaluation is a rigorous process that might use a variety of quantitative and/or qualitative data to determine the value of the outcomes of a program, though technically a research protocol is not required.

WHY AND WHEN TO USE PROGRAM EVALUATION

While the specific purposes of program evaluation are extensive, at its core, program evaluation is about values, judgements, decision making, and change. 1 , 12 , 13 Program evaluation is another way, outside of the program itself, that you can create a value proposition to your community via your program. 14 Educators use program evaluation to determine the value and worth of the program they designed and then explain that worth to others. There are multiple program evaluation frameworks, and which framework you select is determined by the stakeholders and focus of the evaluation. 13 , 15

The ultimate why of your program evaluation will be how you define success of the program in the eyes of the stakeholders and the focus of the evaluation. 16 This marker of success should fall into at least one broad category of program evaluation—accountability, knowledge, or development—though these categories are often intertwined. 1 , 12 , 17 More specific purposes for evaluation within these three categories are found in Table  1 .

Purposes for program evaluation

AccountabilityKnowledgeDevelopment

Although it can resemble research (e.g., experimental or qualitative medical education research), it is differentiated from research by the fundamental underlying impetus for the study—research work seeks to understand the world better through its conduct (to create generalizable or transferrable “truths” to better understand how things work), whereas program evaluation seeks to understand how and if a specific program works.

If done correctly, program evaluation is a systematic method of answering questions about the program you have designed, providing insights for others to replicate or avoid in their own programs. 18 Once the work has been done, “dissemination to the community at large constitutes a critical element of scholarship.” 13 Dissemination of this work could be publishing the program evaluation as an original research report, as an innovation report, or in an online curricular repository (e.g., MedEdPORTAL, JETem) to help advance knowledge for others (Table  2 ).

Comparing and contrasting of various types of program evaluation scholarship

Curriculum package (eg. JETem.org or MedEdPortal)Innovation reportOriginal article (Formal program evaluation study)
Prototypical Study QuestionIs our program worth repeating in other contexts by other teachers?

Usually one (or a combination of) the following questions:

Usually seeking to ask a study question that clarifies, explains, or justifies a program. Study questions can come in a wide variety, but center upon the specific aspects of a program

Description of the origins and development of the InnovationEmphasized slightly more to explain the gap that the curricular package fills

Emphasized heavily on the actual building of the innovation

Analogous to a technical report (engineering) or early materials development work (chemistry or other sciences)

Theory and conceptual frameworks are often highlighted

Deemphasized

May even cite the prior innovation report like a full study cites a protocol

Description of the actual InnovationThe featured element within this type of scholarship. Really details the innovationsThis is certainly highlighted in some depth, but not to the level of a curricular package. May wish to append curricular materials within the appendix, but certainly NOT the center point for this type of paperDeemphasized but usually is described with enough rigor in the materials section of the methods for a new reader (who has not yet read prior work on the topic) can understand the nature and high‐level specifics of the innovation—at least so as to understand why the outcomes were of interest
Outcomes reportingIncreasingly desired but also usually provides insights to other teachers seeking to implement this curriculum as to why this is important. Usually some level of outcomes reporting (e.g., Kirkpatrick level 1, acceptability) is requiredSome level of reporting for outcomesDepending on the framing of the article the outcomes may be different from a simple reporting of effectiveness. Often original works that explore innovations will delve

Overall, once the rationale is determined, program evaluation can be divided up into two groups that help direct the when —formative (i.e., used to improve the performance of the program, program monitoring, happens at various times) and summative (i.e., used for overall judgements about the program and its developers, usually at the end of the program). 19 , 20 No matter what the why , all programs should have program evaluations built into them. In fact, Woodward argues that program evaluation should be done within every part of the educational intervention process. For example, a needs assessment is the program evaluation determining the need for the program. 19 Ideally, the program evaluation should be developed alongside the program itself ensuring that one does a credible evaluation answering all required questions. 18 Early program evaluation development prevents later problems and allows data to be collected, as suggested by Durning et al., 16 during three phases: (1) before (establish a baseline and helps show how much of the outcomes are due to the program itself), (2) during (process measurements; allows developers to notice and fix problems early), and (3) after the program (outcome measurements). The why and when of program evaluation feed directly into the approach you take in doing the program evaluation (i.e., how you actually do this).

HOW TO USE PROGRAM EVALUATION METHODOLOGIES

As stated above, development of the program evaluation should happen alongside development of the program itself, meaning prior to launching the program (or the most recent class of participants). This involves identifying the specific goals of the evaluation by considering the potential stakeholders and end‐users of the resultant evaluation. With this information, educators can better align the breadth and focus of the evaluation with their specific needs (Box  1 ).

Components of a program evaluation

  • Develop an evaluation question based on specific goals of various stakeholders
  • Identify your theory of change
  • Perform a literature search
  • Identify your (validated) collection instrument
  • Consider your outcomes with a broad lens

Once you have identified the target audience, next determine the underlying theory for change. The three most common theories for this are reductionism, system theory, and complexity theory. Reductionism relies upon an assumption that there is a specific order with a direct cause and effect for each action. 21 This approach, reflected in models such as the Logic model, 22 , 23 suggests that there is a clear linearity and predictable impact from each intervention. 1 System theory builds upon this with its roots in the general system theory applied to biology. 24 In this model, it is proposed that the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its individual parts. 24 Therefore, education programs expand beyond merely isolated parts, instead comprising the integration of the specific program components with each other and with the broader educational environment. Complexity theory expands further to adapt to the ever‐changing, more complex state of programs in real life. 1 , 25 There are multiple complex factors that can influence education programs, including the participants, influence of stakeholders and regulators, professional practice patterns, the surrounding environment, and expanding knowledge within the specific field, as well as with regard to the education concepts being taught. 1 Understanding the underlying theories can help inform the conceptual frameworks selected for evaluation, but we will dive into this more in the next section.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

There are many frameworks that can guide your program evaluation process. A full description of each of these is beyond the scope of this paper; however, our authorship team has detailed six program evaluation frameworks that have been featured in medical education (and specifically AEM Education and Training) including: CIPP, Kirkpatrick Model, Logic Model, Realist Evaluation, RE‐AIM, and SQUIRE‐EDU. Table  3 provides a description of some of the more commonly used frameworks and sources of further information on each of them. 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47

Conceptual frameworks for program evaluation

Framework nameOrigins & explanationExample scenarioCitation for a “How to” guide (first author, year)Citation of an exemplar paper (first author, year)
CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Products)

CIPP is a comprehensive framework for guiding the evaluations of programs and systems and includes the following components: context, input, process, and impact

is based on needs assessment, available resources, problems, any background information, and the overall program environment. It includes the planning stage and mainly focuses on the desired goals and objectives for a program

refer to the required strategies, tools, or resources that must be included in the program to meet the needs identified during the Context stage. Inputs include elements including budget, research, plans, stakeholders, or subject matter experts

is the stage of program development and execution.

This stage is where the inputs all come together and it is often revisited to ensure that the program development was well‐designed and that the program implementation is meeting expectations

include the review phase and are the outputs and outcomes related to program performance and objectives

The main question in this stage is whether the intended goals have been met. Further, the program sustainability in terms of context, inputs and processes as well as any potential necessary changes to the program are assessed

The program director recently launched a new diversity, equity, and inclusion curriculum. She wants to better understand and evaluate the effectiveness of the curricula. She selects the CIPP framework to better understand the context, inputs, process, and products, so as to more fully consider all of the inputs and outputs from the new curriculum

Stufflebeam (2003)

Lee (2019)

Steinert (2005)

Rooholamini (2017)

Kirkpatrick Model

Kirkpatrick’s original four‐level (reaction, learning, behavior, results) model is widely employed in the evaluation of health professional education programs

Assesses a person’s reactions to a course related element such as teachers, materials, activities, and design While high satisfaction does not necessarily guarantee the next level (learning), low satisfaction levels are likely to reduce the probability of learning

refers to changes in knowledge, skills, and attitudes

are changes in practice

changes at the organizational level

Other more recent modifications of this model include:

The vice chair of faculty development has created a new asynchronous, just‐in‐time training module. She wants to understand the perception and effect of this new module. As part of the evaluation, she sought out users’ reaction, learning, behaviors, and impact on the system. She selected the Kirkpatrick framework to ensure she had both perception and higher‐level outcomes

Kirkpatrick (2006)

Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick (2016)

Barr (2005)

Hammick (2007)

The New World Kirkpatrick Model

Phillips (2003)

Kaufman and Keller (1994)

Gottlieb (2021)

Lam and Stickrath (2020)

Logic ModelThis model is commonly used for designing and evaluating projects and consists of a matrix that outlines a project’s goals, activities, assumptions, and expected results. It provides a structure to help clarify the components of a project, the activities, resources, as well as its anticipated challengesThe medical student clerkship director has added a new airway curriculum for the medical students on rotation. He realizes that it is important to understand both the cost and benefits of the program. Therefore, he uses the Logic model to incorporate both the inputs and outputs into the program evaluation

Newcomer (2015)

Van (2016)

Love (2016)
Realist Evaluation

Realist evaluation is suited for the evaluation of complex educational interventions such as simulation‐based education. It seeks to answer what works, for whom, in what circumstances, in what respects, to what extent, and why

It uses a mixed methods approach to collection of data to test the context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations of the education intervention

Through investigating the context, mechanisms, and outcomes of education programs, realist evaluation can allow educators to better understand why and when an evaluation does work and in which contexts

The simulation director has created a new in‐situ simulation program which includes interprofessional learners from multiple professions. He wants to identify what works best for different learners in different circumstances and why. Therefore, he selects a realist evaluation for his framework

Graham and McAleer (2018)

Wong (2012)

Ogrinc (2014)

Ellaway (2018)

RE‐AIM

The RE‐AIM framework is mainly designed to evaluate the impact of community‐based public health programs and interventions. These interventions are often complex as they mainly rely on multiple stakeholders and in complex settings. To understand the impact of a program, impact on participants, organization providing a program, and the broader community needs to be captured

This framework consists of five evaluation dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. It has been implemented across various settings and contexts such as community, policy, and public health initiatives

The vice chair of operations created a new program to train their physicians, advanced practice providers, and nurses on using telemedicine for patient care. Given the complexity of the intervention and reliance upon multiple stakeholders, she uses the RE‐AIM framework

Glasgow (1999)

Shaw (2019)

Nagji (2020)

Rose (2021)

Yilmaz (2021)

SQUIRE‐EDU

The SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) framework offers guidelines for reporting new knowledge about ways to improve healthcare. SQUIRE has an adaptation that is specifically about Educational Improvement (SQUIRE‐EDU)

These guidelines are proposed for reports on system‐level work to improve the quality, safety, and value of healthcare systems

SQUIRE offers a variety of ways to improve healthcare and encourages the researchers to consider all SQUIRE items, but the inclusion of every SQUIRE element may not be necessary

SQUIRE has provided guidance on healthcare improvement, and contributed to the understanding of factors that impact the success, and failure, of healthcare improvement efforts

The medical director is leading a quality improvement initiative to reduce overprescribing of antibiotics. He has developed a multi‐step program which includes a specific training session. He uses the SQUIRE‐EDU framework to align with the focus on quality improvement

Goodman (2016)

Ogrinc, (2019)

Taylor (2019)

When creating the program evaluation, you may utilize frameworks to guide the data collection. The selection process for your conceptual framework will require consideration of the end‐users and which data will be most valuable to them. You should perform a thorough literature search to identify similarities and differences with prior programs. Questions should seek to assess the benefits and consequences of the new intervention or innovation. During the literature search, seek out existing tools used by similar programs to inform your evaluation tool design. Identify how this aligns with your current program evaluation needs and modify the tool where necessary. It is important to also collect validity evidence for your specific tool. 26 Even if a tool is “validated” in another setting, new validity should be sought for the current application within the context of the new program. 26 Since evaluation is often centered on a particular program, the evaluation plan may contain outcomes that are idiosyncratic rather than generalizable; however, best practices of questionnaire design should still be followed as much as possible (e.g., basing the tool on prior evaluation of a previous study, pilot testing a survey tool prior to launch to ensure readability and clarity).

Finally, consider the outcomes with a broader lens. While often considered with regard to learner‐oriented outcomes (e.g., Kirkpatrick model), it is also important to consider the costs (e.g., time, expenses, faculty) and broader societal implications as described further below. Those reading the findings will want to weigh the cost and benefits of the program.

MARKERS OF HIGH‐QUALITY PROGRAM EVALUATION

Program evaluation and research studies have very common features, depending on the objectives of a study, these two methods may become very similar. While research studies aim to produce new knowledge, program evaluation studies focus on the program quality and value. 27 When unsure, ethics boards guidelines are helpful for ensuring that the study that you are about to conduct is a program evaluation study. In the United States, many program evaluations will require institutional review board approval but are usually granted exemption status since program evaluations will fall well within normal educational practices. Ethics boards in Canada deem program evaluations exempt from the ethical review as per Tri___Council Policy Statement 2 [2018] Article 2.5. 28 Therefore, initially, a program evaluation study should be checked with the ethics board and receive an ethical exemption to make sure that the study purpose, objectives, data collection, and analysis aligns with it.

There are three common approaches to program evaluation studies: decision‐oriented, outcomes‐oriented, and expertise‐oriented. 29 In the previous section, various program evaluation frameworks and models were described that can yield to the overall approaches. These frameworks are of vital value to the overall program evaluation process. 1 Without using a framework, program evaluation may lose its focus and the flow of the study may become redundant and less helpful. As each framework focuses on different parts of a study, it is important for researchers to take into account the study’s objectives and focus. The face validity of a framework should be agreed by the investigators, meaning the outcomes of the study could be achieved through the selected framework. 13 A study could focus on many objectives such as trainees’ learning, satisfaction, and the intervention’s success in reaching various audiences. 1

Innovation reports are an integral part of program evaluation studies as they evaluate novel approaches to teaching and learning. Hall and colleagues reviewed the literature on the quality markers of innovation reports and came up with 34 items resulting in seven themes from analysis of the problem to dissemination of results to ensure that the innovation reports adequately provide insights and reproducibly. 30 Therefore, ensuring that a program evaluation study has rigor and reproducibility is very important for any type of program evaluation study. Box 2 provides various pearls to help researchers who will tackle to program evaluation studies. Box 3 contains an annotated bibliography that summarizes key resources for further reading.

Pearls for those interested in conducting program evaluation work

Based on prior literature on innovation reports and program evaluations, we have identified some common problems encountered when authors claim to have conducted these formats of studies:

Pearl 1: Plan the program evaluation from the onset . Ideally, program evaluation should be established prior to the program launch (or at least prior to the most recent cohort). Performing program evaluation once the program is ongoing will limit the available information and increase the risk of recall bias.

Pearl 2: Consider all of the inputs and outputs. The evaluators will need to think beyond just the learner outcomes and consider the broader outcomes, impacts, and the resources and requirements to run the program.

Pearl 3: Attempt to identify unintended outcomes. Intended outcomes are often tracked but a systematic inquiry into identifying unintended outcomes is often overlooked.

Pearl 4: Involve a statistician or a data scientist early. Some program evaluation approaches require complex statistical analysis and even further data exploration to understand complex data to be collected through the program implementation. A statistician or a data scientist can provide different approaches on how to analyze data and understand the relationship on program focus and outcomes.

Pearl 5: Chart the overall program evaluation process. Program evaluation could be very complex from planning to evaluation. Each step of the program evaluation should be represented with a figure in the study. This charting process will give readers a clear idea about the program evaluation steps and how the framework was implemented at each step.

Key resources for further reading

The following are key papers on the program evaluation methodology recommended for those interested in learning more.

1. Frye AW, Hemmer PA. Program evaluation models and related theories: AMEE guide no. 67. Med Teach . 2012;34(5):e288‐e299.

This is a review of several common program evaluation models and the benefits and limitations of each. The paper also provides examples of how to apply these in practice.

2. Cook DA. 2010. Twelve tips for evaluating educational programs. Med Teach . 32:296–301.

A concise article that breaks down program evaluation into twelve “tips” to guide the development and implementation. Not meant to be used alone, but again a solid introduction to the process with an included blank table for readers to start brainstorming their own program evaluations.

3. Goldie J. AMEE Education Guide no. 29: Evaluating Educational Programs. Med Teach . 2006; 28(3): 210–224.

An introductory how‐to guide for program evaluation of educational programs in general including the history and the process. A solid starting point for someone who is unfamiliar with the process and a solid introduction to allow better integration of the information provided in the AMEE no. 67 (included below) which walks the reader through theories to use as frameworks for their program evaluations.

4. Durning SJ, Hemmer P, Pangaro LN. The Structure of Program Evaluation: An Approach for Evaluating a Course, Clerkship, or Components of a Residency or Fellowship Training Program. Teach Learn Med , 19:3, 308–318, 10.1080/10401330701366796

While the other articles included here involve program evaluation in general, this article focuses on applying program evaluation to graduate medical education. While it is just one particular framework out of many that are available, it provides insight into how to apply program evaluation to programs that don’t necessarily fit the usual educational program mold. For medical educators beginning their program evaluation journey, having this example will allow them to see how other frameworks might be used for their programs.

Program evaluations can be seen as a gateway towards other forms of scholarship for those who are most at home developing programs and curricula. However, it should be acknowledged as its own form of scholarship that is unique and separate from curriculum development or research.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Dr. Shera Hosseini has received funding for her postdoctoral fellowship from the McMaster Institute for Research in Aging (MIRA). Dr. Yilmaz is the recipient of a 2019 TUBITAK Postdoctoral Fellowship grant. Dr. Shah—none; and no grants. Dr. Gottlieb holds grants for unrelated work with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and eCampus Ontario. Dr. Stehman—none, Dr. Hall—holds grants for unrelated work from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Queen’s University Center for Teaching and Learning, and the Physician Services Incorporated Foundation. Dr. Chan holds grants for unrelated work from McMaster University, the PSI foundation, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, eCampus Ontario, the University of Saskatchewan, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.

Hosseini S, Yilmaz Y, Shah K, et al. Program evaluation: An educator's portal into academic scholarship . AEM Educ Train . 2022; 6(Suppl. 1) :S43–S51. doi: 10.1002/aet2.10745 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

Supervising Editor: Dr. Susan Promes

Assessment and Evaluation

What is it .

" Assessment  is an ongoing process aimed at understanding and improving student learning. It involves making our expectations explicit and public; setting appropriate criteria and high standards for learning quality; systematically gathering, analyzing, and interpreting evidence to determine how well performance matches those expectations and standards; and using the resulting information to document, explain, and improve performance. When it is embedded effectively within larger institutional systems, assessment can help us focus our collective attention, examine our assumptions, and create a shared academic culture dedicated to assuring and improving the quality of higher education." (Thomas Angelo, AAHE Bulletin, November 1995, p. 7)

Program-level assessment is NOT about evaluating individual students or faculty teaching effectiveness. Rather, it is about examining student performance and experience across a cohort of students and using the information to continuously improve curriculum effectiveness.

Why Engage?

Program-level assessment  is an opportunity...

  • to discover whether students are learning in the ways we hope and expect; to understand, verify, or strengthen student learning and experience in the program;
  • to identify curricular and pedagogical features and areas  that are working well and are in need of improvements;
  • for creating rich conversations around student learning, pedagogy, and curriculum.
  • to inform how resources should be allocated (for improvement, for continuity, for strengthening, etc.) and to plan for the future . 

Our distinguished commitment to teaching excellence, student learning, and continuous improvement drive the assessment process. 

Berkeley Assessment Stories

In a recent published book chapter (Envisioning Scholar-Practitioner Collaborations: Communities of Practice in Education and Sport, 2018), Tony Mirabelli (Assistant Director, Athletic Study Center)  and Kirsten Hextrum described the Athletic Study Center's iterative evolution of their program evaluation and improvement efforts. We interviewed Tony about the book chapter and what motivated him to initiate and integrate program evaluation in ASC.  [ Read more ] 

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Practice-based program evaluation in higher education for sustainability: a student participatory approach.

program evaluation higher education

1. Introduction

2. state of the art: learning competencies and participatory approaches, 2.1. competencies for sustainability: an introduction, 2.2. applying competencies to the program level, 2.3. transdisciplinarity and participatory approaches to learning, 2.4. the participatory evaluation of learning programs, 3. methods: the participatory evaluation of a master program, 4. research results, 4.1. competencies delivered by the program: a student-led evaluation, 4.2. competencies delivered through the student-led, practice-based evaluation, 5. conclusions and discussion, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

Stakeholder GroupData Collection Method(s)Survey DescriptionResponse RateComments
MappingDesk research and admissions ratio collected by email 28 programs identified
AlumniQuantitative/surveyThirty-five questions were divided into 4 sections: the general appraisal of the program, professional satisfaction, recommendations for the program, and sociodemographic questions. Five questions in the general appraisal section are based on the competencies developed by Wiek et al. [ ]. Responses based on a three- or five-point Likert scale, multiple-choice questions, and space for comments after each question.
Example: While doing the master, did you feel connected and genuinely motivated by the master program curriculum?
20 responses94 alumni in total, 46 contacted
StudentsQuantitative/surveyThirty questions in total were divided into 2 sections (academic content and sociodemographic questions). Five questions in the educational content section are based on those key competencies developed by Wiek et al. [ ]. Responses based on a three- or five-point Likert scale, multiple-choice questions, and space for comments after each question.
Example: The program has helped you develop “anticipatory competencies”, meaning the ability to collectively analyze and picture future scenarios related to sustainability issues? (Likert scale)
52 responses56 students in total, first and second year
Qualitative/focus group (second phase)Discussion on (1) the strengths and weaknesses in the participatory and student-led process of evaluating the course program and (2) what skills students were able to develop through this course evaluation.
Example: Did you find the participatory evaluation process useful, and if so, what have you learned? In terms of the evaluation itself, do you feel that this was a success or a failure? Participants’ self-assessment of sustainability competency development (Likert scale).
8 participants27 students contacted to participate in the evaluation
Teaching StaffQuantitative/surveyThirty-eight questions were divided into 5 sections: general thoughts on the program, inclusion of key sustainability [ ] competencies, additional questions for guest speakers, additional questions for visiting professors, and personal data (teaching experience, title, department, etc.).
Example: To what degree do you believe that your course addresses themes related to sustainability (e.g., climate change, poverty, global health, etc.)? (Likert scale)
11 responses16 teachers contacted
Formal class evaluation surveySummative course evaluation tool adopted by the rectorate as a part of the university’s quality control policy7 forms
ManagementSemistructured interviewsThis survey had three main areas: orientation, curriculum, and admissions and communications (enrollment procedures, communication tools). Each interviewee was provided minutes of the interview for comments, corrections, and approval, to ensure transparency and avoid any issues related to data protection.
Example: Which of the “key competencies of sustainability” in your opinion have been developed in this program?
11 responses, 9 interviews20 members of management contacted
EmployersSemistructured interviewsFocused on the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in a sector, department, or organization, employers’ opinions on program graduates, and expectations on skills and knowledge for the future.
Example: What are the skills needed to succeed in your sector?
12 responses20 employers contacted, with permission of alumni
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  • Aguado, N.A. Teaching Research Methods: Learning by Doing. J. Public Aff. Educ. 2009 , 15 , 251–260. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
  • Barth, M.; Godemann, J.; Rieckmann, M.; Stoltenberg, U. Developing key competencies for sustainable development in higher education. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2007 , 8 , 416–430. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
CompetencyDefinition
Systems-thinkingA holistic approach to analysis that focuses on the way that a system’s parts interrelate and how systems function over time and within the context of larger systems. For example, graduates are able to “develop and test systemic interventions, transformational actions, and transition strategies toward sustainability, accounting for unintended consequences and cascading effects” [ ] (p. 247).
AnticipatoryThe ability to collectively analyze, evaluate, and craft rich ‘‘pictures’’ of the future related to sustainability issues and sustainability problem-solving frameworks. For example, graduates are able “to anticipate how sustainability problems might evolve or occur over time (scenarios), considering inertia, path dependencies, and triggering events; as well as create and craft sustainable and desirable future visions, considering evidence-supported alternative development pathways” [ ] (p. 244).
NormativeThis capacity is based on acquired normative knowledge, including concepts of justice, equity, social-ecological integrity, and ethics. For example, graduates are able to collectively map, specify, apply, reconcile, and negotiate sustainability values, principles, goals, and targets [ , ].
StrategicThe ability to collectively design and implement interventions, transitions, and transformative governance strategies toward sustainability. For example, graduates are able to develop plans that leverage assets, mobilize resources, and coordinate stakeholders to overcome systemic inertia, path dependencies, and other barriers to reaching envisioned outcomes [ , ].
InterpersonalThe ability to motivate, enable, and facilitate collaborative and participatory sustainability research and problem-solving. For example, graduates are able to “initiate, facilitate, and support different types of collaboration, including teamwork and stakeholder engagement, in sustainability efforts” [ ] (p. 250).
StakeholderScaleSystems-ThinkingAnticipatoryNormativeStrategicInterpersonal
Students (Question: The Master program has helped you develop…) (n = 27)Strongly Agree26%6%32%12%23%
Agree56%68%62%47%62%
Disagree15%23%6%41%15%
Strongly Disagree3%3%0%0%0%
Teaching staff (Question: do you deliver …through your course?) (n = 11)Included in all my lectures18%0%18%18%0%
Included in more than half of my lectures46%55%55%36%18%
Included in less than half of my lectures27%18%18%36%55%
Not at all included9%27%9%9%27%
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Curtis, H.L.; Gabriel, L.C.; Sahakian, M.; Cattacin, S. Practice-Based Program Evaluation in Higher Education for Sustainability: A Student Participatory Approach. Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 10816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910816

Curtis HL, Gabriel LC, Sahakian M, Cattacin S. Practice-Based Program Evaluation in Higher Education for Sustainability: A Student Participatory Approach. Sustainability . 2021; 13(19):10816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910816

Curtis, Helen Lee, Lucas Catalani Gabriel, Marlyne Sahakian, and Sandro Cattacin. 2021. "Practice-Based Program Evaluation in Higher Education for Sustainability: A Student Participatory Approach" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910816

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Program Evaluation Pragmatic Methods for Social Work and Human Service Agencies

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Be prepared for your future role in a service-oriented agency. This textbook provides practical guidance on program evaluation while avoiding replicating other course material. Drawing on over 40 years of subject knowledge, Allen Rubin describes outcome designs that are feasible for service-oriented agencies and that match the degree of certainty needed by key users of outcome evaluations. The utility and easy calculation of within-group effect sizes are outlined, which enhance the value of evaluations that lack control groups. Instructions are…

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  • Focuses on the practical aspects of performing evaluation tasks as service providers or administrators in human service agencies
  • Balances the need for methodological rigor while maintaining realistic expectations consistent with becoming a successful evaluator within service-oriented settings
  • Each chapter gives examples, summaries, and questions that instructors can use in class discussion
  • Includes instructions on how to write and disseminate an evaluation report in a way that maximizes its chances of being used
  • Gives advice on: surveys of client needs or satisfaction, monitoring program implementation of new agency initiatives, and maximizing the value of evaluations that have limited internal validity

About the book

  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108870016
  • Subjects Health and Clinical Psychology, Psychology, Social policy and social work, Sociology
  • Publication date: 23 July 2020
  • ISBN: 9781108835992
  • Dimensions (mm): 253 x 177 mm
  • Weight: 0.58kg
  • Contains: 11 b/w illus. 12 tables
  • Page extent: 264 pages
  • Availability: Available
  • ISBN: 9781108799096
  • Weight: 0.45kg
  • Publication date: 18 September 2020
  • ISBN: 9781108870016

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Allen Rubin has been teaching courses on program evaluation for over 40 years. He is the Kantambu Latting College Professor of Leadership and Change at the University of Houston's Graduate College of Social Work, past president of the Society for Social Work and Research, and a fellow in the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

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Big Data-Based Evaluation of Higher Education: Model Construction and Practice Path

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  • Shunping Wei 1 ,
  • Wenting Hou 1 &
  • Fengjuan Jiang 1  

After the Overall Plan for Deepening the Reform of Education Evaluation in the New Era has been released for over two years, the reform of education evaluation has achieved a good start and important phased outcomes. Promoting the digital transformation of education evaluation and developing Big Data-based education evaluation are the main measures of current evaluation reform. Based on the case study of the Minzu University of China, this paper systematically sorts out the relevant research, constructs the factor model and process model of Big Data-based education evaluation from the perspectives of factors and process of evaluation, puts forward the application idea of Big Data-based education evaluation from the perspectives of full business, full process and full factors, and puts forward the practical path of Big Data-based education evaluation from the aspects of application traction, teacher training and safe operation.

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Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, & China’s State Council. (2020). Overall plan for deepening the reform of education evaluation in the new era . (in Chinese).

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Li, J., & Wu, S. (2022). Empowering smart campus to run schools and upgrading quality. Ethnic Education of China , (5), 4–6. (in Chinese).

Liu, B., Yuan, T., Ji, Y., Liu, B., & Li, L. (2021). Intelligent technology enabling education evaluation: Connotation, overall framework, and practice path. China Educational Technology , (8), 16–24. (in Chinese).

Qiu, J., Feng, L., & Shu, F. (2021). An analysis of the status quo of international higher education evaluation research under the Big Data environment in the past ten years: Journal-based text mining. Journal of Modern Information , 41 (9), 4–11. (in Chinese).

Song, N., Zheng, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2021). On the reform of basic education evaluation in the new era from the perspective of Big Data. China Educational Technology , (2), 1–7. (in Chinese).

Tian, W., Yang, L., Xin, T., & Zhang, S. (2022). Technology-enabled monitoring and evaluation of education: State of the art and prospects. Chinese Journal of Distance Education , 42 (1), 1–11. (in Chinese).

Zheng, Y., & Liu, H. (2015). Path analysis of the application of Big Data for education evaluation in the united states. China Educational Technology , (7), 25–31. (in Chinese).

Zhu, C., & Yan, G. (2018). Modernization and specialization: The logics of new technology advance in educational evaluation in the era of Big Data. Tsinghua Journal of Education , 39 (5), 75–80. (in Chinese).

Zhu, D., & Ma, X. (2019). New technology promotes specialization: The logic of educational evaluation reform in the era of Big Data. Tsinghua Journal of Education , 40 (1), 5–7. (in Chinese).

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72274234) and the 2023 First-Class Undergraduate Course Construction Project of Minzu University of China.

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Shunping Wei, Wenting Hou & Fengjuan Jiang

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Wei, S., Hou, W. & Jiang, F. Big Data-Based Evaluation of Higher Education: Model Construction and Practice Path. Front. Digit. Educ. 1 , 171–177 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44366-024-0006-y

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Received : 10 November 2023

Accepted : 26 December 2023

Published : 29 August 2024

Issue Date : June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s44366-024-0006-y

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California State University-Stanislaus 1 University Circle Turlock, CA 95382 (209) 667-3638 Contact: Dr. Elmano Costa CSU Stanislaus Center for Portuguese Studies [email protected]

Obtaining a Bilingual Authorization Based on a Previously Issued Comparable Document

Individuals holding a valid Bilingual Certificate of Competence (BCC) or BCLAD Certificate may apply to have a Bilingual Authorization added to any valid prerequisite credential or permit with the submission of an application ( form 41-4 ) and current application fee . Please note that a separate application and fee will be required for each document for which the authorization is requested. This action is not required. The BCC and BCLAD Certificate authorize the same service as the Bilingual Authorization and remain valid as long as the teacher’s prerequisite teaching credential remains valid.

Out-of-State Prepared Individuals with Bilingual Authorization

If an individual is applying for a Multiple Subject, Single Subject, or Education Specialist Teaching Credential and evidence of a full bilingual authorization from a state other than California is submitted with that application packet, there is no need to apply separately for the bilingual authorization; the bilingual authorization will be listed on the corresponding teaching credential. There is no need to submit a separate application and fee if applying via this method.

All other individuals who hold a bilingual authorization from a state other than California may apply directly to the Commission for a bilingual authorization by satisfying all of the following:

  • Possess a valid California prerequisite credential.
  • Satisfy the second-language requirement.
  • Submit a copy of the out-of-state credential verifying a full bilingual authorization [1].
  • Submit a completed application ( form 41-4 ).
  • Submit full application processing fees .

Note [1]: See Table 2 at the end of this leaflet for more information on comparable out-of-state bilingual authorizations.

Applying for a Bilingual Authorization

Individuals that complete a Bilingual Authorization program or a combination of program course work and bilingual examinations must be recommended by their Commission-approved Bilingual Authorization program sponsor and complete the application and payment online. Individuals that pass all the required CSET: World Languages subtests and meet the requirements below may apply directly to the Commission for the Bilingual Authorization by submitting all of the following:

  • Verify holding or eligibility for a CLAD Certificate or teaching credential with an English learner authorization (For more information, see leaflet CL-628C ).
  • Original or photocopy of a CTEL Examination score report.
  • Photocopy of an out-of-state credential showing a full English learner authorization.
  • Original or photocopy of the CSET: World Languages Examination score report.
  • Completed application ( form 41-4 ).
  • Application processing fee .

Applicants requesting the bilingual authorization who hold more than one eligible document must designate the specific prerequisite document to which the authorization should be added. If more than one valid prerequisite document is held, it is not necessary to file an additional application or pay an additional fee, as the authorization on one document already applies to all other valid prerequisites held by the teacher. However, if an individual wants to add the authorization to more than one document, a separate application and fee will be required for each additional valid prerequisite document.

Table 1 CSET Subtests Required for the Bilingual Authorization

  • The first subtest listed (either Subtest II or Subtest III, depending on the language) assesses language and communication skills. Note : the language and communication skills subtest that can be used toward a Bilingual Authorization is the same subtest for that content area as is used toward obtaining the Single Subject Teaching Credential in the corresponding language other than English.
  • Subtest IV does not focus on any specific language (the same test applies to all languages) and assesses the methodology of bilingual education.
  • Subtest V assesses bilingual cultural knowledge (the same test is used for Cantonese and Mandarin).

Click the table header to sort by that column. Type the Language name, or Requirement Type in the second row to filter that column.

Bilingual Authorization AreaCSET Subtests Required
ArabicArabic Subtest II [1] (193)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Arabic Subtest V (251)
ArmenianArmenian Subtest II [1] (195)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Armenian Subtest V (252)
CantoneseCantonese Subtest III [1] (204)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Chinese Subtest V (253)
FarsiFarsi Subtest II [1] (197)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Farsi Subtest V (254)
FilipinoFilipino Subtest II [1] (191)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Filipino Subtest V (255)
FrenchFrench Subtest III [1] (150)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
French Subtest V (256)
GermanGerman Subtest III [1] (153)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
German Subtest V (257)
HebrewHebrew Subtest I (test code 301)
World Languages Subtest IV (test code 250)
Hebrew Subtest V (test code 266)
HmongHmong Subtest II [1] (199)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Hmong Subtest V (259)
JapaneseJapanese Subtest III [1] (159)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Japanese Subtest V (260)
KhmerKhmer Subtest II [1] (201)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Khmer Subtest V (261)
KoreanKorean Subtest III [1] (162)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Korean Subtest V (262)
MandarinMandarin Subtest III [1] (165)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Chinese Subtest V (253)
PunjabiPunjabi Subtest III [1] (168)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Punjabi Subtest V (263)
RussianRussian Subtest III [1] (156)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Russian Subtest V (264)
SpanishSpanish Subtest III [1] (147)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Spanish Subtest V (258)
VietnameseVietnamese Subtest III [1] (171)
World Languages Subtest IV (250)
Vietnamese Subtest V (265)

Note [1]: For the Bilingual Authorization, passage of this subtest is not required if (1) you hold a valid, nonemergency Single Subject or Standard Secondary Teaching Credential with a major in the language authorized by the Bilingual Authorization you are seeking or (2) you hold a three-year or higher degree from a foreign institution in which all instruction is delivered in the language authorized by the Bilingual Authorization you are seeking and the institution is equivalent in status to a regionally accredited institution of higher education in the United States.

Guide to Out-of-State Bilingual Authorizations May 2017

Individuals who hold teaching credentials from another state with one of the authorizations listed in the following chart may request that the corresponding Bilingual authorization be listed on their California teaching credential. For additional information, see Coded Correspondence 17-05 regarding Bilingual authorizations. This is a guide and may not contain all acceptable Bilingual authorizations issued by each state. The Commission continues to research this information and changes will be made as additional information becomes available.

An individual who holds a document with a Bilingual authorization not included in the guide must provide a letter from the state agency that issued the document that verifies that the document issued authorized the holder to provide the equivalent English language development (ELD), specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE), primary language development, and content instruction delivered in the primary language services at the time the individual earned the document. Primary language development is defined as instruction for English learner students to develop their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in their primary language. Content instruction delivered in the primary language is defined as instruction for English learner students in a subject area delivered in the students’ primary language.

The Commission reserves the right to make the final determination regarding the equivalency of any authorization submitted for evaluation. 

Table 2 Out-of-State Bilingual Authorizations/Endorsements

Click the table header to sort by that column. Type the Sate name, or Authorization/ Endorsement Type in the second row to filter that column.

StateBilingual Authorization/ Endorsement
AlabamaNone
AlaskaNone
ArizonaBilingual Education - Must be Full Endorsement.
.
ArkansasNone
ColoradoCulturally and Linguistically Diverse Bilingual Education
ConnecticutBilingual Elementary Education (K-8)
Secondary Bilingual (7-12)
DelawareBilingual Teacher (K-12)
District of ColumbiaBilingual Education/ Bilingual Special Education (Only acceptable if they hold ESL and Bilingual)
FloridaNone
GeorgiaNone
HawaiiNone
IdahoBilingual Education
IllinoisBilingual Education
IndianaNone
IowaNone
KansasNone
KentuckyNone
LouisianaNone
MaineNone
MarylandNone
MassachusettsTransitional Bilingual Learning Endorsement
MichiganBilingual
MinnesotaBilingual/ Bicultural Education K-8 and 5-12
MississippiNone
MissouriNone
MontanaNone
NebraskaBilingual Education
NevadaBilingual Endorsement
New HampshireNone
New JerseyBilingual/ Bicultural Education
New MexicoBilingual Education
New YorkBilingual Education Extension - Only valid if also holds ESOL
.
North CarolinaNone
North DakotaBilingual Education K-12
Ohio
OklahomaNone
OregonESOL/ Bilingual
PennsylvaniaNone
Rhode IslandBilingual and Dual Language Education Teacher PK-12
(Only acceptable if they hold ESL Bilingual).
South CarolinaNone
South DakotaNone
TennesseeNone
TexasBilingual Generalist
Bilingual Supplemental
UtahDual-Language Immersion
(Only acceptable if they also hold ESL or ELL endorsement)
VermontBilingual Education
(Only acceptable if they also hold ESL or ELL endorsement)
VirginiaNone
WashingtonBilingual Education
West VirginiaNone
WisconsinBilingual-Bicultural Education
WyomingNone

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Headlines News and Media

Osu completes ethiopian higher education program.

Tuesday, August 27, 2024

Media Contact: Hailey Williams | Communications Specialist | 405-744-5496 | [email protected]

Dr. Randy Kluver, associate provost and dean of Oklahoma State University Global , recently represented OSU at the closing workshop for the Ethiopian Higher Education Leadership, Management, and Governance program in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.  

The LMG program is funded by the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa, the nation’s capital. It is a three-year project to strengthen higher education leadership in Ethiopia’s public universities by providing senior leaders with insight into global trends in higher education and to develop strategies to improve the quality of Ethiopian higher education.  

Along with Texas Tech University and Ohio State University, Oklahoma State partnered with the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian Ministry of Education and Ohio State Global One Health.  

The program is the result of a U.S. Department of State grant .  

Throughout the program, participants received training in Ethiopia. They participated in visits to the three partner universities to meet with leaders and learn how American institutions develop strategies to meet challenges in higher education leadership and administration.  

The closing workshop brought representatives from these organizations together with the program participants to reflect on its lasting impact on Ethiopia’s higher education.  

“With the university’s connections and history with Ethiopia, OSU Global was glad to play a part in this program,” Kluver said. “This workshop was a fantastic opportunity to connect with each other and review everything that has been learned over the course of the project.  

“I look forward to seeing the effects the LMG program will have on the future of Ethiopian higher education.”  

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MiLEAP Partners with Delta Air Lines to Host Michigan Reconnect Enrollment Day for Employees, Provide Assistance in Applying for the Tuition-Free Scholarship Program

August 28, 2024

Collaboration highlighted opportunities for students to earn a postsecondary degree or credential while pursuing a path to advanced career mobility with Delta

The Michigan Department of Lifelong Education, Advancement and Potential (MiLEAP) joined Delta Air Lines at the Westin Detroit Metropolitan Airport recently to host a Michigan Reconnect Enrollment Day for employees. The event was designed to encourage Delta and partner employees to apply for Michigan Reconnect , a scholarship program that provides students the opportunity to earn a skills certificate or degree tuition-free at their local community college.

“Earning a postsecondary degree or skill certificate gives Michiganders a better chance at career advancement, security and a true path to prosperity,” said Dr. Beverly Walker-Griffea, director of MiLEAP . “By opening the door to Michigan Reconnect and encouraging opportunities to pursue higher education, Delta Air Lines is investing in its employees’ futures – ensuring they have the skills needed to fuel long-lasting careers in the airline industry and beyond.”

Delta has more than 100,000 employees, with approximately 4,700 working in Michigan. The company was recently ranked fifth in the nation as one of “America’s Best Large Employers” by Forbes, based on a survey of current and recent company employees.

During the event, representatives from Delta highlighted the importance of eliminating barriers for employees to access high-earning opportunities and fostering a diverse pipeline of talent within the company.

“Introducing our employees to Michigan Reconnect is yet another way Delta Air Lines is working to remove obstacles for advancement and strengthen the workforce pipeline of aviation professionals,” said Hussein Berry, Delta’s vice president of airport operations at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. “Delta Air Lines prides itself on its ‘skills-first talent strategy’, which aims to enrich the careers of all Delta employees and accelerate career mobility by prioritizing a candidate’s skills and experience in internal and external hiring. Our skills-first hiring approach increases access to higher-earning positions while promoting equitable access to long-term career trajectories. Much like MiLEAP is removing barriers to education, Delta is removing obstacles to entry for talent.”

The enrollment day gave employees a chance to connect with Reconnect Navigators who offered insight on how to apply for the scholarship, which traditionally provides in-district community college tuition-free to Michiganders 25 and older. MiLEAP recently announced that adults ages 21 to 24 who have not yet earned a college degree now have until Dec. 31, 2024, to apply for Reconnect.

In addition to scholarship support, local community colleges were on-site to help students identify available programs that offer a path to growth in the airline industry and beyond, including areas such as business, aviation management, emergency services, skilled trades and more. Colleges and other partners also offered information on how Reconnect can help provide wraparound supports for issues like childcare, transportation and financial aid.

Partnerships like these are helping the state make progress toward its Sixty by 30 goal to increase the number of Michiganders with a postsecondary credential to 60% by 2030. Currently, 51.1% of adults in Michigan have a skill certificate or college degree.

For more information on Michigan Reconnect and eligibility, visit Michigan.gov/Reconnect.

About MiLEAP:

Established by Gov. Whitmer in 2023, MiLEAP’s mission is to improve outcomes from preschool to postsecondary so anyone can “make it in Michigan” with a solid education and a path to a good-paying job. To learn more about MiLEAP, go to Michigan.gov/MiLEAP .

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ICYMI: New Student Loan Redemption Program to Support Home and Community-Based Workers

Human Services, Children and Families, and Higher Education Student Assistance Authority Unveil New Program to Attract & Retain Health Care and Social Services Professionals 

TRENTON – As part of a continued effort to improve and expand the home and community-based services workforce, the Department of Human Services, Department of Children and Families, and the Higher Education Student Assistance Authority today announced a new student loan redemption program to benefit health care, behavioral health, and social services professionals serving those with medical needs, behavioral and/or mental health conditions, and disabilities. Under the new Home and Community-Based Services Provider Loan Redemption Program, eligible workers can receive up to $50,000 in loan relief in exchange for one year of service at an approved home- and community-based services provider agency or as a self-directed employee. “Uplifting our healthcare workers is mission-critical to delivering on the needs of New Jersey residents. This student loan redemption program further bolsters our home and community-based services workforce, and it is key in supporting qualified service providers to bring their skills and expertise to communities across the state,” Governor Phil Murphy said. “In addition to alleviating the financial burdens of this workforce, this program also builds the capacity to deliver care in the community for more New Jerseyans. I applaud DHS Commissioner Sarah Adelman, DCF Commissioner Christine Norbut Beyer, and HESAA Executive Director Margo Chaly for their work to make this program a reality.” “We continue to invest in innovative approaches to strengthen and prioritize independence and person-centered care that will help individuals live in their own homes and remain active in their communities,” Human Services (DHS) Commissioner Sarah Adelman said. “This new student loan redemption program will benefit caregivers who provide vital supports to people with disabilities and with behavioral health needs, as well as older adults living in the community. Supporting our care workers must be a priority.” “At the Department of Children and Families, we are committed to a robust network of in-community and in-home services, so that families can stay together while they access the treatment or support solutions that best meet their needs,” Children and Families (DCF)  Commissioner Christine Norbut Beyer, MSW, said . “In partnership with DHS and HESAA, offering this loan redemption program is one part of a multi-level strategy to ensure that our contracted service providers can compete for the highly competent, well-trained workforce that New Jersey children, youth, and families deserve. These care workers help our families to heal from adversity and trauma, to strengthen the bonds of family and community, and to achieve their utmost potential – to be safe, healthy, and connected in all that they do.” “Our team is pleased to work in partnership with DHS and DCF to help bolster social services and health care workforces in New Jersey,” Higher Education Student Assistance Authority (HESAA) Executive Director Margo Chaly, Esq. said. “As with all student loan redemption programs that HESAA administers, the goal of this new program is to encourage professionals to start and continue working in high-need fields. By incentivizing eligible experts to serve in home and community-based settings, our state will ensure more residents can receive the mental health and social supports that they need.” Professionals eligible to apply include psychiatrists, licensed psychologists, licensed social workers, licensed clinical social workers, psychiatric nurse mental health clinical specialists, board certified behavior analysts, board certified behavior analysts-doctoral, licensed clinical or certified alcohol and drug counselors, licensed professional and associate counselors, licensed or associate marriage and family therapists, DCF care managers, registered nurses, and licensed practical nurses. Self-directed employees are also eligible to apply. Program funding comes from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and is part of a $100 million, FY24 strategic investment by DHS in home- and community-based services, including significant investments in workforce development. In addition to the student loan redemption program, the plan will establish recruitment, training, and certification programs for direct care staff, along with establishing new community-based housing options for individuals with disabilities or behavioral health conditions. The one-time allocation for this student loan redemption program provides:

  • $5 million for eligible employees serving in DHS’ Division of Mental Health and Addiction Services -contracted agencies;
  • $5 million for eligible employees serving in DHS’ Division of Developmental Disabilities -funded agencies and self-directing employees;
  • $5 million for eligible employees at DCF-approved settings; and
  • $2 million for eligible private duty nurses employed by agencies contracted by NJ FamilyCare ’s managed care organizations .

“We are proud to offer this new benefit to dedicated workers who support individuals with disabilities and older adults in the community,” DHS Deputy Commissioner for Aging and Disability Services Kaylee McGuire said. “Creative steps such as a loan redemption program will help attract and retain workers and build a stronger foundation for the future.” To qualify for this student loan redemption program, an applicant must meet all of these requirements:

  • Be employed full-time in an eligible profession by a State-funded home- and community-based provider agency;
  • Maintain a current license/board certification, as applicable, to practice in New Jersey throughout participation in the program;
  • Maintain employment at the State-funded home- and community-based provider agency for at least one year, pursuant to the terms of a contract with HESAA;
  • Not be in default on any eligible qualifying student loan; and
  • Not currently be participating in any other student loan redemption program or in the federally-administered National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program.

This initiative builds upon efforts by the Murphy Administration to bolster this critical workforce, including funding wage increases for home health aides, certified nurse assistants, direct support professionals, child care workers, behavioral health providers, and more as the state’s minimum wage increased to $15 per hour over recent years, as well as launching a Jobs that Care New Jersey website and paid advertising campaign to promote direct care training and job opportunities. Provider agencies are encouraged to share information about this program with all eligible employees prior to July 1, when applications will open for a 30-day period. Eligible program participants who submit a complete and accurate application will be selected by October 1 on a first-come, first-serve basis. For more information on the program and to apply once the application opens, visit here . 

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    Dr. Randy Kluver, associate provost and dean of Oklahoma State University Global, recently represented OSU at the closing workshop for the Ethiopian Higher Education Leadership, Management, and Governance program in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.. The LMG program is funded by the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa, the nation's capital. It is a three-year project to strengthen higher education leadership ...

  29. MiLEAP Partners with Delta Air Lines to Host Michigan Reconnect

    The event was designed to encourage Delta and partner employees to apply for Michigan Reconnect, a scholarship program that provides students the opportunity to earn a skills certificate or degree tuition-free at their local community college. ... Gov. Whitmer Highlights Impact of Tuition-free Higher Education Programs in Jackson, Surrounding ...

  30. ICYMI: New Student Loan Redemption Program to Support Home and

    TRENTON - As part of a continued effort to improve and expand the home and community-based services workforce, the Department of Human Services, Department of Children and Families, and the Higher Education Student Assistance Authority today announced a new student loan redemption program to benefit health care, behavioral health, and social services ...