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NCERT Solutions for Chapter 3 Water Resources Class 10 Geography

Ncert solutions for chapter 4 the age of industrialisation class 10 history, related chapters.

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• NCERT solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Free PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

NCERT solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 contains answers, images, questions, and explanation of water resources of social science. If you are a student of class 10, then you must have definitely come across chapter 3 water resources. Here, you can get the complete NCERT solution for class 10 social science chapter 3. 

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CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions

In NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3, you will study different kinds of water resources available to humankind. We all know that 3/4th area of the earth is covered in water. But a very small proportion accounts for fresh water that can be used. This fresh water is mainly available through the surface runoff and groundwater that is continually being recharged and renewed through the hydrological cycle. Also, the water moves within the hydrologic cycle which ensures that water is a renewable resource. 

Furthermore, the content in this chapter discusses water scarcity and the need for water management and conservation. The availability of water varies over time and space. This is mainly due to annual and seasonal precipitation. But in most cases, water scarcity is caused by excessive use and unequal access to water. Also, water scarcity may be a reason for an outcome to the growing population and consequently the greater demands for water. Thus, a large population means more water which will be used for domestic purposes as well as producing more food. 

Q 1. Which of the following region faces water scarcity even after receiving high annual rainfall?

A. Sriganganagar

B. Cherrapunjee

C. Srinagar

Solution: It sounds incredible but it’s true that the world’s wettest town – Cherrapunji – is now suffering from a shortage of drinking water. The problem is that Cherrapunji lies atop a high limestone plateau. Rain falling on the town drains away immediately. Very little rain collection takes place because the locals don’t like the taste of water running off rusty tin roofs. With a growth in the town population, water has to be carried up from the plains during the drier winter months.

Q 2. Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favor of multi-purpose river projects?

A. Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

B. Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods.

C. Multi-purpose projects lead to large-scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

D. Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Solutions – A. Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

Q 3. Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

A. Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilization of water resources

B. Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the rivers natural flow and its sediment flow

C. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

D. Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

Solutions – Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilization of water resources

Q 4. Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Solution:  Water keeps on circulating in nature through various states of matter; in the form of liquid, vapor, and ice. Due to this, the water which disappears because of evaporation comes back in the form of rains. Thus, water becomes a renewable resource.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Water Resources

Q1. Multiple choice questions (i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’. (a) Region with high annual rainfall. (b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population. (c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted. (d) Region having low rainfall and low population.

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multi-purpose river projects? (a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity. (b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods. (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood. (d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly. (a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources. (b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow. (c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. (d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

(a) Not suffering from water scarcity (b) Suffering from water scarcity (c) Suffering from water scarcity (d) Not suffering from water scarcity

(ii) (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have caused the over exploitation of water resources. (b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow and causes the sediment to settle at the bottom of the reservoir. (c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. (d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline due to the Rajasthan canal.

Q2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes? (iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river projects. (i) Water is a renewable resource as fresh water mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water is continually being renewed and recharged by the water /hydrological cycle itself. In this cycle three processes take place – evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of the water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource. (ii) Scarcity of water means shortage of water, an imbalance between demand and supply. Causes or the factors responsible for water scarcity are as follows: 1. A large and growing population is the main cause of water scarcity. More water is required for domestic purposes and for growing food. 2. Urbanization and industrialization have increased the consumption of water. 3. Wastage, excessive use and injudicious use of water. 4. Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources. 5. Unequal access to water resources. 6. In post green revolution era, more water intensive commercial crops are grown that consume more water. 7. Pollution by domestic and industrial waste, chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers used in agriculture etc. (iii) The various advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects can be compared as follows

Q3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words. (i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out. (ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

i) In semi arid regions of Rajasthan rainwater harvesting is carried out in the following manner:

Houses have traditionally constructed underground tanks or ‘tankas’ for storing rainwater for drinking and other purposes. These are big and are a part of well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. These tanks are constructed inside the main house or the courtyard and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop travels down through the pipe and is stored in these underground tanks . The first spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and pipes but rain from subsequent showers is collected. During summer when all other sources of water dry up, these tanks remain the best source of water. Rain water/palar pani is pure and sweet. These tanks also help in keeping the houses cool due to conduction.

(ii) Rainwater harvesting means capturing rain when it falls. It is done to meet the increasing demand of water and also to recharge the ground water. People living in rural and urban areas have realized the importance of traditional rainwater harvesting methods like the rooftop storing method and this has been successfully adapted to store and conserve water. The level of underground water in most urban areas has fallen because of increasing population, industrialization etc. In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method, making the village ‘rich in rainwater. With 80% collection efficiency each house can collect about 50,000 litres annually. The Tamil Nadu government has made it compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures.

It is also the most common practice in Shillong and Meghalaya.

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Water Resources Notes Class 10 Geography CBSE

• Post last modified: 8 March 2023
• Post category: Class 10 Social Science Notes

Notes of the Chapter Water Resources Class 10 Geography. The notes for revision of the chapter ‘Water Resources’. The notes are one of the best ways to prepare for any exams. The notes are written with proper headings and sub headings to help the students. For any query contact us.

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Notes – Water Resources

• Water Scarcity and The Need for Water Conservation and Management
• Multi-Purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resources Management

Rainwater Harvesting

Learning Objectives

Comprehend the importance of water as a resource as well as develop awareness towards its judicious use and conservation.

Water is an Important Natural Resource

Water is a very important natural resources available on earth. Its utilty for life of humans, animals and vegetation make it a basic need of living things on earth. Our earth is unique because of availability of water on it.

Availability of Water on earth

Renewable Resource: Water is a renewable resource and replenished or renewed through hydrological cycle.

Hydrological cycle: It is the journey of water cycle that remains in a continuous flux. The total quantity of water present on earth remains constant. Water only changes its form from solid to liquid to gas and back to liquid. This is known as the hydrological cycle.

Fresh water:

• Only 3 percent of the total water on earth is freshwater.
• One-third of this freshwater is inaccessible to human beings.
• Only two-thirds of the freshwater is accessible to human beings and fit for consumption.
• The freshwater available to humans is obtained from surface run-off and recharge of groundwater.

Utility of Water

• Water is a basic need of life for survival of living things.
• Used for domestic purposes – cooking, drinking, washing.
• Used for agricultural purposes.
• Used in manufacturing industries.
• River and oceans are used for navigation.
• Used for hydro electricity production.

Water Scarcity

Q. Hint: What are the causes and effects of water scarcity?

• The demand for water has increased immensely over the years, but the supply of freshwater remains constant.
• This has led to an alarming situation of water scarcity in many parts of the world.
• The amount of water available varies from one region to another due to variations in annual precipitation.

Quantitative Causes of Water Scarcity

• Over-exploitation or misuse of water is one of the major reasons for water scarcity.
• Population growth, industrialisation, expanding agriculture, unequal access to water resources are a few reasons why the water demand has gone up in recent years.
• Irrigation facilities meant to grow crops in the dry and semi-arid regions put a heavy demand on water resources.
• Industrialisation after independence has put immense pressure on freshwater resources and worsened the situation.
• To meet the energy requirements of urbanisation and industrialisation, many hydroelectric power plants have been set up that derive energy from water.
• Personalised pumping devices in urban residential buildings and individual farmer’s wells and tube wells have aggravated water scarcity by lowering the groundwater level.

Qualitative Causes of Water Scarcity

• The availability of a sufficient amount of water does not necessarily meet the demands of the populations in a region.
• The bad quality of water due to pollution is another reason for water scarcity.
• Pollution of water is caused by domestic waste, industrial waste, synthetic chemicals, and fertilizer in agriculture.

Steps to Conserve Water

• We must use water resource wisely.
• It is necessary to conserve water resources to protect us from health hazards, diseases, ensure food security, and protect our ecosystems.
• Revolutionization of agricultural practices is necessary. Drought resistance crops and dry farming techniques are gaining popularity among farmers.
• Reduce the amount of water needed for each activity. Avoid its wastage.
• Reuse water for more than one purpose when possible. For example, water used to wash vegetables can be reused to water the plants.
• Processes to recycle water, such as desalinisation, is very expensive. In certain parts of the world, this process is being used to fight water scarcity.
• An awareness should prevail that exploitation of water resources would endanger human life in future.

Hydraulic Structures

• Hydraulic structures are constructed to store flowing water or reduce the speed of its flow or redirect its path.
• Such structures have been constructed since ancient times to conserve water.
• Dam: A wall that acts as a barrier against the flow of water. The wall either obstructs, directs, or slows down the flow of water.
• Stone rubble: Stones of irregular shape, size, and texture are used as a filling to obstruct the flow of water.
• Reservoir or lake: These are either formed naturally or created artificially by humans. These are large water bodies used as a means of water supply.
• Embankment: An artificial wall or bank is raised above the surrounding areas to stop flooding.
• Canal: An artificial waterway that allows the passage of boats and ships from one place to another.

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India

Hydraulic structures were constructed in ancient times. A few examples of hydraulic structures in ancient India are:

• A well-developed water harvesting system was constructed during the first century BCE in Srigaverapura near Prayagraj to channelise the floodwater of river Ganga.
• Dams, lakes, and irrigation systems were constructed during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Old, well-planned irrigation works in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra are also counted under the hydraulic structures of ancient India.
• During the 11th century, the largest artificial lake of its time was built in Bhopal.
• Construction of Hauz Khas tank in Delhi by Iltumish is also noted for its water supply to the Siri Fort area.

Multipurpose Projects

Q. Hint: What are the merits and demerits of multipurpose projects?

What are Dams?

• A dam is a wall or a barrier built across flowing water.
• The primary purpose of a dam is to obstruct, direct or retard the flow of water.
• Dams are used to create reservoirs of water or lakes.
• Dams can be classified on the basis of structure and height.
• On the basis of structure, dams are timber dams, embankment dams, or masonry dams and their subtypes.
• On the basis of height, dams are large dams and major dams or alternatively low dams, medium height dams, and high dams.

How Do Dams Help Conserve Water?

• Dams were used to collect and store river and rainwater for future use.
• In olden times, water from dams was mainly used for irrigation in agricultural fields.
• Today, dams are used for various purposes such as:
• Generation of electricity
• Water supply for domestic and industrial use
• Flood control
• Recreation (boating, water sports, etc.)
• Inland navigation (water transport)
• Fish breeding (pisciculture)

Dams as Multipurpose Projects

• Dam water is used for more than one purpose, and thus dams are called multipurpose projects.
• Bhakra Nangal dam on the Satluj Beas river basin is used for both irrigation and hydel power generation.
• Hirakund Project on Mahanadi basin helps flood control in the adjoining areas and conserves water for future use.

Multipurpose Projects after Independence

• After independence, multipurpose projects were launched with an integrated water management approach.
• Integrated water resource management (IWRM) is a process to develop land and water resources to maximise economic and social welfare, keeping in mind the sustainability of present ecosystems.
• With this approach, dams are considered as a means for the overall development of the nation.

Dams As Temples of Modern India

• Jawaharlal Nehru had said that dams were the temples of modern India.
• He referred to dams as temples because he could foresee that the construction of dams would help in the development of agriculture.
• This, in turn, would help industrialisation and growth in urban and village economies.

Opposition of Multipurpose Projects

Multipurpose projects are facing opposition in recent times from local people for various reasons:

• Obstruction in the natural flow of the river
• Poor sedimentation flow
• Excessive sedimentation on the riverbed
• Deterioration of habitats of aquatic animals
• Difficulty in migration of aquatic animals
• Decomposition of vegetation in floodplains

Multipurpose Projects and Environmental Movements

• Multipurpose projects have caused harm to the environment.
• Opposition to various projects has come up, such as Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan.
• Multipurpose projects have caused the large-scale displacement of communities.
• Local people had to suffer and sacrifice their land, livelihood, and access to resources for benefits accrued to others.
• Tribal communities are worst affected by dam projects.
• Industrialists, landowners, large farmers are among those who benefit from such projects.
• Narmada Bachao Andolan is a movement against the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam built across the Narmada River in Gujarat.

Impact of Multipurpose Projects

Dams have played a positive role in the economic development of India. The construction of dams has facilitated irrigation in many parts of the country.

But there are many detrimental effects also as listed below.

• With the help of irrigation, farmers shifted to the production of water-intensive and commercial crops. Such practices by farmers had an adverse impact on the quality of the soil, causing its salination.
• Multipurpose projects have increased the gap between the rich and the poor by providing unequal access to water resources.
• These projects have also created conflicts among people. For example, Sabarmati basin farmers protested because urban areas were granted more water supply.
• Such projects are also the cause of interstate disputes regarding the sharing of costs and benefits of the projects.

Failure of Multipurpose Projects in Achieving Their Aims

(i) Many multipurpose projects were not able to achieve the aims for which they were constructed. In many instances, these projects had adverse effects such as:

• Instead of preventing floods, they led to floods upstream due to heavy sedimentation.
• The release of dam water during heavy rains also led to floods downstream—for example, the floods in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006.
• Obstruction of the flow of sediments results in degradation of the surrounding land as plains are deprived of the natural fertiliser (silt) deposited by the river.

(ii) Other effects of multipurpose projects were:

• Earthquakes
• Waterborne diseases
• Pollution due to overuse and misuse of water

Water Harvesting

Q. Hint: What were the different traditional water harvesting s ystems in India?

• Water harvesting is collecting rainwater and storing it for future use before it is lost as surface runoff.
• Water harvesting has been in practice since ancient times.
• Ancient people had good knowledge of rainfall and soil types, which they used to develop a range of water harvesting techniques.
• They used to harvest rainwater, river water, groundwater, and floodwater using simple techniques to meet their future need for water.
• The methods that were used by the ancient people to harvest water were environment-friendly.

Need for Water Harvesting

• To restore groundwater levels.
• To increase infiltration of rainwater in the subsoil to improve its moisture content.
• To increase agricultural produce of the area.
• To enhance the growth of vegetation in the area.

Traditional Methods of Water Harvesting

Various traditional water harvesting techniques are as follows:

• Creating diversion channels like guls and kuls

Rooftop harvesting

• Khadins and johads

Inundation channels

Kuis or beris, vav or bavadi, guls and kuls.

• Guls and kuls are channels constructed in hilly areas.
• These channels collect rainwater and function as irrigation canals.
• Such channels are commonly used in the western Himalayas for agriculture.
• In this method, rainwater is collected from the roofs of houses or roof catchments and stored in reservoirs.
• The reservoirs can be above or under the ground.

Khadins and Johads

• Agricultural fields are used for storing rainwater. They are known as johads in some parts of Rajasthan and khadins in Jaisalmer.
• The water is allowed to stand in these fields, which moistens the soil.
• Inundation channels are long canals constructed mainly from rivers.
• They carry excess river water to agricultural fields during heavy rains and floods.
• Such channels are commonly constructed in the flood plain of West Bengal.
• Tankas are among the best traditional methods to harvest rainwater.
• Tankas are like rooms built inside the main house or in the courtyard.
• The roof of the house is connected through pipes to these tankas that store rainwater.
• Tankas are also used for cooling effects. Underground rooms are constructed adjoining tankas to enjoy this cooling effect.
• Kuis or beris are pits dug in the catchment areas of rivers.
• They are common in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.
• These pits collect water, which then percolates in the soil.
• The water collected by this method is known as the paar system.
• Stepwells are known as vav in Gujarat and bavadi in Rajasthan.
• Vav or bavadi collect and store rainwater.
• The water stored is used for human consumption.

Q. Hint: Why is there a need to develop rainwater harvesting system in India?

Conservation of water

• Water is a vital natural resource and the basis of life on earth.
• Since the total amount of water on earth is unchanging and keeps moving in a cyclic manner, water can be used repeatedly after purification.
• Water harvesting is very useful socio-economically and environmentally.
• It offers an alternative to the multipurpose dam projects with their adverse effects.
• Rainwater harvesting was practiced in ancient times, too, with the help of hydraulic structures.
• Since ancient people were aware of -rainwater regimes and soil types, they developed different techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water, floodwater, and other sources.

Rainwater harvesting is a method used to collect and store rainwater to meet the need of living beings. This method of water harvesting is very economical in a developing country like India.

Need for Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is very successful in many parts of the country. Rainwater harvesting is needed:

• To overcome the shortage of surface water
• To recharge groundwater levels
• To make water available, especially in arid and semi-arid regions during summers
• To increase infiltration of rainwater deep into the soil to provide adequate moisture to the soil
• To improve the quality of groundwater through filtration
• To improve the vegetation cover of the area

Rainwater Harvesting Techniques

• People built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture in hill and mountainous regions.
• ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ is commonly practiced to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
• In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
• In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil, such as ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ other parts of Rajasthan.
• The tankas are part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and are built inside the main house or the courtyard. This is mainly practiced in Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer areas for saving the rainwater. Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat to keep the room cool.

Rainwater Harvesting in Other States

• Rainwater harvesting is also practiced in Shillong, Meghalaya, and Karnataka.
• Almost every house in Mysuru in Karnataka has a rainwater harvesting system.
• This place has an 80 percent efficiency of harvesting rainwater.
• Tamil Nadu is the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory. Defaulters face legal punishment in this state.
• Bamboo drip irrigation system is practiced in Meghalaya.

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• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 Social Science Geography
• Chapter 3 Water Resources

CBSE Notes Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 - Water Resources

In Chapter 3 of Class 10 Geography, you will learn about water resources. The chapter begins with the availability of fresh water on earth and how the situation of scarcity of water generates. The chapter discusses the pros and cons of constructing dams on rivers. In the end, the chapter talks about Rain Water Harvesting as a means to conserve water. Here, we have compiled the CBSE Notes for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 on Water Resources. These notes cover all the important topics which are discussed in the chapter. You can also download these notes in PDF for offline reading, as well.

• Chapter 1 Resources and Development
• Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources
• Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries
• Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

CBSE Notes Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 – Water Resources

Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater that can be put to use. Water is a renewable resource.

Water Scarcity and the Need for Water Conservation and Management

The availability of water resources varies over space and time.

• Water scarcity is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.
• Water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas for dry-season agriculture.
• In some areas, water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people. But, those areas still suffer from water scarcity due to bad quality of water.

The need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources. How do we do it?

• Safeguard ourselves from health hazards.
• Ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities.
• Prevent the degradation of our natural ecosystems.

Multi-Purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resources Management

In ancient times, we used to conserve water by constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation. We have continued this tradition in modern India by building dams in most of our river basins.

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure.

Uses of Dams

Dams are built,

• To impound rivers and rainwater that can be used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
• For electricity generation.
• Water supply for domestic and industrial uses.
• Flood control.
• Recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.

Side Effects of Creating Dams

• Regulating and damming rivers affect their natural flow.
• Poorer the habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
• Fragmented rivers make it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.
• Dams created on the floodplains submerge the existing vegetation and soil, leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
• Creating of large dams has been the cause of many new environmental movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’.
• Many times local people had to give up their land, livelihood and their control over resources for the construction of the dam.

Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built. Most of the dams were constructed to control floods, but these dams have triggered floods. Dams have also caused extensive soil erosion. Excessive use of water has resulted in earthquakes, water-borne diseases, pests and pollution.

Have a look at India’s Major Rivers and Dams in the map below:

Rain Water Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a simple method by which rainfall is collected for future usage. The collected rainwater may be stored, utilised in different ways or directly used for recharge purposes.

Different methods have been adopted in different areas for Rain Water Harvesting.

• In hill and mountainous regions, people have built diversion channels like the ‘ guls ’ or ‘ kuls ’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
• Rooftop rainwater harvesting  is commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
• In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
• In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil such as ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
• The tankas are part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and are built inside the main house or the courtyard. This is mainly practised in Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer areas for saving rainwater. Many houses have constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structures compulsory for all houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish defaulters.

You can also access CBSE Notes for other subjects. Keep learning and stay tuned for more updates on CBSE and NCERT. Download BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive maths and science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Political Science Notes Chapter 3 Water Resources

What is the origin of water.

A study suggested that the water originated from rocks with which the Earth formed.

What are the different types of ‘Condensation’?

The types of condensations are 1. Fog 2. Mist 3. Frost 4. Dew

What are the methods that can be followed for proper water management?

1. Rainwater harvest 2. Groundwater recharge 3. Drip irrigation 4. Greywater systems 5. Sewage water treatment

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

• NCERT Solutions
• Social Science Contemporary India
• Chapter 3 Water Resources

NCERT Solutions for Water Resources Class 10 - FREE PDF Download

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Questions and Answers, Discuss the water resources with your NCERT Solutions Geography Class 10 textbook. Explore the growing issue of water scarcity and its causes. In Water Resources Class 10, discover water conservation techniques and the importance of sustainable water management practices. This chapter equips you to become a responsible water citizen and contribute to a water-secure future!

The answers provided by Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 are clear and exact solutions to all questions. These solutions help understand complex subjects and study effectively for tests. Check out the revised Class 10 social science syllabus and start with Vedantu for your academic excellence.

Glance on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

In The NCERT Solution for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Question Answer students understand the concept and its causes like rising population, increasing water demand, and unequal access.

In Water Resources Class 10, we classify different water resources – rivers, lakes, groundwater, and even glaciers.

Evaluating the pros and cons of these projects, considering benefits like irrigation, electricity generation, and flood control, alongside potential drawbacks like displacement and environmental impact.

Learning practical techniques for saving water at home and in the community.

Exploring strategies for managing water resources wisely for present and future generations.

NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 questions and answers PDF offer clear, precise answers to textbook questions, aiding in comprehension and exam preparation.

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Access NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

1. Multiple Choice Questions.

(i) Based on the information given below, classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.

(a) A region with high annual rainfall.

(b) A region having high annual rainfall and a large population.

(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.

(d) A region having low rainfall and low population.

Ans : (a) An area with heavy yearly precipitation that does not experience a shortage of water

(a) An area with a lot of people and heavy annual rainfall that experiences water scarcity

(c) An area with heavy yearly rainfall but extremely contaminated water—a region with a shortage of water

(d) An area with little population density and little rainfall that does not experience water scarcity

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?

(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods.

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large-scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Ans : (b) Multipurpose initiatives result in widespread evictions and loss of livelihood

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in the proper utilisation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.

Ans : (a) The multiplicity of densely populated metropolitan areas and urban lifestyles has led to the inappropriate use of water resources.

(b) River regulation and dam construction do have an impact on the sediment flow and natural flow of the river.

(c) When water delivery in urban areas, especially during droughts, was given precedence, farmers in Gujarat's Sabarmati basin became agitated.

(d) Because there is an abundance of water available from the Indira Gandhi Canal, rooftop rainwater collection is becoming less common in Rajasthan.

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Ans : Since there will always be rain and three processes that make up the hydrological cycle, groundwater, and surface water will constantly be replenished, making water a renewable resource. The hydrological cycle consists of three processes:

Evaporations

The Process of Condensation

(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

Ans : Numerous cities in our country serve as such. Therefore, a big and expanding population may lead to increased demands for water and uneven access to it, potentially resulting in water scarcity. More water is needed in a large population, both for home usage and for food production. Water resources are therefore being overused to increase the area under irrigation for dry-season agriculture to enable higher food-grain output. Water use in agriculture is mostly driven by irrigation. To improve productivity, the majority of farmers have their own wells and tube wells on their properties. The people's access to water and food security have suffered as a result.

(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

Ans : 

Advantages:

Watering/ Irrigation

Production of Electricity

Control of Flooding

Provision of Water for Rand Commercial uses

Point of Interest for Tourists

Navigation within Inland Areas

Disadvantages:

Water's Natural Flow is Impacted

It Impacts Aquatic Life.

Land in the Nearby areas Sinking

Ecological Repercussions

large-scale Local Population Relocation

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Ans : Nearly every home in Rajasthan's semi-arid and desert regions—especially in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer—has historically included an underground tank, or tanka, to hold drinking water. One family in Phalodi had a tank that measured 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long, and 2.44 metres wide—the size of a huge room. The tankas were constructed inside the main house or the courtyard and were a part of the sophisticated rooftop rainwater gathering system. They had a hose connecting them to the dwellings' sloping roofs. 

Rain that fell on the rooftops would pass through the pipe and accumulate in these "tanks" below ground. Usually, the initial round of rain was not collected since the pipes and roofing would be cleaned. After that, rainwater from the next showers was gathered. When all other supplies of drinking water run dry, especially during the summer, the rainwater may be kept in the tankas until the next downpour. This makes it an incredibly dependable source of water. Rainwater, or "palar pani" as it is known locally, is regarded as the purest type of natural water.

(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

Ans : A practical substitute in terms of the environment and socioeconomics is a water harvesting system. In addition to highly developed hydraulic systems, ancient India had a remarkable water-harvesting system legacy. By the local ecological conditions and their water demands, people created a wide range of strategies to extract rainwater, groundwater, river water, and floodwater. They also had an extensive understanding of rainfall regimes and soil types. For agricultural purposes, people in hilly and mountainous areas constructed diversion channels similar to the Western Himalayan "guls" or "kuls." In Rajasthan in particular, "Rooftop rainwater harvesting" was a popular method of storing drinking water.

To irrigate their fields, inhabitants in Bengal's flood plains created inundation channels. Agricultural fields were transformed into rain-fed storage structures, known as "khadins'' in Jaisalmer and "Johads'' in other areas of Rajasthan, in arid and semi-arid regions so that the water could stand and hydrate the soil. To meet their water demands, the people of Gendathur, a remote, underdeveloped village near Mysore, Karnataka, have erected rainwater harvesting systems on the roofs of their homes. With the installation of this system in close to 200 homes, the community has gained the unique distinction of having an abundance of rainwater. In Shillong, Meghalaya, rooftop rainwater collecting is the most popular method. The 55-kilometre distance between Cherrapunji and Mawsynram makes it intriguing.

The world's highest rainfall originates from Shillong. However, Shillong, the state capital, is severely short on water. In the city, almost every home has a rooftop rainwater collection system. Rooftop water harvesting provides the household with roughly 15–25% of its overall water needs. The state of Tamil Nadu is the first in India to mandate rooftop rainwater harvesting systems for every home in the region.

Topics Covered in Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

Benefits of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

Water Resources Class 10 NCERT Solutions covers all the important topics and subtopics of the chapter, providing students with a comprehensive understanding and facilitating effective revision.

Water Resources Class 10 NCERT Solutions can offer detailed explanations of concepts you might find challenging in the textbook, solidifying your learning of the material.

These solutions are aligned with the updated CBSE guidelines for Class 10, ensuring students are well-prepared for exams.

Clear explanations of complex socialist ideas and principles help in grasping the core concepts in Geography Chapter 3 Class 10.

In Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 questions and answers PDF provides accurate answers to textbook questions and assists in effective exam preparation and better performance.

Enhance critical thinking skills by analysing the significance of Water Resources in shaping modern Geography.

Students can also check and refer to Class 10 Water Resources Revision Notes available on the official website, to practise and learn effectively.

In Water Resources Class 10 NCERT Solutions we have explored the importance of water for our survival and how crucial it is to manage this resource sustainably. By understanding the sources of water and learning about conservation practices like rainwater harvesting and watershed management, we can ensure water availability for future generations. Let's prioritise responsible water usage to protect this essential resource for all.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography - Other Chapter-wise Links for FREE PDF

Dive into our FREE PDF links offering chapter-wise NCERT solutions prepared by Vedantu Experts, to help you understand and master the social concepts.

Related Important Links for Class 10 Geography

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

1. How can students benefit from the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Contemporary India Chapter 3 - Water Resources?

The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Contemporary India Chapter 3 - Water Resources, provided by Vedantu, is a great resource for pulling up your scores in the Class 10 Social Science exam. Learning about the concepts and daily revision of the questions and answers will get you to your goal seamlessly. Students who get these important questions at their fingertips will have a greater chance of scoring well in the Class 10 Social Science exam.

2. State the different advantages of multi-purpose river projects as mentioned in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Contemporary India Chapter 3 - Water Resources?

The advantages of multi-purpose river projects are listed as follows:

Generation of Electricity

The Control of Flood

Water Supply for Domestic and Industrial Purposes

Tourist Attraction

Inland Navigation

3. How can students access the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Chapter 3 - "Water Resources"?

The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Chapter 3 - "Water Resources" can be accessed through various sources. They may be available in the Class 10 Social Science textbook provided by the school or through online platforms that offer educational resources. Additionally, these solutions may be available for download in PDF format from official websites such as the NCERT website.

4.  Can these NCERT Solutions be helpful for exam preparation? 

Yes, these NCERT Solutions can be immensely helpful for exam preparation. They provide a comprehensive coverage of the chapter, helping students revise the key concepts and topics related to water resources. By practicing the solutions and answering the questions given, students can enhance their understanding and improve their ability to answer exam questions accurately.

5.  Do these NCERT Solutions Geography Class 10 cover all the topics in Chapter 3?

Yes, these NCERT Solutions cover all the important topics and concepts discussed in Chapter 3 - "Water Resources." They provide a detailed explanation of the content, ensuring that students have a thorough understanding of the subject matter. However, it is always advisable to refer to the complete chapter and additional study materials for a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

6. Why is water conservation important according to Chapter 3 Geography Class 10?

Water conservation is crucial because freshwater is a limited resource essential for drinking, agriculture, and industry. Conserving water ensures sustainable use and availability for future generations. Solutions include promoting efficient water use in households, industries, and agriculture, and implementing water-saving technologies like drip irrigation.

7. What are the different sources of water discussed in the chapter?

The chapter discusses various sources of water such as rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, and rainwater. Each source plays a vital role in meeting different water needs and requires specific conservation measures tailored to its characteristics.

8. How does watershed management help in water conservation according to  Geography Chapter 3 Class 10 PDF Question Answer?

Watershed management involves managing the land and water resources within a drainage basin to ensure sustainable use of water. It includes activities like afforestation, soil conservation, and controlling erosion to maintain water quality and quantity. Effective watershed management helps in recharging groundwater and reducing runoff.

9. What are the challenges in managing water resources in urban areas?

According to Geography Chapter 3 Class 10 PDF Question Answer, Urban areas face challenges like rapid population growth, pollution from industrial and domestic sources, and inadequate infrastructure for water supply and sanitation. Solutions include improving water treatment facilities, promoting water recycling, and raising awareness about water conservation among urban residents.

10. How can individuals contribute to water conservation in Geography Chapter 3 Class 10 PDF Question Answer?

Individuals can contribute to water conservation by adopting simple practices such as fixing leaks, using water-efficient fixtures, practising rainwater harvesting, and avoiding wasteful water practices like leaving taps running. Small actions at the individual level collectively make a significant impact on conserving water resources from class 10 geography chapter 3 question answer.

Comprehensive Notes on Water Resources for Class 10 Students

Water Resources are essential for the survival and well-being of all living organisms. In this comprehensive guide, students can find detailed notes on Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources , including the importance of water conservation and management. Explore the various aspects of water resources and gain a deeper understanding of this crucial topic.

" Strive for progress.... Not Perfection."

Water Resources Class 10 Notes

Table of contents, water is a renewable resource.

Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater that is continually being renewed and rechanged through the hydrological cycle. All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource.

The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.

Water Scarcity and the Need for Water Conservation and Management:

Water Scarcity is the lack of freshwater resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region.

Main causes of water scarcity:

• Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water among different social groups.
• Water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it.
• To facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas for dry-season agriculture.
• Intensive industrialization and urbanization exerted pressure on existing freshwater resources.
• Even if water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, much of it is maybe polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus causing water scarcity.

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

The Goal of JJM is to enable every rural household to get an assured supply of potable piped water at a service level of 55 liters per capita per day regularly on a long-term basis by ensuring the functionality of the tap water connections.

Need for Water Conservation

• Sustainable Resource Management: Conserving water ensures its availability for future generations and sustains ecosystems.
• Mitigating Water Scarcity: Many regions face water scarcity, and conservation helps balance supply and demand.
• Preserving Aquatic Ecosystems: Conserved water supports healthy habitats for aquatic plants and animals.
• Reducing Energy Consumption: Water treatment and distribution consume energy, and conserving water lowers energy demands.
• Agricultural Efficiency: Efficient irrigation practices save water and optimize agricultural productivity.
• Economic Benefits: Water conservation lowers costs for individuals, businesses, and governments.
• Addressing Climate Change: Reduced water wastage contributes to climate change mitigation.
• Minimizing Water Pollution: Conservation reduces the need for pollutant removal from water sources.

Multi-purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resources Management:

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs, or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake, or impoundment. “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure.

Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the ‘ Temples of modern India ’ because

• They integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy.
• They provide water for irrigation.
• They provide water for electricity generation
• Provide water supply for domestic and industrial uses.
• Helps in flood control.
• Provide recreation
• Helps in inland navigation.
• Useful for fish breeding.

Hence, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another.

In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of reasons

• Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
• Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
• The dams have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and the release of excess water during heavy rains.
• Multipurpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases, and pests, and lead to pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
• Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water-intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinization of the soil.
• The dams increase the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
• The dams create inter-state water disputes with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project.

Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built.

• Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
• Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion.
• Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertilizer, further adding to the problem of land degradation.
• It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, causing water-borne diseases and pests, and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement

• It is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilized tribal people, farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada River in Gujarat.
• It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water.
• Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.

Rainwater Harvesting

The need for rainwater harvesting are:

• Rainwater harvesting is needed to provide it for agriculture, collect drinking water, irrigate the fields, and to moisten the soil.
• Rainwater harvesting is a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally to multipurpose projects.

Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting:

• In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
• ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practiced to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
• In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
• In semi-arid and arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater is commonly referred to as Palar Pani in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.

• In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks for storing drinking water.
• The tanks could be as large as a big room.
• The tanks were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
• They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
• Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and be stored in these underground tanks.
• The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes.
• The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.

Tamil Nadu is the first state in India that has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structures compulsory for all houses across the state.

Importance of rooftop rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan:

• It was commonly practiced to store drinking water.
• The rainwater can be stored in the tanks till the next rainfall, making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers.
• Rainwater (Palar Pani) is considered the purest form of natural water.
• Many houses construct underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanks’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.
• Some houses still maintain the tanks since they do not like the taste of tap water.

Bamboo Drip Irrigation system

It is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes and transporting water from higher to lower regions with the help of gravity.

• 18-20 liters of water enter the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of meters, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
• The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.
• If the pipes pass a road, they are taken high above the land.

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Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Water Resources

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Water Resources Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science  will make your practice complete.

Water Resources Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Geography Chapter 3 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1. How is freshwater obtained? Answer: The freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.

Question 2. What is meant by hydrological cycle? Answer: Hydrological cycle, also known as water cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth through evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Question 3. Mention the various sources of freshwater. Answer: The various sources of freshwater are precipitation, surface run-off and groundwater.

Question 4. The availability of water resources varies over space and time. Why? Answer: It happens mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.

Question 5. How is water scarcity caused? Answer: Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.

Question 6. How has ever increasing number of industries caused water scarcity? Answer: The ever increasing number of industries has caused water scarcity by exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources. Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power.

Question 7. How are water resources being exploited for agricultural activities? Answer: Water resources are being exploited to expand irrigated area in order to increase food grain production.

Question 8. What is a hydraulic structure? Answer: A hydraulic structure is structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow.

Question 9. What are dams? Answer: Dams are barriers across flowing water that obstruct, direct or retard the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.

Question 10. What purpose does the Bhakra Nangal project water serve? Answer: The Bhakra Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

Question 11. Why are dams now referred to as multi-purpose projects? Give example. Answer: Dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. For example, in the Sutlej-Beas river basin, the Bhakra Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

Question 12. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru call multi-purpose projects the ‘temples of modern India’? Answer: The multi-purpose projects, according to Jawaharlal Nehru integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

Question 13. Name two social movements which have been launched against the multi-purpose projects. Answer:

• The Narmada Bachao Andolan
• The Tehri Dam Andolan.

Question 14. What is a multi-purpose river valley project? Answer: Multi-purpose river valley projects generally refer to large dams that serve many purposes including impounding the water of a river.

Question 15. Mention two techniques of rooftop rainwater harvesting. Answer: These two techniques are

• recharge through hand pump and
• recharge through abandoned dugwell.

Question 16. What is meant by tanka? Answer: Tanka is a circular hole in the ground to store water.

Question 17. Classify dams on bases of structure and the materials used. Answer: Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes.

Question 18. Who are benefited from the multi-purpose projects? Answer: The landowners and big farmers, industrialists and few urban centres are benefited from the multipurpose projects.

Question 19. How do people in the flood plains of Bengal irrigate their fields? Answer: They develop inundation channels to irrigate their fields.

Question 20. How does over-exploitation of water resources lead to its scarcity? Answer: Over-exploitation of water resources lead to falling ground water levels thus causing water scarcity.

Water Resources Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Geography Chapter 3 Short Answers Type

Question 1. What is a dam? How are dams classified? Answer: A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.

• Dams refer to the reservoir rather then the structure.
• Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.
• Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes.
• According to the height, dams are classified as large dams and major dams or alternatively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.

Question 2. Describe any three different rainwater harvesting systems practised in India. (Imp) Answer: Three different rainwater harvesting systems practised in India are (i) In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, almost all the houses traditionally have underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. These tanks are very big and are built inside the main house or the courtyard. They are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the roof-tops travels down the pipe and is stored in these underground tanks.

(ii) In hilly and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like the ‘guts’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.

(iii) In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields are converted into rain fed storage structures that allow the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

Question 3. How are local communities adversely affected by the construction of large dams? (Imp) OR Explain any three problems that local communities face due to the construction of large dams. Answer: Local communities face several problems due to the construction of large dams. Some of them are given below-

• Multi-purpose projects and large dams cause large scale displacement to the local communities.
• Local people are forced to give up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources.
• Their condition becomes miserable because no one pays attention on their rehabilitation.

Question 4. How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern? What is its impact on the social landscape? (Imp) Answer: Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions as farmers have shifted to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil. At the same time, it has transformed the social landscape. The social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor has been increased.

The dams create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

Question 5. How have intensive industrialisation and urbanisation posed a great pressure on existing fresh water resources in India? Explain. Answer: Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation. This created vast opportunities for us but at the same time aggravated the problem of water scarcity. The ever-increasing number of industries has put immense pressure on the existing freshwater resources. Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power.

Today, In India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 percent of the total electricity produced. Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. Most of the housing societies and colonies in the cities have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. We have already fragile water resources and that too are being over¬exploited causing their depletion in several of these cities.

Question 6. ‘Multi-purpose projects have failed to achieve the purpose for which they were built.’ Justify the statement. (Imp) Answer:

• The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
• The big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. Many a time we have come to know about the release of water from dams during heavy rains. This only aggravates the flood situation.
• The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion.
• It has also been observed that multi-purpose projects have induced earthquakes, have caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

Question 7. Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative both socio economically and environmentally in a country like India? (Imp) Answer: (i) In India, the availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. In such a situation, it is wise to adopt different water harvesting systems. Needless to say that water harvesting is a cheap method of conservation of water.

(ii) People in India have in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types. They have developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and floodwater in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs.

(iii) Most importantly rainwater harvesting is not harmful from any angle. It is environment-friendly as well as cheap source of water supply.

Question 8. How can you say that water scarcity is an outcome of large and growing population? Answer: A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. Hence, to facilitate higher food grain production, water resources are being overexploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture. It is a fact that most farmers have their own wells and tube-wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their produce. This leads to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people.

Question 7. Mention any six advantages of multi-purpose river projects. Answer: (i) Multi-purpose river valley projects are those projects which serve many objectives at the same time. Under these projects, a dam or a series of dams are constructed across the river for storing water. (ii) The stored water is used for several purposes, such as providing irrigation, generating hydro-electricity, navigation, etc. (iii) Sometimes when a particular region gets dry due to scanty rainfall, this water is sent to the cities for domestic purposes through canals.

Advantages of Multi-purpose river projects:

• They not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses.
• They help in flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
• They are also associated with the development of agriculture and the village economy.
• Examples — In the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra-Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.

Disadvantages of Multi-purpose river projects

• Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and porer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
• Multi-purpose projects also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
• The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
• They also harm the environment and fertility of soil.
• They also lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

Question 10. Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water but there is still scarcity of water across the globe. Explain giving three reasons. (Imp) Answer:

• 96.5 percent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans which are saline and not fit for human consumption.
• Only 2.5 percent is freshwater. Nearly 70 percent of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous regions of the world, while a little less than 30 percent is stored as groundwater in the world’s aquifers. Thus, very little quantity is left for human consumption.
• This too is not used wisely and judiciously. It is over-exploited for selfish purposes causing water scarcity.

Question 11. Is it possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity? If yes, how? (Imp) Answer: (i) In many cities there is no shortage of water but the water is not fit for human consumption.Much of the water is being polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus making it hazardous for human use.

(ii) India’s rivers, especially the smaller ones, have all turned into toxic streams. And even the big ones like the Ganga and Yamuna are far from being pure. The assault on India’s rivers is enormous and growing by the day.

(iii) Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources impoverish this valuable resource and create crisis.

Question 12. Explain hydrological cycle with the help of a diagram. Answer: Hydrological cycle, also known as water cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth through evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Question 13. Give a brief description of the Narmada Bachao Andolan. OR Why was the Narmada Bachao Andolan launched? Answer: Narmada Bachao Andolan, also known as Save Narmada Movement is a non-governmental organisation that took place as a result of the resistance to the multi-purpose projects due to the large scale displacement of local communities. The movement mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat. It originally focussed on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water. Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees or displaced people to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.

Question 14. What are the different stages of rooftop rainwater harvesting? OR Explain the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique. Answer:

• Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe.
• The collected water is filtered using sand and bricks.
• Underground pipe takes water to sump for immediate usage.
• Excess water from the sump is taken to the well.
• Water from the well recharges the underground water.
• Now we can take water from the well.

Question 15. What do you know about the rooftop rainwater harvesting in Shillong, Megha-laya? Answer: Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 percent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.

Question 16. Why are multi-purpose projects facing resistance? Explain three reasons. (Imp) Answer: In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have faced opposition for a variety of reasons- (i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

(ii) Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.

(iii) The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.

(iv) Multi-purpose projects and large dams cause large-scale displacement of local communities. Local people are forced to give up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources. As a result, they face hardships. On the other hand, the landowners, and large farmers, industrialists, etc. are benefited.

(v) Dams not only increase social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor but also . create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources. For example, in Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers are agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during draughts.

(vi) Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil.

Water Resources Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Geography Chapter 3 Long Answers Type

Question 1. How was water conserved in ancient India? Give any four examples in support of your answer. Answer: Archaeological and historical records show that from ancient times people have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation. This tradition is being followed in modern India too. People are building dams in most of the river basins. Four examples to show how water was conserved in ancient India-

(i) In the first century BC, Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.

(ii) During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.

(iii) Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.

(iv) In the fourteenth century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supply-ing water to Siri Fort area.

Question 2. “In recent years, the multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny.” Give reasons. (Imp) Answer: In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have faced opposition for a variety of reasons- (i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

(v) Dams not only increase social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor but also. create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources. For example, in Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers are agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during draughts.

Question 3. Explain the ecological problems being faced due to the multi-purpose river projects. (Imp) Answer: In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have faced opposition for a variety of reasons- (i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

Question 4. Write the features of the tankas built in the houses of Bikaner, Phalodi and Banner. Answer: (i) The tankas or tanks are found in the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly, in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer. They are built underground to store drinking water.

(ii) These tankas are as large as a big room. One household in Phalodi has a tanka that is 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide.

(iii) The tankas are part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and are built inside the main house or the courtyard.

(iv) They are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops travels down the pipe and is stored in these underground tankas.

Question 5. Why is rooftop rainwater harvesting important in Rajasthan? Explain. Answer: (i) Rajasthan is a desert region which receives scanty rainfall. Most of it falls during the rainy season from June to September, leaving the soil to parch the rest of the year.

(ii) Most of the wells in Rajasthan have gone dry and people face acute water crisis.

(iii) People in Rajasthan have, therefore, built underground tankas or tanks to store water. Almost all the houses traditionally have these tankas that serve great purposes.

(iv) These tankas are part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The rainwater stored in these tankas is an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers.

(v) Rainwater is considered the purest form of natural water. As there is lack of perennial rivers in Rajasthan, people heavily depend on rainwater.

(vi) Rooftop rainwater harvesting is important in Rajasthan also for the reason that it is used to beat the summer heat as it keeps the room cool and comfortable.

Question 6. Give five reasons responsible for water scarcity in India. (Imp) Answer: Five reasons responsible for water scarcity in India are- (i) Population in India is growing fast. A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. To facilitate higher foodgrain production, water resources are being exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.

(ii) The ever-increasing number of industries have made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries are heavy users of water. They also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power.

(iii) Most of the housing societies or colonies in the cities have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. This has caused depletion of water resources in several of these cities.

(iv) The quality of water is deteriorating day by day due to domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture. As a result, even areas with sufficient water are suffering from acute water scarcity. This scarcity is mainly due to bad quality of water.

(v) Unequal distribution and availability of water resources have also aggravated the problem. There are areas which do not get abundant rainfall while in some areas flood like situation prevails, especially during rainy season. In both the situations people face the problem of safe drinking water.

Water Resources Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Geography Chapter 3 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1. Throw light on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water scarcity. Answer: Quantitative aspect: This aspect is associated with the availability of water resources. We know that the availability of water resources varies over space and time due to variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. But water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups. Large population and an ever-increasing number of industries have made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.

Industries are heavy users of water. Urban lifestyles have further aggravated the problem. Thus, we find that fragile water resources are being over-exploited and have caused their depletion in several areas.

Qualitative aspect: This aspect is associated with the situation where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but, the area still suffers from water scarcity. This scarcity is mainly caused due to bad quality of water. Lately, there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.

Question 2. What is bamboo drip irrigation? Mention any two features of it. OR What is the mechanism of bamboo drip irrigation system? Answer: The bamboo drip irrigation system has been in practice in the north-eastern part of India, in the state of Meghalaya for more than 200 years. Here, the tribal farmers have been using this indigenous technique to irrigate their plantation crops. These farmers have developed this system of tapping stream and spring water to grow black pepper, betal leaves, etc. by using bamboo pipes.

The bamboo drip irrigation system is based on gravity and the steep slopes facilitate in implementing it. About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-50 drops per minute at the site of the plant.

Features/Mechanism

• In this irrigation system, bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.
• The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it is distributed into branches, again made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes. The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.
• If the pipes pass a road, they are taken high above the land.
• The reduced channel sections and diversion units are used at the last stage of water application. The last channel section enables water to be dropped near the roots of the plant.

Question 3. Mention some of the objectives of the multi-purpose river valley projects. Answer:

• To help control floods
• To help store water which can be used for irrigation
• To provide drinking water
• To conserve soil
• To generate hydel power.

Water Resources Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Geography Chapter 3 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1. Why is there an urgent need to conserve and manage water resources? Mention three reasons. OR ‘The need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources’. Justify the statement. Answer: There is an urgent need to conserve and manage our water resources to

• safeguard ourselves from health hazards
• ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities, and
• prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems.

Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have serious impact on our lives.

Question 2. Mention various methods for the conservation of water. Answer: Water is a valuable resource. It fulfils our basic needs. It is essential for life on the earth. Because the sources of water are limited and that too are reducing every year, its conservation is essential. Various methods of water conservation are-

• Rainwater harvesting— It is a method of collecting water while it rains to use it in future.
• Minimising draining off the rainwater- This method will improve underground storage. For this, vegetation cover should be expanded.
• Scientific management of the water resources of all the river watersheds from minor to major.
• Construction of dams across the rivers is also helpful in the conservation of water.
• We should try our best to prevent water resources from pollution. It is also necessary to educate and sensitize common people towards the need to conserve water.

Water Resources Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Geography Chapter 3 Map-based Questions

Notes of Ch 3 Water Resources| Class 10th Geography

Study material and notes of ch 3 water resources class 10th geography, contact form.

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development with Answers

Students can also read Online Education MCQ Questions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development Questions with Answers hope will definitely help for your board exams. https://ncertmcq.com/mcq-questions-for-class-10-social-science-with-answers/

Resource and Development Class 10 MCQs Questions with Answers

Resources And Development Class 10 MCQ Question 1. Fill in the blank by choosing the most appropriate option: The burial ground is a ………………….. (a) community-owned resource (b) national resource (c) individual resource (d) international resource Answer: (a) community-owned resource

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 MCQ Question 2. Which of the following elements/minerals is the black soil deficient in? (a) Calcium carbonate (b) Magnesium (c) Potash (d) Phosphoric contents Answer: (d) Phosphoric contents

Class 10 Resources And Development MCQ Question 3. Which of the following soils are formed by intense leaching? (a) Alluvial soil (b) Red soil (c) Laterite soil (d) Desert soil Answer: (c) Laterite Soil

Explanation: Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6.0), generally deficient in plant nutrients and occur mostly in southern states, the Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal, and the North-east region.

Resources And Development MCQ Question 4. Match the items in column A with that of Column B.

Answer: (a) (A) – (II), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (III) (b) (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I) (c) (A) – (III), (B) – (I), (C) – (IV), (D) – (II) (d) (A) – (I), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I)

Resource And Development Class 10 MCQ Question 5. What is the arrangement of soil in different layers or horizons known as? (a) Soil Composition (b) Soil Erosion (c) Soil Profile (d) Soil Texture Answer: (c) Soil Profile

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 MCQ With Answers Question 6. Which of the following is a name given to an area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area? (a) Net sown area (b) Forest cover (c) Wasteland (d) Gross cropped area Answer: (d) Gross cropped area

Geography Class 10 Chapter 1 MCQ Question 7. Which of the following contexts was advocated on the international level for the first time the conservation of the resource? (a) The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968. (b) The Brundtland Committee Report published it. (c) It was discussed in an Indian Affairs with America Discussion. (d) It was discussed through a book called Small is Beautiful. Answer: (a) The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968.

Resource And Development MCQ Question 8. The soil has a self-aeration capacity. (a) Alluvial (b) Red soil (c) Black soil (d) Mountain soil Answer: (c) Black Soil

Ch 1 Geo Class 10 MCQ Question 9. India’s territorial water extends up to a distance of : (a) 22.5 Nautical Miles (b) 12 Nautical miles (c) 19.2 Nautical miles (d) 200 nautical miles Answer:

MCQ On Resources And Development Class 10 Question 10. Red soil is mostly found in: (a) Parts of Jammu and Kashmir (b) Upper Ganga Plains (c) Eastern and Southern part of Deccan Plateau (d) Piedmont zone of Western Ghats Answer: (d) Piedmont zone of Western Ghats

Explanation: Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain, and along the piedmont of the Western Ghats.

MCQ Questions For Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Question 11. Which of the following is not important for soil formation? (a) Relief (b) Parent rock (c) Climate (d) Duration of sunlight in a day Answer: (d) Duration of sunlight in a day

Geography Chapter 1 Class 10 MCQ Question 12. In which of the following state is black soil found? (a) Jammu and Kashmir (b) Gujarat (c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand [Diksha] Answer: (b) Gujarat

Explanation: Black soil is mainly found in Gujarat and Maharashtra states of India. This soil is considered good for the cotton crop and so is known as ‘black cotton soil’ or ‘regur soil’.

Related theory Black soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. Black soils are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.

MCQ Of Resources And Development Question 13. Which of the following is not a measure to reduce soil erosion? (a) Creating deep channels (gullies) (b) Contour plowing (c) Strip cropping (d) Planting of shelterbelts Answer:

MCQ Of Resources And Development Class 10 Question 14. Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put? (a) Replenishable (b) Abiotic (c) Human-made (d) Non-recyclable Answer: (a) Replenishable

Explanation: Replenishable resources are also known as renewable resources. Solar energy, wind energy, water, thermal and tidal energy are the examples of replenishable resources.

Related Theory Abiotic: These are the type of resources that are derived from nonliving things in the environment such as sunlight, air, etc.

Human-made: These are also known as capital resources which are created by humans such as money, infrastructure etc.

Non-recyclable: These resources are those substances which cannot be used again in any form.

Class 10 Geo Ch 1 MCQ Question 15. The Rio Convention endorsed the Global Forest Principles and adopted which of the following for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century? (a) Agenda 21 (b) Agenda 22 (c) Agenda 20 (d) Agenda 25 Answer: (a) Agenda 21

Explanation: Agenda 21 aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

Related Theory One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

Question 16. Which of the following book includes ‘Gandhian Philosophy’ on conservation of resources? (a) Small is Beautiful (b) Our Common Future (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these Answer: (a) Small is Beautiful

Explanation: In 1974, Gandhian philosophy was presented by Schumacher in his book ‘Small is Beautiful.’

Related Theory Gandhi ji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in his words:”There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with production by the masses.

Question 17. In which of the following states is the terrace cultivation practiced? (a) Punjab (b) Haryana (c) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand [Diksha] Answer: (d) Uttarakhand

Explanation: In hilly areas, steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces on which terrace cultivation is practiced. Terrace cultivation restricts soil erosion in hilly areas such as Uttarakhand.

Question 18. Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised are called (a) Potential (b) Developed (c) Stock (d) Reserve Answer: (a) Potential

Explanation: Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised to their full capacity are called potential resources. For example, Rajasthan and Gujarat have huge potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.

Related Theory Resources surveyed and determined for utilisation are called Developed Resources. Development of resources depends upon the technology being used to determine and exhaust their quantity and quality. Useful resources which are not being used to their complete capacity due to lack of technology are called Stock. For example, hydet energy in most countries.

Reserves are subsets of the stock: which can be used with the help of existing technical know-how’. Their use has not yet begun. For example, energy of water stored in dams.

Question 19. The village of Sukhomajri and the district of Jhabua have shown that it is possible: (a) To reverse land degradation (b) To reverse economic prosperity (c) To reserve water (d) All of these Answer: (a) To reverse land degradation

Explanation: People’s management is essentiaL for ecological restoration. For example, tree density in Sukhomajri increased from 13 per hectare in 1976 to 1272 per hectare in 1992.

Related Theory Sukhomajri village is located in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 20. Which of the following soils are more common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai? (a) Black soil (b) Alluvial soil (c) Laterite soil (d) None of these Answer: (b) Alluvial Soil

Question 21. In which of the following state deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation? (a) Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh (b) Gujarat, Rajasthan, Odisha (c) Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh (d) All of these Answer: (d) All of these

Question 22. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises. Which of the following is NOT associated to this statement? (a) Global warming (b) Ozone layer maintenance (c) Environmental pollution (d) Land degradation Answer:

Question 23. Choose the feature which is NOT associated with Arid soils: (a) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks (b) In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained from these soils (c) The lower horizon of the soil is occupied by Kankar nodules (d) These soils become cultivable after proper irrigation. Answer: (a) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks

Question 24. Which one of the following is an example of Cultivable Wasteland? (a) Gross cropped Area (b) Uncultivable Land (c) Barren Wasteland (d) Current fallow Land Answer: (b) Uncultivable Land.

Identify the following on basis of the hints given in each question.

Question 25. Identify the soil: (1) It develops under tropical and subtropical climates with an alternate wet and dry season. (2) Mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH<6.0), generally deficient in plant nutrients (3) It is humus rich, but under sparse vegetation and in a semi-arid environment, it is generally humus poor. (4) They are prone to erosion. Answer:

Question 26. Identify the soil: (1) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. (2) Soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size when we move closer to the river valley. (3) Such soils are more common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. Answer: Alluvial Soil

Correct & Rewrite/ True-False State whether the following statements are True or False. If false, correct the statement.

Question 27. Resources that are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are called potential resources. Answer: False.

Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are called developed resources.

Related Theory Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utitised are called Potential Resources.

Question 28. Forest area in the country is far better than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area. Answer: Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area.

Question 29. The black soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. Answer:

Fill in the blanks with suitable information:

Question 30. Laterite soil is very useful for growing …………….among other beverage crops. Answer: tea

Explanation: After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, tea can be grown.

Question 31. The ………………….. soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are formed. Answer: Forest

Question 32. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is called ……………… Answer: Badland

Question 33. With people being made the decision-makers by the Madhya Pradesh government, 2.9 million hectares or about 1 per cent of India’s land area, are being greened across the state through ………………. Answer: Watershed management

Question 34. Resource on the basis of exhaustibility

Answer: (a) Renewable resources (b) Non-Renewable resources

Explanation: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.

Resources which get exhausted with use, can not be reproduced or rejuvenated and take millions of years to form are called non-renewable resources. For example, minerals and fossil fuels.

Question 35. Sustainable development encourages usage of…………… energy resources. Answer:

Question 36. The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels. This is called…………….. Answer: Gully erosion

Question 37. Complete the following table with the correct information with regards to types of resources:

Answer: (A) Forests (B) Abiotic

Explanation: Biotic Resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc. All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals.

Question 38. ………………… soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Answer: Alluvial Soil

Explanation: This is the most widely spread and fertile soil. These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, all of which flow towards the eastern coast of the country.

Match the Columns Choose the correct pairs:

Question 39. Match the following terms from column A with their explanation from column B:

Question 40. Match the following efforts of resource conservation from column A with years from column B:

Assertion Reasoning questions Class 10 Geography Chapter 1

In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a corresponding statement of Reason (R). Select the correct answers to codes (a), (b), (c), or (d) as given below: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.

Question 41. Assertion (A): Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. Reason (R): Resources are essential for human development. Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: Resources help us develop economically. All economic activities are dependent on resources. Hence, it is through institutions like factories, organizations etc that humans are able to exploit and use natural resources.

Question 42. Assertion (A): Public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are community-owned resources. Reason (R): They are accessible to all the people living there. Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 43. Assertion (A): An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for sustained quality of life and global peace. Reason (R): They promote equality among classes. Answer:

Question 44. Assertion (A): Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life. Reason (R): We cannot breathe without them. Answer: (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.

Explanation: We can breathe without resources but they are essential for survival because they help us develop and attain new avenues.

Question 45. Assertion (A): Rich resources in colonies were the main attractions for the foreign invaders. Reason (R): Foreign invaders exploited these resources through better technologies and earned wealth through this drain. Answer:

Question 46. Assertion (A): The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Reason (R): The land under permanent pasture has decreased. Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: Different states have different net sown area. Over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and 10 percent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands.

(Competency Based Questions (CBQs))

Question 1. Read the following source and answer the question that follows: Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. The land use in which of the following states has not been conducted properly? (a) Punjab (b) Haryana (c) Meghalaya (d) Odisha Answer: (c) Meghalaya

Explanation: Land use has not been properly carried out in North western states.

Question 2. Read the details given in the source below and identify the kind of soil whose features have been mentioned. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. They are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. Answer: Black Soil

Explanation: Black soil is also known as ‘Regur Soil’ or ‘Cotton Soil’ as it is good for the cultivation of cotton crop in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in India.

Question 3. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.

The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals. This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and Local levels. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option: (A) Which of the following states are rich in mineral resources? (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) UP (c) Chhattisgarh (d) Bihar Answer: (c) Chhattisgarh

(B) Fill in the blank with an appropriate option: Cold Desert – Ladakh; Warm Desert- ………….. (a) Punjab (b) Haryana (c) Rajasthan (d) Gujarat Answer:

(C) Which of the following resources are potential resources? (a) Mineral (b) Wind energy (c) Coal (d) Petroleum Answer: (b) Wind energy

Explanation: Other resources have been put to use.

(D) Why is resource planning necessary? (a) Resources will be completely used up if they are planned well. (b) Resources will be exhausted if they were not planned well. (c) Resources will be used better if planned. (d) Resources are supposed to be planned all along. Answer: (b) Resources will be exhausted if they were not planned well.

Question 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: This is the most widely spread and important soil. In fact, the entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems- the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.

The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size. In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soils are coarse. Such soils are more common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. Apart from the size of their grains or components, soils are also described on the basis of their age. According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration ofkanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option: (A) Which of the following crops will the alluvial soil support? (a) Cotton (b) Jute (c) Rice (d) Coffee Answer: (c) Rice

(B) The Alluvial Soil is deposited by (a) Lava (b) Rivers (c) Earthquakes (d) Snowfall Answer: (b) Rivers

(C) Which of the states is the alluvial soil not found at all? (a) UP (b) Gujarat (c) Kerala (d) Bihar Answer: (c) Kerala

Explanation: Alluvial Soils are spread in the northern and north western parts of the country through river basins.

(D) Which of the following characteristics is true about the Bangar soil? (a) Bangar is the most fertile alluvial soil. (b) Bangar is a new alluvial. (c) The Bangar soil has higher concentration ofkanker nodules than the Khadar nodules. (d) Bangar soil has smaller particles than Khadar soil. Answer:

Question 5. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. The processes of soil formation and erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two. Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining etc., while natural forces like wind, glacier and . water lead to soil erosion. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option: (A) Which of the following erosions destroy the subsoil? (a) Gully erosion (b) Sheet erosion (c) Wind erosion (d) Tree erosion Answer: (a) Gully erosion Explanation: Other types of erosion basically affect the topsoil sheet and not the subsoil directly.

(B) Which of the following statements about soil erosion is not true? (a) Soil erosion does not affect the soil cover. (b) Soil erosion can be caused by glaciers. (c) Ravines are caused due to soil erosion. (d) Soil formation and soil erosion go hand in hand. Answer: (a) Soil erosion does not affect the soil cover.

(C) Which of the following agents cause gully erosion? (a) Wind (b) Glacier (c) Water (d) Construction Answer: (c) Water

(D) Where are the ravines found? (a) Mahanadi Basin (b) Chambal Basin (c) Ganga Basin (d) Yamuna Basin Answer: (b) Chambal Basin

Question 6. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha, deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option: (A) Which of the following statements is not correct about Land degradation? (a) Land Degradation affects the soiL (b) Quarrying leads to Land Degradation. (c) Land degradation is caused due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. (d) Land degradation is good for the environment. Answer: (d) Land degradation is good for the environment. Explanation: It is severely bad for the environment and our resources.

(B) The main cause of land degradation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh is: (a) Mining (b) Over irrigation (c) Deforestation (d) Overgrazing Answer: (b) Over irrigation

(C) which one of the following does not check land degradation: (a) control on overgrazing (b) creating shelter belts (c) deforestation (d) afforestation Answer:

(D) what is common between the land degradation caused in Jharkhand and Odisha? (a) In both places, it is caused due to afforestation. (b) It is caused by mining in both places. (c) The subsoil in these areas is very thin. (d) Their resources are completely exhausted due to land degradation. Answer:

Question 7. Read the source and answer the questions that follow. Natural resources are the things that exist freely in nature human beings use for survival. These things include the water, land, forests, animals, rocks, fossil fuels, and minerals inside the Earth. Human beings did not create natural resources. They have always been a part of the Earth before humans appeared. Most of the natural resources are connected to each other in some way. For example, water is a natural resource, and there was a limited supply, then other resources such as animal and plants would be affected. Natural resources are consumed directly or indirectly. For example, when animals eat plants they are consuming a natural resource directly.

However, the many trees of rain forest act as climate control, food control, and storm protection. The trees of a forest can also be used as raw materials for making houses, furniture, paper, or other items. Natural resources can be a solid, liquid, or gas. They can also be organic, coming from living things, or inorganic, coming from a non-living source. They can also be made out of metal or be non- metallic. (A) What are resources? Answer: Anything available in nature which could be brought to human use by human-made technology is called a resource.

(B) Mention one other way of classifying a resource apart from the mentioned classification. Answer:

(C) Mention two characteristics of a natural resource? Answer: Natural resources are found freely in nature and have been present on earth even before human beings appeared. They are closely connected to each other and can be both organic or inorganic in nature.

Very Short Answer “Type Questions

Question 1. Which soil has a self-aeration capacity? Answer: Black Soil

Question 2. What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area? Answer: 43% of the total Land in the country are plains.

Question 3. Classify resources based on origin. Answer: Based on origin of resources- resources can be classified as biotic and abiotic resources.

Question 4. What are the resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised called? Answer: These are Potential Resources.

Question 5. How is the cement industry responsible for land degradation? Answer:

Question 6. In which state has mining called land degradation? Answer: Chhattisgarh

Question 7. Which soil type is made up of lava flows? Answer: Black Soil

Question 8. Mention the factors on which the land-use pattern of India depends upon. [CBSE 2012] Answer: The use of land is determined by physical as well as human factors. (1) Physical factors: Topography, climate and soil types. (2) Human factors: Population density, technological capability, culture and traditions.

Question 9. Give one example of the main commercial crop cultivable in laterite soil. Answer: Tea/coffee.

Question 10. Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility. Answer: On the basis of exhaustibility, resources can be classified as: (1) Renewable/ Non-exhaustible resources (2) Non-renewable/ Exhaustible resources.

Related Theory Renewable resources: These are resources which can be replenished over a period of time. Example: solar energy. Non-renewable resources: These are resources that cannot be renewed and are available in limited quantities. Example: coal.

Question 11. Highlight the importance of contour ploughing. Answer: Contour ploughing helps in the prevention of soil erosion caused by wind and water.

Related Theory Contour ploughing is a method of tilling and ploughing hillsides or sloping lands along the contour lines.

Question 12. Read the features of a soiL and name the related soil (1) This soiL ranges from red to brown in colour. (2) It is generally sandy in texture and is saline. (3) It Lacks humus and moisture. Answer:

Question 13. “Degradation of Land is a cause of word.” Give one reason to support the statement. Answer: Degradation of Land is a cause of worry because it can cause ecological imbalance.

Question 14. Give one example of community owned resources. Answer: Village grazing grounds, public parks and picnic spots.

Explanation: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of a community.

Question 15. How is overgrazing responsible for land degradation in Gujarat? Answer:

Question 16. “Conservation of resource is vital for development.” Give one example regarding the statement. Answer: Conservation of resources: afforestation, water treatment.

Question 17. How are mining activities responsible for land degradation in Jharkhand? Answer: Mining activities are responsible for land degradation in Jharkhand because mining sites are abandoned after the excavation work is complete, leaving deep scars on the land.

Related Theory To get rid of this land degradation, proper management of wastelands and control of mining activities needs to be initiated.

Question 18. Water is a compound of two inflammable gases, hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. However, we do not have the required technical ‘knowhow’ to use them for this purpose. What kind of resources can these gases be put in? Answer: The gases can be put in: The Stock Resources.

Question 19. Which soil is most retentive of moisture? Answer: Black Soil retains the most moisture. Explanation: Black Soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material which helps them absorb more water.

Question 20. Highlight the reason for land being known as the utmost important natural resource. Answer;

Question 21. Which type of soil is most suitable for growing the crop of cashew nut? Answer: Soil for the growth of Cashew nuts: Red Laterite soil.

Question 22. Favorable conditions for wind energy exist in Western Rajasthan and Gujarat, but they have not been utilized and developed to the maximum, it falls in which category of resources? Answer: Wind energy received in Western Rajasthan exist as: Potential Resources

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science with Answers

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources are given here. With these solutions, you will learn the right way to write answers to the questions perfectly in exams. We have updated the  NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography  Chapter 3 Water Resources for the current session so that you can easily score high marks in the exams. You can also download PDF of the solutions and use them whenever you are offline.

Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions

1: Multiple choice questions

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.

(a) A region with high annual rainfall.

(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population.

(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.

(d) A region having low rainfall and low population.

Answer: (a) A region with high annual rainfall – Not suffering from water scarcity

(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population – Suffering from water scarcity

(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted – Suffering from water scarcity

(d) A region having low rainfall and low population – Not suffering from water scarcity

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?

(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods.

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Answer: (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.

Answer. (a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have resulted in improper utilisation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting popularity is declining due to high water availability from Indira Gandhi Canal.

Question 2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Answer: All water that is used primarily ends up in the sea. From there, it enters the hydrological cycle in the form of water vapour. Freshwater is renewed by this cycle when precipitation occurs. Hence, water is a renewable resource.

(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

Answer: Water scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water, and unequal access to it.

(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

Answer: Advantages of multi-purpose river projects:  They are useful for irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, inland navigation, fish breeding, water supply for industrial and domestic purposes and tourist attraction.

Disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects:  The local flora and fauna get destroyed. Many native villages are submerged. The natural flow of water is also affected.

Question 3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Answer: Houses in the semi – arid regions of Rajasthan have traditionally constructed tanks for storing drinking water. They are big and are a part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The tanks are constructed inside the main house or the courtyard, and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop travels down and is stored in the tanks. The first spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent spells is collected. This water is used till the next rainy season, and is a reliable source of water even after other sources have dried up. The tanks also help in cooling the houses as rooms built around them have generally low temperatures due to conduction.

(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

Answer: Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting include:

• In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ is practiced to store drinking water.
• In hills and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. 
• In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stagnate and moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and the ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.    
• In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method to conserve water.
• In Tamil Nadu, it has been made compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures.
• In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.    
• Bamboo drip irrigation system is also being used in Meghalaya and other states in the North-East of India.  

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources: Chapter Overview

We all know how much essential is water for us. Without water, we can’t even think about life. So we need to think twice before we waste-water. In this chapter, you will learn about water scarcity and the need for water conservation and management.