cardiovascular system critical thinking questions

Cardiovascular System: 20 Questions and Answers The Heart and Blood Vessel

Cardiovascular System Questions and Answers Activity

This questions and answers activity is a fun and educational way to learn about the cardiovascular system. It includes 20 questions, each of which is a term related to the heart, blood vessels, and circulation. The answers are included, so you can check your work.

20 questions and answers

Terms related to the cardiovascular system

Answers included

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Great for all ages

Helps you learn about the cardiovascular system

Improves your vocabulary skills

Promotes critical thinking skills

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Here are some examples of the questions included in this product:

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

What is the heart, and what does it do?

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Here are some additional benefits of using this questions and answers activity:

It can help you understand how the different parts of the cardiovascular system work together.

It can help you develop your problem-solving skills.

It can be used as a formative assessment tool to measure your understanding of the cardiovascular system.

Order your copy today and start learning about the cardiovascular system!

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Chapter Review

19.1 heart anatomy.

The heart resides within the pericardial sac and is located in the mediastinal space within the thoracic cavity. The pericardial sac consists of two fused layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner parietal pericardium lined with a serous membrane. Between the pericardial sac and the heart is the pericardial cavity, which is filled with lubricating serous fluid. The walls of the heart are composed of an outer epicardium, a thick myocardium, and an inner lining layer of endocardium. The human heart consists of a pair of atria, which receive blood and pump it into a pair of ventricles, which pump blood into the vessels. The right atrium receives systemic blood relatively low in oxygen and pumps it into the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary circuit. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the lungs, and blood high in oxygen returns to the left atrium, which pumps blood into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps blood into the aorta and the remainder of the systemic circuit. The septa are the partitions that separate the chambers of the heart. They include the interatrial septum, the interventricular septum, and the atrioventricular septum. Two of these openings are guarded by the atrioventricular valves, the right tricuspid valve and the left mitral valve, which prevent the backflow of blood. Each is attached to chordae tendineae that extend to the papillary muscles, which are extensions of the myocardium, to prevent the valves from being blown back into the atria. The pulmonary valve is located at the base of the pulmonary trunk, and the left semilunar valve is located at the base of the aorta. The right and left coronary arteries are the first to branch off the aorta and arise from two of the three sinuses located near the base of the aorta and are generally located in the sulci. Cardiac veins parallel the small cardiac arteries and generally drain into the coronary sinus.

19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity

The heart is regulated by both neural and endocrine control, yet it is capable of initiating its own action potential followed by muscular contraction. The conductive cells within the heart establish the heart rate and transmit it through the myocardium. The contractile cells contract and propel the blood. The normal path of transmission for the conductive cells is the sinoatrial (SA) node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The action potential for the conductive cells consists of a prepotential phase with a slow influx of Na + followed by a rapid influx of Ca 2+ and outflux of K + . Contractile cells have an action potential with an extended plateau phase that results in an extended refractory period to allow complete contraction for the heart to pump blood effectively. Recognizable points on the ECG include the P wave that corresponds to atrial depolarization, the QRS complex that corresponds to ventricular depolarization, and the T wave that corresponds to ventricular repolarization.

19.3 Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle comprises a complete relaxation and contraction of both the atria and ventricles, and lasts approximately 0.8 seconds. Beginning with all chambers in diastole, blood flows passively from the veins into the atria and past the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles. The atria begin to contract (atrial systole), following depolarization of the atria, and pump blood into the ventricles. The ventricles begin to contract (ventricular systole), raising pressure within the ventricles. When ventricular pressure rises above the pressure in the atria, blood flows toward the atria, producing the first heart sound, S 1 or lub. As pressure in the ventricles rises above two major arteries, blood pushes open the two semilunar valves and moves into the pulmonary trunk and aorta in the ventricular ejection phase. Following ventricular repolarization, the ventricles begin to relax (ventricular diastole), and pressure within the ventricles drops. As ventricular pressure drops, there is a tendency for blood to flow back into the atria from the major arteries, producing the dicrotic notch in the ECG and closing the two semilunar valves. The second heart sound, S 2 or dub, occurs when the semilunar valves close. When the pressure falls below that of the atria, blood moves from the atria into the ventricles, opening the atrioventricular valves and marking one complete heart cycle. The valves prevent backflow of blood. Failure of the valves to operate properly produces turbulent blood flow within the heart; the resulting heart murmur can often be heard with a stethoscope.

19.4 Cardiac Physiology

Many factors affect HR and SV, and together, they contribute to cardiac function. HR is largely determined and regulated by autonomic stimulation and hormones. There are several feedback loops that contribute to maintaining homeostasis dependent upon activity levels, such as the atrial reflex, which is determined by venous return.

SV is regulated by autonomic innervation and hormones, but also by filling time and venous return. Venous return is determined by activity of the skeletal muscles, blood volume, and changes in peripheral circulation. Venous return determines preload and the atrial reflex. Filling time directly related to HR also determines preload. Preload then impacts both EDV and ESV. Autonomic innervation and hormones largely regulate contractility. Contractility impacts EDV as does afterload. CO is the product of HR multiplied by SV. SV is the difference between EDV and ESV.

19.5 Development of the Heart

The heart is the first organ to form and become functional, emphasizing the importance of transport of material to and from the developing infant. It originates about day 18 or 19 from the mesoderm and begins beating and pumping blood about day 21 or 22. It forms from the cardiogenic region near the head and is visible as a prominent heart bulge on the surface of the embryo. Originally, it consists of a pair of strands called cardiogenic cords that quickly form a hollow lumen and are referred to as endocardial tubes. These then fuse into a single heart tube and differentiate into the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus, starting about day 22. The primitive heart begins to form an S shape within the pericardium between days 23 and 28. The internal septa begin to form about day 28, separating the heart into the atria and ventricles, although the foramen ovale persists until shortly after birth. Between weeks five and eight, the atrioventricular valves form. The semilunar valves form between weeks five and nine.

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• Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Anatomy and Physiology
• Publication date: Apr 25, 2013
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Human Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

By marieb, elaine n.; hoehn, katja n., chapter 18 - the cardiovascular system: the heart - review questions - critical thinking and clinical application questions - page 690: 1, work step by step, update this answer.

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Critical Thinking Questions

• A closed circulatory system is a system in which the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
• A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood is separate from the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
• A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood is separate from the interstitial fluid. Amphibians have a two-chambered heart. Fishes and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
• A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Amphibians have a two-chambered heart. Fishes and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
• Blood in a closed circulatory system is present inside blood vessels; it follows a unidirectional path from the heart and around the systemic circulatory route, and then returns to the heart. It is less controlled and structured than an open circulatory system, but it transfers nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
• Blood in a closed circulatory system is not enclosed in blood vessels; it is pumped into a hemocoel, which circulates around the organs, and then reenters the heart through ostia. It is more structured and controlled than an open circulatory system, and it transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
• Blood in a closed circulatory system is not enclosed in blood vessels; it is pumped into a hemocoel, which circulates around the organs, and then reenters the heart through ostia. It is less controlled and structured than an open circulatory system, but it transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
• Blood in a closed circulatory system is present inside blood vessels; it follows a unidirectional path from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, and then returns to the heart. It is more structured and controlled, and transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently than an open circulatory system.
• In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the left side of the heart is more effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the right side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
• In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the right side of the heart is more effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the left side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
• In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the left side of the heart is less effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the right side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
• In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the right side of the heart is less effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the left side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
• lymphocytes
• erythrocytes
• Their size and shape allow them to carry and transfer oxygen.
• Their disc shape contains many small vesicles that allow them to carry and transfer oxygen.
• They have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin.
• They contain coagulation factors and antibodies.
• It is a protein synthesized in the liver.
• It is a liquid that contains only lipids and antibodies.
• It is a blood component that is separated by spinning blood.
• It is an antibody produced in the mucosal lining.
• It is an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart.
• It is the part of the heart that initiates an electrical impulse, called the sinoatrial node.
• It is the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes.
• It is the contracting of muscles that starts in the aorta.
• they beat involuntarily
• they are attached to bones
• they pulse rhythmically
• they are striated

This diagram shows the internal anatomy of the heart.

How would blood circulation beyond the heart be most directly affected if the pulmonary valve could not open?

• Blood could not reach the rest of the body.
• Blood could not reach the lungs.
• Blood could not return from the lungs.
• Blood could not return from the rest of the body.

The diagram shows the internal anatomy of the heart.

How would blood circulation beyond the heart be affected if the tricuspid valve could not open?

• Blood could not enter the pulmonary veins; therefore, it could not reach the lungs.
• Blood could not enter the pulmonary artery; therefore, it could not reach the heart.
• Blood could not enter the pulmonary artery; therefore, it could not reach the lungs.
• Blood could not enter the pulmonary veins; therefore, it could not reach the heart.
• To allow antibodies to enter infected cells and to promote the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
• To assist with gas and nutrient exchange and to prevent the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
• To assist with gas and nutrient exchange and to promote the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
• To allow antibodies to enter infected cells and to prevent the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.

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18.12: Critical Thinking Questions

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A patient’s hematocrit is 42 percent. Approximately what percentage of the patient’s blood is plasma?

Why would it be incorrect to refer to the formed elements as cells?

True or false: The buffy coat is the portion of a blood sample that is made up of its proteins.

Myelofibrosis is a disorder in which inflammation and scar tissue formation in the bone marrow impair hemopoiesis. One sign is an enlarged spleen. Why?

Would you expect a patient with a form of cancer called acute myelogenous leukemia to experience impaired production of erythrocytes, or impaired production of lymphocytes? Explain your choice.

A young person has been experiencing unusually heavy menstrual bleeding for several years. They follow a strict vegan diet (no animal foods). They are is at risk for what disorder, and why?

A patient has thalassemia, a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of globin proteins and excessive destruction of erythrocytes. This patient is jaundiced and is found to have an excessive level of bilirubin in their blood. Explain the connection.

One of the more common adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy is the destruction of leukocytes. Before his next scheduled chemotherapy treatment, a patient undergoes a blood test called an absolute neutrophil count (ANC), which reveals that his neutrophil count is 1900 cells per microliter. Would his healthcare team be likely to proceed with his chemotherapy treatment? Why?

A patient was admitted to the burn unit the previous evening suffering from a severe burn involving their left upper extremity and shoulder. A blood test reveals that they are experiencing leukocytosis. Why is this an expected finding?

A lab technician collects a blood sample in a glass tube. After about an hour, she harvests serum to continue her blood analysis. Explain what has happened during the hour that the sample was in the glass tube.

Explain why administration of a thrombolytic agent is a first intervention for someone who has suffered a thrombotic stroke.

Following a motor vehicle accident, a patient is rushed to the emergency department with multiple traumatic injuries, causing severe bleeding. The patient’s condition is critical, and there is no time for determining their blood type. What type of blood is transfused, and why?

In preparation for a scheduled surgery, a patient visits the hospital lab for a blood draw. The technician collects a blood sample and performs a test to determine its type. She places a sample of the patient’s blood in two wells. To the first well she adds anti-A antibody. To the second she adds anti-B antibody. Both samples visibly agglutinate. Has the technician made an error, or is this a normal response? If normal, what blood type does this indicate?