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The origin of life: scientific, historical and philosophical perspective

2012, History and philosophy of the life sciences

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Luis Carlos Navarro

The problem of the origin of life is discussed from a methodological point of view as an encounter between the teleological thinking of the historian and the mechanistic thinking of the chemist; and as the Kantian task of replacing teleology by mechanism. It is shown how the Popperian situational logic of historic understanding and the Popperian principle of explanatory power of scientific theories, when jointly applied to biochemistry, lead to a methodology of biochemical retrodiction, whereby common precursor functions are constructed for disparate successor functions. This methodology is exemplified by central tenets of the theory of the chemo-autotrophic origin of life: the proposal of a surface metabolism with a two-dimensional order; the basic polarity of life with negatively charged constituents on positively charged mineral surfaces; the surface-metabolic origin of phosphorylated sugar metabolism and nucleic acids; the origin of membrane lipids and of chemi-osmosis on pyrite surfaces; and the principles of the origin of the genetic machinery. The theory presents the early evolution of life as a process that begins with chemical necessity and winds up in genetic chance. 7 1997 Academic Press Limited

Evolutionary Biology

Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science

André Brack

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Stanley Miller demonstrated, in 1953, that it was possible to form amino acids from methane, thus generating the ambitious hope that chemists would be able to shed light on the origins of life by recreating a simple life form in a test tube. However, it must be acknowledged that the dream has not yet been accomplished, despite the great volume of effort and innovation made by the scientific community.At minimum, primitive life can be defined as an open chemical system, fed with matter and energy, capable of self-reproduction—that is, making more of itself by itself—and also capable of evolving. The concept of evolution implies that the chemical system transfers its information fairly faithfully, but makes a few random errors. By chance, some parts of the self-assembly are then capable of generating a copy. Sometimes, a minor error in the p...

Acta Biotheoretica

Rob Hengeveld

Renato Fani

Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology

James Strick

The Origin of Life

Anab Whitehouse

The current book is not about trying to prove the truth of this or that scientific or religious account about the origins of either human beings, in particular, or life, in general. ‘The Origin of Life' is about the problems surrounding the process of interpreting empirical evidence and subjecting that data to various methods of rigorous critical reflection.

Ute Deichmann

BIOSEMIOTICS

Attila Grandpierre

Recent successes of systems biology clarified that biological functionality is multilevel. We point out that this fact makes it necessary to revise popular views about macromolecular functions and distinguish between local, physico-chemical and global, biological functions. Our analysis shows that physico-chemical functions are merely tools of biological functionality. This result sheds new light on the origin of cellular life, indicating that in evolutionary history, assignment of biological functions to cellular ingredients plays a crucial role. In this wider picture, even if aggregation of chance mutations of replicator molecules and spontaneously self-assembled proteins led to the formation of a system identical with a living cell in all physical respects but devoid of biological functions, it would remain an inanimate physical system, a pseudo-cell or a zombie-cell but not a viable cell. In the origin of life scenarios, a fundamental circularity arises, since if cells are the minimal units of life, it is apparent that assignments of cellular functions require the presence of cells and vice versa. Resolution of this dilemma requires distinguishing between physico-chemical and biological symbols as well as between physico-chemical and biological information. Our analysis of the concepts of symbol, rule and code suggests that they all rely implicitly on biological laws or principles. We show that the problem is how to establish physico-chemically arbitrary rules assigning biological functions without the presence of living organisms. We propose a solution to that problem with the help of a generalized action principle and biological harnessing of quantum uncertainties. By our proposal, biology is an autonomous science having its own fundamental principle. The biological principle ought not to be regarded as an emergent phenomenon. It can guide chemical evolution towards the biological one, progressively assigning greater complexity and functionality to macromolecules and systems of macromolecules at all levels of organization. This solution explains some perplexing facts and posits a new context for thinking about the problems of the origin of life and mind.

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Deep History of Life on Earth

• Paleobiology
• Earth History

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This interactive module explores key events in the record of life on Earth, which stretches over three billion years.

In this Click & Learn, students visit different times in Earth’s history to learn what life was like at that time, based on scientific evidence. Such evidence ranges from chemical signatures in rocks and ancient biological molecules, to fossils of colossal dinosaurs and early humans. The Click & Learn also includes a simplified tree of life that illustrates the major taxa and their evolutionary relationships.

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biomarker, chloroplast, cyanobacteria, dinosaur, eukaryote, extinction, Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), isotope, stromatolite, trilobite

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Topic(s): 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 9.3 Learning Objectives & Practices: ERT-4.D, ERT-4.E, ENG-2.A, ENG-2.B, STB-4.D

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• Biology Article
• Origin Life Overview

Origin of Life

As per the findings in evolutionary biology, the universe, earth and the variety of life forms are the results of evolution.

What is Evolution?

Evolution mainly deals with the origin of life on earth. The conditions and the forms of life on earth were entirely different from what we see today. Everything evolved from one form to another for a better chance of survival.

Here, let us know in brief about the origin of life on earth.

The Origin of the Universe

The origin of life begins with the origin of the universe. The universe, an old vast and empty space comprising galaxies, originated around 20 billion years ago. There was nothing but blackness filled with gas and dust. The Big Bang Theory is the most accepted theory regarding the origin of the planet earth and the existence of different life forms on it. According to this theory, the universe is a result of a massive explosion which occurred 20 billion years ago. Whether it is a hypothesis or a fact, a new universe was formed. The atmospheric condition after the explosion became more stable. The temperature reduced and gasses like hydrogen and helium formed which led to the formation of galaxies of today.

Later, after 10 billion years, the earth was formed which was covered by water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. There was no atmosphere but only gases and moisture. The powerful rays of the sun stimulated and hastened evolution . By making and breaking bonds between gas molecules, the earth came out with a new face. After millions of years i.e., once the earth’s atmosphere was stable, the first life on earth came into existence (around 4 million years ago). There began the story of the origin of life on earth.

The Origin of Life

There were lots of hypotheses regarding the origin of life on earth. Certain experts suggested that life came from outer space as spores while another group explained that life came from a non-cellular component such as decaying matters like mud. The latter theory was known as the theory of spontaneous generation, which was discarded later.

In the year 1953, Oparin and Haldane suggested that life originated from non-living organic molecules like proteins and RNA. This was followed by the theory of chemical evolution which suggested that atmospheric conditions of the earth led to the formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules. Few scientists conducted experiments regarding the same. However, once the first life came into existence, they started to evolve in different ways and forms. This laid a stepping stone to the theory of evolution.

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Origins of Life

• January 2015
• Advances in Chemical Physics 157:293-313
• 157:293-313

• Observatoire de Paris-Meudon

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• 26 February 2024

To unravel the origin of life, treat findings as pieces of a bigger puzzle

• Nick Lane   ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5433-3973 0 &
• Joana C. Xavier   ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9242-8968 1

Nick Lane is professor of evolutionary biochemistry in the Division of Biosciences, University College London, UK.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Joana C. Xavier is a scientist in the Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, UK.

One scenario suggests that life began in geothermal pools on land, such as this hot spring in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. Credit: Jeff Vanuga/Nature Picture Library

The origin of life is one of the greatest challenges in science. It transcends conventional disciplinary boundaries, yet has been approached from within those confines for generations. Not surprisingly, these traditions have emphasized different aspects of the question.

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Patel, B. H., Percivalle, C., Ritson, D. J., Duffy, C. D. & Sutherland, J. D. Nature Chem. 7 , 301–307 (2015).

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Jerome, C. A., Kim, H.-J., Mojzsis, S. J., Benner, S. A. & Biondi, E. Astrobiology 22 , 629–636 (2022).

Martins, Z. et al. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 270 , 130–136 (2008).

Xavier, J. C., Hordijk, W., Kauffman, S., Steel, M. & Martin, W. F. Proc. R. Soc. B 287 , 20192377 (2020).

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The Origin Of Life

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AP®︎/College Biology

Course: ap®︎/college biology   >   unit 7.

• Earth formation
• Beginnings of life
• Origins of life
• Hypotheses about the origins of life
• The RNA origin of life

Origins of life on Earth

• (Choice A)   Was the synthesis of simple organic molecules on early Earth a stepping stone toward the evolution of complex organic polymers? A Was the synthesis of simple organic molecules on early Earth a stepping stone toward the evolution of complex organic polymers?
• (Choice B)   Why do organic molecules exist both on Earth and on meteorites that have come to Earth from space? B Why do organic molecules exist both on Earth and on meteorites that have come to Earth from space?
• (Choice C)   Can organic molecules be generated abiotically under low temperature and high levels of UV radiation, similar to conditions in space? C Can organic molecules be generated abiotically under low temperature and high levels of UV radiation, similar to conditions in space?
• (Choice D)   Did simple organic molecules form abiotically in the atmosphere of early Earth with the goal of generating life? D Did simple organic molecules form abiotically in the atmosphere of early Earth with the goal of generating life?

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