mali case study geography

Area:  1,240,192 km²

Geography:  Mali is a landlocked country located in West Africa, with a subtropical to arid climate. Due to the country’s geographical extension it can be divided into three different zones: the southern cultivated Sudanese zone, the central semiarid Sahelian zone and the northern arid Saharan zone. Mali’s terrain is mostly flat with rolling plains in the north, savanna in the south and rugged hills in the northeast. In 2011 about 34% of the land was used for agriculture.  ( CIA, 2019 )

Land Degradation:  Studies suggest the annual loss of GDP due to soil erosion to account for  6 % of GDP. The most severe degradation in Mali occurs in the northern semi-arid belt between Gao and Mopti. Also the arid zone in the north is highly degraded. Most areas in the south are only moderately or mildly degraded, except for some small patches around cities, which are affected by severe degradation. ( World Bank )

Sustainable Land Management:  The Malian Government articulates a response to the challenge of land degradation in several national strategies and action plans. These strategies highlight internal solutions to ensure that land management is prioritized and better addressed. ( World Bank )

ELD ACTIVITIES

Case study (2020).

Title : The Economics of Cotton Production in Mali and the Challenges of Land Degradation Content:  This study compares the economics of conventional and organic cotton production in the Koutiala and Bougouni counties in Mali. Publication : April 2020 Report :  EN   FR Policy brief:  EN Fact sheet :  EN   FR

Capacity Building (2017-2020)

Within the Regreening Africa  project, jointly implemented with the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the ELD Initiative is conducting trainings on the total economic valuation of terrestrial ecosystems and their services. Trainings are complemented by practical exercises as part of research within the country.

Case Study (2015)

Title : An economic valuation of agroforestry and land restoration in the Kelka forest Mali. Authors : Sidibé Y., Myint M., Westerberg V. Content : The Mali case study uses an ex-ante cost-benefit analysis of large-scale agroforestry and reforestation in the Kelka forest to provide decision makers with information about the value and importance of changing current land use practices towards more sustainable approaches. The benefits of large-scale landscape restoration from acacia reforestation and agroforestry in the Kelka area largely outweigh the costs both at the local and global levels for a time horizon of 25 years. Every invested USD may create a USD 6 benefit to local farmers and even a USD 13 benefit to global society due to advanced ecosystem services and carbon sequestration. Report :  EN ,  FR

ELD Secretariat E-Mail: [email protected]

• ELD Ambassador Mali

Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

Agroforestry in koutiala, mali.

Mali is a low-income country. An agroforestry program in Koutiala is increasing the sustainability of Mali's food supplies. Part of Mali borders a desert biome and only gets 8 inches of rain each year.

What is agroforestry?

• Agroforestry involves growing crops and trees together to reduce soil erosion and to increase food yields.
• The low rainfall and torrential nature of rain in Mali when it does come mean that farmers are using agroforestry to improve yields and the sustainability of their food supplies.
• Agroforestry has increased maize crop yield in the Koutiala region.

Nitrogen-fixing plants in agroforestry

• In Mali, a nitrogen-fixing plant called 'stylosanthes', improves the nitrogen content of the soil.
• Plants need nitrogen and nitrates to grow.

Trees in agroforestry

• Gliricidia trees are planted around the crops to bind the soil, reduce soil erosion and give the crops shade from the sun.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.3 Factors Affecting Risk

1.1.4 People Affecting Risk

1.1.5 Ability to Cope With Natural Hazards

1.1.6 How Serious Are Natural Hazards?

1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.8 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 The Earth's Layers

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates

1.2.3 The Earth's Tectonic Plates

1.2.4 Convection Currents

1.2.5 Plate Margins

1.2.6 Volcanoes

1.2.7 Volcano Eruptions

1.2.8 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.9 Primary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.10 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.11 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.12 Immediate Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.13 Long-Term Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.14 Earthquakes

1.2.15 Earthquakes at Different Plate Margins

1.2.16 What is an Earthquake?

1.2.17 Measuring Earthquakes

1.2.18 Immediate Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.19 Long-Term Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.20 Case Studies: The L'Aquila Earthquake

1.2.21 Case Studies: The Kashmir Earthquake

1.2.22 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.23 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.24 Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards

1.2.25 Protecting & Planning

1.2.26 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.27 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.29 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Winds & Pressure

1.3.2 The Global Atmospheric Circulation Model

1.3.3 Surface Winds

1.3.4 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.5 Changing Weather in the UK

1.3.6 Tropical Storms

1.3.7 Tropical Storm Causes

1.3.8 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.9 The Structure of Tropical Storms

1.3.10 The Effect of Climate Change on Tropical Storms

1.3.11 The Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.12 Responses to Tropical Storms

1.3.13 Reducing the Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.14 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.15 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.16 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.17 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.18 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.19 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Climate Change

1.4.2 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.3 Natural Causes of Climate Change

1.4.4 Human Causes of Climate Change

1.4.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

1.4.6 Effects of Climate Change on People

1.4.7 Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

1.4.8 Adaptation to Climate Change

1.4.9 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.11 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Food Chains & Webs

2.1.3 Ecosystem Cascades

2.1.4 Global Ecosystems

2.1.5 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.2 Interdependence of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.3 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests

2.2.4 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests

2.2.5 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.6 Deforestation

2.2.7 Impacts of Deforestation

2.2.8 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.9 Why Protect Rainforests?

2.2.10 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.11 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.12 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.13 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.14 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Interdependence in Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Adaptation of Plants to Hot Deserts

2.3.4 Adaptation of Animals to Hot Deserts

2.3.5 Biodiversity in Hot Deserts

2.3.6 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.7 Desertification

2.3.8 Reducing the Risk of Desertification

2.3.9 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.10 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Interdependence of Cold Environments

2.4.3 Adaptations of Plants to Cold Environments

2.4.4 Adaptations of Animals to Cold Environments

2.4.5 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.6 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.7 Sustainable Management

2.4.8 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.9 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.2 Examples of the UK's Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering

3.2.3 Mass Movement

3.2.4 Processes of Erosion

3.2.5 Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.6 Headlands & Bays

3.2.7 Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.8 Longshore Drift

3.2.9 Sediment Transport

3.2.10 Deposition

3.2.11 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.12 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering

3.2.13 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering

3.2.14 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.15 Coastal Management - Managed Retreat

3.2.16 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.17 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.18 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.19 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.20 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The Long Profile of a River

3.3.2 The Cross Profile of a River

3.3.3 Vertical & Lateral Erosion

3.3.4 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.5 Processes of Erosion

3.3.6 Sediment Transport

3.3.7 River Deposition

3.3.8 Waterfalls & Gorges

3.3.9 Interlocking Spurs

3.3.10 Meanders

3.3.11 Oxbow Lakes

3.3.12 Floodplains

3.3.13 Levees

3.3.14 Estuaries

3.3.15 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.16 River Management

3.3.17 Hydrographs

3.3.18 Flood Defences - Hard Engineering

3.3.19 Flood Defences - Soft Engineering

3.3.20 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.21 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.22 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.23 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 The UK in the Last Ice Age

3.4.2 Glacial Processes

3.4.3 Glacial Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.4 Tarns, Corries, Glacial Troughs & Truncated Spurs

3.4.5 Types of Moraine

3.4.6 Drumlins & Erratics

3.4.7 Snowdonia

3.4.8 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.9 Conflicts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.10 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.11 Coping with Tourism Impacts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.12 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.13 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.14 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Factors Causing Urbanisation

4.1.3 Megacities

4.1.4 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.5 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.6 UK Cities

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.8 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.9 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.10 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.11 Reducing Traffic Congestion

4.1.12 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.14 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Limitations of Developing Measures

5.1.3 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.4 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

5.1.6 Physical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.7 Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.8 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.9 Consequences of Uneven Development

5.1.10 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.11 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.12 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.13 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.14 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.15 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.16 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

5.2 Economic Development in the UK

5.2.1 Causes of Economic Change in the UK

5.2.2 The UK's Post-Industrial Economy

5.2.3 The Impacts of UK Industry on the Environment

5.2.4 Change in the UK's Rural Areas

5.2.5 Transport in the UK

5.2.6 The North-South Divide

5.2.7 Regional Differences in the UK

5.2.8 The UK's Links to the World

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Uneven Distribution of Resources

6.1.3 Food in the UK

6.1.4 Agribusiness

6.1.5 Demand for Water in the UK

6.1.6 Water Pollution in the UK

6.1.7 Matching Supply & Demand of Water in the UK

6.1.8 The UK's Energy Mix

6.1.9 Issues with Sources of Energy

6.1.10 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Increasing Food Consumption

6.2.3 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.4 Impacts of Food Insecurity

6.2.5 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.7 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.8 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.9 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.11 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 Water Surplus & Water Deficit

6.3.2 Increasing Water Consumption

6.3.3 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.4 Impacts of Water Insecurity

6.3.5 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.6 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.7 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.8 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.9 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.10 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.12 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Increasing Energy Consumption

6.4.3 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.4 Impacts of Energy Insecurity

6.4.5 Increasing Energy Supply - Solar

6.4.6 Increasing Energy Supply - Water

6.4.7 Increasing Energy Supply - Wind

6.4.8 Increasing Energy Supply - Nuclear

6.4.9 Increasing Energy Supply - Fossil Fuels

6.4.10 Carbon Footprints

6.4.11 Energy Conservation

6.4.12 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.14 Energy - Statistical Skills

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geography A level > Mali case study > Flashcards

Mali case study Flashcards

when did France take control of Mali

when did Mali have there independence and what state did the Tuareg want to create

1960 and the Tuareg wanted to create the state called Azawad

when did a coup take place that took control of government buildings

what group, did France begin military action against in 2013 on the 11th of January

the Islamist extremists

when was a peace deal signed that the rebels pulled out of 100 days later

on the 18th of June 2013

when was a ceasefire agreement signed

19th of February 2015

what were the 4 main organisations that went and helped in Mali

• UN project MINUSMA
• the French military
• EDEAO ECOWAS

what 3 things are MINUSMA establishing in Mali

mechanism for - political stability - economic stability - social stability

what is the average life expectancy of someone in Mali

what percentage of exports is gold and cotton responsible for in Mali

what is the mean expected years of schooling

how much did the world bank donate for Mali to invest in to education

$63 Million

why are solar panels are great opportunity in Mali

due having 7-10 hours of consistent sunlight during the day for most of the year

what is the literacy rate of the Malian population

33.4% literacy rate

what percentage of the population is lving on $1.25 a day

50.43% of the population (so over half!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

how many deaths and how many injures have been due to malicious acts

110 deaths and 69 injuries

what is the government failing to protect their citizens from

human rights abuse, particularly against women and children

why is the north suffering economically

due to the economical growth being target at Bamako that is situated in the South of the country

what is a key theme between the North and the South

economic, inequalities, as well as a lack of development for the North

what is the infant mortality rate in Mali (2015)

111 (per 1000)

what is the GNI per capita in Mali (2015)

2,000 (PPP $)

what was the name of the places that the Tuareg wanted to name and have control over

state 3 examples of injustice, Mali

• the government’s’ inability to police it’s own country has lead to high levels to human trafficking, drug smuggling, kidnapping, embezzlement and corruption.
• the government, is unable to protect citizens, from human rights abuse, in particular, children and women, as women are subject, to a disproportionate amount of domestic and agricultural work.
• economic growth, is targeted in Bamako (the south)

state 3 examples of inequality in Mali

• socio economic inequalities, between south and north remain, the north is underdeveloped and under represented in a political sense too.
• deep rooted cultural and linguistic divisions , between the Tuareg, Arab and other ethnic groups
• UN soldiers, and citizens not being protected by the Malian government

what are the world bank doing to help, in Mali

they are helping to educate the youth of the country, to allow them to have the skills that they need, in order to access certain opportunities, to allow them to have access to the high paying jobs that they previously would not of had the opportunities required to access, these top jobs

state 3 reasons, as to why there is stability in Mali

• signed a peace treaty, in June 2015
• provision of military force, and strengthening the police four, to minimise terrorist activity.
• protection of human rights, reinforcing international norms of behaviour

state 3 reasons, to show why there is growth and development in Mali

• Mali, has 7-10 hours of constant sunlight a day, which could allow them to harness large amounts of solar energy
• banks support smallholder farmers, by enhancing supply chains for farming and fishery products
• world bank, donated $63 million to Mali, in order to invest in education

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The Geography of the Bottom Billion: Rural Isolation and Basic Service Access in the Republic of Mali

• Original Article
• Published: 04 March 2019
• Volume 31 , pages 1147–1170, ( 2019 )

Cite this article

• Leif V. Brottem   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-332X 1 &
• Bakary Coulibaly 2  

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This article investigates the challenge of basic service access in one of the world’s poorest regions. Using the Republic of Mali as a case study, the article provides a new perspective on the dominant paradigm of decentralized service provision with a focus on rural areas, where basic services remain persistently inadequate. Service provision in regions such as West Africa will represent one of the most important development challenges in coming decades. This article applies a new geographical framework to decentralized institutions and service provision that is necessary to understand why access to basic services is becoming a more difficult problem to solve. It introduces two new analytical concepts—livelihood extensification and service attenuation—as well as a novel geographic dataset of rural service accessibility to show how rapid population growth and continued dependence on agriculture are putting basic services out of reach for an increasing share of Mali’s population.

Cet article examine le défi de l’accès aux services de base dans l’une des régions les plus pauvres du monde. En utilisant la République du Mali comme étude de cas, cet article offre une nouvelle perspective sur le paradigme dominant de l’approvisionnement par les institutions décentralisées, en mettant l’accent sur les zones rurales, où les services de base restent toujours insuffisants. Les services de base dans des régions telles que l’Afrique de l’Ouest représentera l’un des défis de développement les plus importants des prochaines décennies. Cet article applique aux institutions décentralisées et à leur approvisionnement des services un nouveau cadre géographique, nécessaire pour comprendre pourquoi l'accès aux services de base devient un problème plus difficile à résoudre. Il introduit deux nouveaux concepts analytiques - l’extensification des moyens de subsistance et l’atténuation des services - ainsi qu’un nouvel ensemble des données géographiques sur l’accessibilité des services ruraux, démontrant ainsi que la croissance démographique rapide et la dépendance continue à l’agriculture rendent les services de base inaccessibles pour une part croissante de la population malienne.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Lassine Ba and Mamadou Diakite, and Grinnell College Committee for the Support of Faculty Scholarship.

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Brottem, L.V., Coulibaly, B. The Geography of the Bottom Billion: Rural Isolation and Basic Service Access in the Republic of Mali. Eur J Dev Res 31 , 1147–1170 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00205-7

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Published : 04 March 2019

Issue Date : 01 September 2019

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00205-7

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