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BMC Infectious Diseases

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The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21 :436

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Considerations for infectious disease research and practice

As the 21st century unfolds, strategies to prevent and control infectious diseases remain an area of vital interest and concern. The burden of disease, disability, and death caused by infectious diseases is felt around the world in both developed and developing nations. Moreover, the ability of infectious agents to destabilize populations, economies, and governments is strikingly apparent. To an unprecedented degree, infectious disease-related issues are high on the agendas of world leaders, philanthropists, policymakers, and the public. This enhanced focus, combined with recent scientific and technological advances, creates new opportunities and challenges for infectious disease research and practice. This paper examines these issues in the context of three countries: China, India, and the United States.

1. Introduction

Only a few decades ago, there was enormous optimism that the threat of infectious diseases was receding. Scientific and technologic advances, such as the development of antibiotics and vaccines, along with improved hygiene, sanitation, and vector control, enabled dramatic improvements in health and led many to predict the end of infectious disease [1] . This was especially true in the industrialized world, but even the poorest nations showed encouraging signs of victory in the battle against infectious disease.

Nonetheless, we know today that such optimism was premature. It did not take into account critical factors such as the extraordinary increase in international travel and trade, and the movement of people into urban settings—many into mega-cities—where the spread of disease is amplified through crowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene. It also did not recognize that changing agricultural practices and environmental manipulations would dramatically alter disease vectors and opportunities for exposure. That early optimism did not reflect the continuing challenge of how to change behaviors that increase transmission and exposure, including risky sexual practices and intravenous drug use. In addition, it underestimated the extraordinary resilience and ability of microbes to change and adapt, and the continuing difficulty of ensuring that existing medical knowledge and tools translate into real-world care for anyone who needs it, whether because of inadequate resources, ignorance, or complacency. Sadly, it is now apparent that we also live in an era when we must prepare for the possibility of microbial agents being used intentionally as weapons to do harm [2] .

2. The burden of infectious disease

In our modern world, infectious diseases still claim millions of lives every year. Globally, infectious disease represents the second leading cause of death, and the leading cause of death for children and adults under the age of 50. Infectious diseases place a particularly severe burden on the less-developed parts of the world, causing one in every two deaths. Overall, infectious diseases account for about 30% of healthy years lost to illness, as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) [3] .

2.1. Emerging and re-emerging infections

Within just the last few decades, more than 30 newly discovered infectious disease threats [4] have emerged. The majority of these have been zoonoses, or human diseases that have their origins in animal disease. HIV, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H5N1 avian influenza, Ebola, and Nipah virus are a few such examples [5] . We have also witnessed the re-emergence or resurgence of old diseases like West Nile disease, monkeypox, dengue fever, malaria, and TB, often in new geographic regions. In some cases, the resurgence of diseases like malaria and TB has come in new and more dangerous forms that are drug-resistant, which is becoming a serious problem worldwide. Unfortunately, the widespread and often inappropriate use of antimicrobials has led to the emergence of resistant strains of many microbes, complicating the management of a wide variety of diseases, and threatening future treatment options [2] .

Virtually all nations have been affected by these emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In addition, prospects for more emerging diseases will likely increase in coming years due to continuing globalization of trade and travel, urbanization and crowding, inadequate health care, and encroachment on the environment—all leading to new interactions between people and animals and other vectors of disease. While the scope of the problem is vast, the encouraging fact is that we have an opportunity to make enormous improvements in health through new understandings of the threats we face and appropriate applications of scientific and technological advances.

2.2. Infectious component of chronic diseases

It is important to recognize that there can be a substantial infectious component to chronic disease. In fact, many chronic conditions once thought unrelated to infectious disease are now linked to bacterial, viral, or parasitic agents. This is an area of active exploration and research, and many fascinating examples are emerging in the realm of cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, ulcers, diabetes, and others, with far-reaching implications for health.

Recent research indicates that viruses are a causal factor in 15–20% of all human cancers [1] . For example, human papilloma virus causes almost all cases of cervical cancer, a major killer of women worldwide. Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, and hepatitis B and C account for about 80% of all liver cancers. In many of these cases, viral genes are necessary for the initial development of the tumor as well as for the continuing survival of tumor cells in the final malignant stage. This suggests there may be opportunities to prevent or possibly cure certain cancers through control of either the initial viral infection or through the inhibition of viral functions [6] . In fact, the use of hepatitis B vaccine has already resulted in a decreased incidence of liver cancer in certain populations [1] .

2.3. Infectious disease in the US, China, and India

No nation is immune to the complex challenges of infectious disease. In more developed countries such as the United States, but also in China and India, the burden of infectious disease is less pronounced but still severe. The US has demonstrated the greatest progress in the struggle against infectious disease, with a 10-fold decrease in the number of infectious disease deaths over the first half of the twentieth century, thanks to improvements in sanitation, hygiene, and the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines. In the following decades, there were continuing improvements—although less dramatic—until the 1980s, when infectious disease rates actually began to increase because of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS. However, even when deaths from HIV/AIDS are excluded, there is still a general upward trend in the number of deaths from infectious disease [2] .

Both China and India have made enormous strides in improving the health and curbing the spread of infectious diseases, reflecting the remarkable economic progress of these two nations [7] . However, people in these countries remain at a higher risk of developing infectious diseases and dying from their illness than people in the US, largely due to poor sanitation, unhygienic living conditions, and inadequate access to quality healthcare.

India suffers the greater burden of infectious disease. India is estimated to have the second highest number of HIV/AIDS cases in the world (second only to South Africa), with over 4.58 million infected people. Half a million people are projected to die from AIDS in India next year, and 600,000 are in urgent need of antiretroviral therapy [8] . Tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB), also represents a major challenge for India. Cholera and dengue fever have been longstanding health problems in India; however, outbreaks of both of these diseases have increased significantly of late. Acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and neonatal infections remain major childhood killers, despite significant improvements in immunization rates in recent years [8] .

China is better off than most of the countries to its south. The toll of many infectious diseases, including sexually transmitted disease, malaria, schistosomiasis, and vaccine-preventable diseases, was substantially reduced over past decades, although recent reports from China indicate continuing problems with increasing trends for some areas [9] , [10] . The most prevalent disease is tuberculosis, followed by hepatitis B, dysentery, syphilis, and gonorrhea. According to official reports, these five diseases account for almost 88% of all reported cases [11] . Although overall prevalence remains relatively low, HIV/AIDS is fast becoming a major problem. As of the end of 2005, the Chinese Ministry of Health estimated that 650,000 people in China were infected, with an estimated 70,000 new HIV infections and 25,000 deaths that year [12] . The joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) predicted that by 2010 over 10 million people could become infected, and it termed this HIV epidemic as “China's titanic peril” [13] .

China is highly vulnerable to other emerging infectious diseases as well. Animal husbandry practices in China have led to close contacts between animal and human populations. In fact, China has more people, pigs, and poultry (1.3 billion, 508 million, and 13 billion, respectively) living in close proximity to people than any nation in the world—or in history [14] . With high levels of avian flu circulating within the country, China is now dangerously positioned to become the source of a new pandemic flu. Such conditions also raise significant concerns about the emergence of another serious zoonotic disease like the SARS outbreak, which began in China.

3. The widening context of infectious disease threats

Addressing the problems of serious endemic infectious disease is a fundamental and urgent requirement. However, the increasingly transnational nature of emerging infectious diseases constitutes one of the greatest challenges of our modern era. In today's highly interconnected world, a disease that occurs in one part of the world can travel around the globe in less than 24 hours. In recent years, avian flu, SARS, and HIV/AIDS have received prominent coverage, but they are only three on a list of infectious diseases that require a global response.

Moreover, outbreaks of these diseases have the potential to cause profound economic damage, as well as social and political instability. India learned this lesson in 1994 when there was an outbreak of pneumonic plague in Surat. The national and international response led to the closure of airports and dramatic disruptions in tourism and trade, at an estimated cost to India of approximately $1.7 billion [15] . More recently, this lesson was brought home to China when SARS emerged in Guangdong Province in 2003 and spread rapidly throughout China and around the globe. Health authorities were unprepared, and serious deficiencies were revealed in China's ability to mount an effective, coordinated response. Early on, official efforts to conceal the extent of the emerging epidemic exacerbated the situation and critical time for disease identification and containment was lost. The consequences were devastating for China and the world; more than 8000 people were infected and some 800 died; cities were paralyzed for months; travel was disrupted; and the direct economic impact on other countries in the region was estimated to be as high as $30 billion [8] . China was forced to reassess its ability to control communicable disease, and to make new commitments to strengthen its systems for infectious disease control.

4. Critical role of infectious disease research

As new attention and concern is directed to the challenges of global health and infectious disease, extraordinary advances in life sciences research and biotechnology have already begun to drive a global transformation in the design, development, and delivery of new tools to combat infectious diseases. In addition to basic research into how infectious organisms cause disease, and how the human immune system responds—both of which will enable new understanding into the nature of disease and how to address it—new opportunities have appeared. These include rapid and effective strategies for early detection of microbes, antibiotic sensitivity profiles, targeted efforts to improve drugs and therapeutics to manage or cure infectious disease, new and improved vaccines for prevention and control of disease, and new systems to more efficiently deliver therapeutic and preventive interventions. Other technology advances with important implications for infectious disease and public health include enhanced systems for disease surveillance and early recognition, as well as opportunities to more meaningfully analyze and model disease outbreaks and develop strategies for their control.

The emergence and rapid expansion of fields such as recombinant biology, genomics and proteomics, systems biology, synthetic biology, information technology (including computer and mathematical modeling), genetic epidemiology, and nanotechnology underlie much of these new understandings, capabilities, and opportunities [16] . For example, the application of functional genomics and proteomics enables a deeper understanding of the etiology of disease and its manifestations. Synthetic biology offers important new strategies for drug discovery and design. Work at the intersection of these fields and cross-disciplinary approaches are increasingly critical. For example, because many important pathogens persist in animal reservoirs or may be transmitted to human hosts through other vectors, examination of important aspects of infectious disease transmission in these systems, including animal and human host resistance and susceptibility, vector efficiency, genetic variabilities, and population dynamics, will be essential.

At the same time that advances in science offer new tools to analyze information and better understand disease, they also offer opportunities to greatly enhance the speed of progress. For example, continuing technology advances in DNA sequencing will make it possible to rapidly characterize more and more genomes, offering greater insights into basic composition and individual variation in both human and pathogen populations. The ability of genomics to support the development of increasingly rapid and reliable assessment tools like microarrays will be a huge asset to the swift diagnosis of infectious disease agents. Applications from the fields of robotics and informatics will facilitate rapid, high-throughput screening for new potential antimicrobial drug candidates. Information technology will enable large quantities of data to be rapidly mined, with a goal of more effective disease identification or trend tracking in real time that enables swift response.

Continuing advances in technology will make a range of important tools, techniques, and assays increasingly accessible to those with less training and expertise, which will greatly broaden their utility and impact. However, as these advances move forward, parallel efforts must be undertaken to reduce costs. Cost remains a major barrier to effective application of these tools, whether for research, for clinical care, or for public health disease control interventions. Correspondingly, the link between infectious disease research, and health care needs, services, and training must be strengthened in order to ensure that the appropriate research agenda is addressed and implemented. Moreover, without a commitment to some minimal level of infrastructure for healthcare, the benefits of scientific advances will not translate into meaningful care for those in need.

5. The changing context of life sciences research

The field of infectious disease is being transformed by advances in new fields of science. While US scientific research in the life sciences and biotechnology sectors still leads the world, the US no longer stands alone in its levels of research productivity or research funding [16] , [17] . Both China and India are becoming major players, which has important implications for the conduct and content of infectious disease research and practice.

With booming economies and new spending power, both India and China see enormous opportunities to invest in key areas of emerging scientific activity, such as genomics and proteomics, information technology, and nanotechnology, and are placing an increasing premium on innovation in their scientific enterprise [18] , [19] . Clearly, advances in these fields are vital for addressing some of the most pressing disease challenges in those countries and beyond, but investment is also seen as a critical component of their national economic development strategy.

One indicator of the growing role of China and India can be seen in the reversal of the “brain drain.” With considerable new investments to strengthen educational institutions, research facilities, and research funding, growing numbers of talented Indian and Chinese scientists are choosing to stay in their home country to undertake scientific training and careers. In addition, the number of Western scientists seeking research opportunities in Chinese and Indian institutions is on the rise. Many foreign companies, including large multinationals, are deciding to establish sites or launch ventures in China and India because of the large and relatively inexpensive talent pool and the lower costs of doing business [16] .

While China and India are well positioned to become powerful players in the infectious disease arena, rapid expansion of their life sciences research and the associated pressures to produce economy-boosting science have led to concerns about quality control, ethics, and the adequacy of research and production oversight [20] . Continued success and the ability to compete at the global level will require sustained investment to strengthen and extend the scientific research infrastructure in these countries, including improving the quality of higher education, regulatory oversight, adherence to ethical and biosecurity regulations, and open, transparent collaboration.

It is in all our best interests to strengthen the cooperative nature of these scientific endeavors. Enchancing scientific links and forging far-reaching scientific collaborations will have many benefits. For one thing, a large share of the serious infectious disease problems of global concern currently exist or are likely to emerge from regions that include China and India. Research and development in those areas has special value because it is generally easier and more economical to study diseases where they are endemic. With respect to public health, such collaboration becomes imperative because of the transnational consequences of many of those infectious diseases. Fundamental knowledge about the nature of certain organisms and the diseases they cause, as well as opportunities for early detection, response, and control, can most effectively be achieved through broad-based collaboration. Such collaboration builds confidence and transparency and promotes sharing of data in a timely manner. This will strengthen the science base and opportunities for discovery, and amplify resources for meaningful action. Open scientific collaboration among these nations will also help to support quality research of the highest scientific and ethical standards.

6. Potential for misapplication

In an era of terrorism, such collaboration takes on additional importance. It is evident that growth in biotechnology and the explosion of knowledge about the fundamental building blocks of life—and how to manipulate them—bring with it staggering and unpredictable power. While advances in modern biology offer great hope to improve health and prevent disease, they also offer tools that can be used—through malevolence, misapplication, or sheer inadvertence—to create new and more dangerous organisms, and effective mechanisms for delivery. From a scientific perspective, managing this threat is a complex challenge. No one wants to impede the progress of legitimate and important science. However, we must recognize a set of real concerns. Meaningful solutions will require the full engagement and support of the scientific community, as well as a mix of strategies that include professional standards and codes of conduct, national rules and regulations, international guidelines and agreements, and a fundamental shift in understanding and accountability about how science is done.

The potential threat of bioterrorism is felt most profoundly in the US, where the anthrax attacks in 2001 heightened attention and concern. In recent years, new initiatives have been undertaken to examine the implications of advances in life sciences research and biotechnology, and the government has tightened its ability to monitor the procurement and use of dangerous pathogens [16] . Other countries have indicated concern about this threat as well. For example, the Chinese government and its scientific leaders have developed codes of conduct and other regulations to address biosecurity and reduce the risk of bioterrorism [21] . India has also begun to address this threat through policy and programs now underway [22] . Many cross-national initiatives have also been undertaken to engage these and other nations, and to develop a scientific awareness and ethos to foster adequate and appropriate oversight of biosecurity, including the responsible stewardship of research activities, knowledge, and materials. International cooperation will be essential to achieving these goals.

7. Conclusion

Looking to the future, all nations share a common need to meet the challenge of more effectively detecting, tracking, treating, and preventing infectious diseases. The scientific research community must respond by identifying critical needs and developing strategies to address them. These challenges will require the integration of cutting-edge science and technology with a complex array of social, political, legal, ethical, and economic realities. Moreover, it will require new partnerships across nations, and a more effective coordination of public- and private-sector efforts. And throughout, it will require a delicate balancing act between competing priorities, including: global health needs; personal, national, and international security; the role of the research enterprise and industry on the economy of a growing number of countries; and support for the advancement of science and its safe application.

Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., is Senior Scientist at the Global Health and Security Initiative, Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), and an expert in public health, infectious diseases, and emergency preparedness. She was founding Vice President for Biological Threats at NTI and helped to create their Global Health and Security Initiative. Prior to this, Dr. Hamburg held the positions of: Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services; New York City Commissioner of Health; and Assistant Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH. A graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Medical School, Dr. Hamburg serves on numerous boards and committees. She is a member of the Institute of Medicine/NAS, the Council on Foreign Relations, and American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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Why Choose Our Disease Research Topics?

Educators want you to convince them that you have taken the time to think about your topic and research it extensively. What’s more, your research should make a meaningful contribution to your study field. Therefore, select a good topic and research it extensively before you start writing. Analyze your information to determine what will make it to your research paper. Here is a list of 100 disease research paper topics worth considering for your paper or essay.

Infectious Disease Topics for Research Papers

Are you interested in infectious disease research topics? If yes, you will find this list interesting. This category comprises hot topics in infectious disease fields. Consider some of these ideas for your research paper.

The virology, epidemiology, and prevention of COVID-19
The diagnosis of COVID-19
Prevention vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Questions people ask about COVID-19
Clinical features of COVID-19
COVID-19 management in a hospital setting
Infection control for COVID-19 in homes and healthcare settings
Skin abscess and cellulitis in adults
Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and epidemiology of yellow fever
Transmission and epidemiology of measles
Role of untreated inflammation of genital tract in HIV transmission
Racial inequities of COVID-19 and HIV in black communities
Community-acquired pneumonia overview in adults
The use of procalcitonin in the infections of lower respiratory tract
Herpes simplex virus prevention and treatment
Uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhea treatment
Society guidelines for COVID-19
Why public education is crucial in fighting COVID-19
Overview of Ebola over the last two decades
Investigations into the use of monoclonal antibody in treating Ebola

This category also has some of the best infectious disease presentation topics. Nevertheless, learners should prepare to research extensively before writing academic papers on these topics.

Interesting Disease Topics

Maybe you want to research and write a research paper on a topic that most people find interesting. In that case, consider these disease topics for research paper.

Discuss bulimia as a common eating disorder
Why are so many young people suffering from anorexia?
What causes most eating disorders
How serious are sleep disorders
Discuss rabies treatment- The Milwaukee protocol
Is assisted suicide a way to treat terminal diseases?
What are the effects of brain injuries?
What are professional diseases?
Is autism a norm variant or a disease?
The history of pandemics and epidemics
The role of antibiotics in treating diseases
What causes insomnia?
What are the effects of insomnia?
How to cope with insomnia
Can sleeping pills cure insomnia?
Explain what causes long-term insomnia
Using traditional medicine to fight insomnia
How to deal with bulimia and nervosa
How eating disorders affect self-harm behavior
How feminism affect anorexic women phenomenon

This is a list of easy disease topics for papers. What’s more, most people will find these research paper disease topics interesting to read about. Nevertheless, students should take time to research their preferred topics to come up with brilliant papers on any of these human disease research paper topics.

Cardiovascular Disease Research Topics

Maybe you’re interested in topic ideas on heart disease. Perhaps, you want to write about an illness of the respiratory system. In that case, consider these heart disease research topics.

An investigation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A research of the causes of coronary artery disease
Antithrombotic therapy in surgical valve and prosthetic heart valve repair
Intervention choice for severe cases of calcific aortic stenosis
Prognosis and treatment of heart failure using preserved fraction of injection
Infective endocarditis management in adults
Risk assessment for cardiovascular disease for primary prevention
Prognosis and treatment of acute pericarditis
Treatment of reflex syncope in adolescents and adults
Anticoagulant therapy for preventing thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 in adults
Acute decompensated heart failure treatment
What is hypertriglyceridemia?
How to manage elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in cardiovascular disease
Management and evaluation of cardiac disease
Conduction system and arrhythmias disease and COVID-19
Myocardial infarction in COVID-19
Can somebody inherit a cardiac disease?
How effective are treatments for irregular heartbeat?
How to determine the risk for a sudden cardiac death

This list comprises some of the best special disease topics. That’s because most people reading about these topics might not have heard about them before. Nevertheless, this category also has interesting research topics for disease control that may help individuals that want to avoid or manage some illnesses.

Research Topics for Chronic Disease

You probably know somebody living with a chronic illness. Unlike controversial topics in infectious disease, people don’t talk much about chronic illnesses. And for this reason, some people don’t know about these illnesses. When writing about non-communicable illnesses, you can settle for human genetic disease topics or even research topics for sickle cell disease. Here are some of the topics about non-communicable diseases that you can write about.

The risk of breast cancer after childbirth
Postpartum PTSD- Effective preventative measures
Experiences of females suffering from cardiac disease during pregnancy- A systematic review
Husbands attendance and knowledge of wives’ postpartum care in rural areas
Postpartum depression screening by perinatal nurses in hospitals
Gestational diabetes mellitus screening from the rural perspective
Maternal mortality- How to help cardiac and pregnant patients
Sex differences in cardio metabolic disorders and major depression- Effect of immune exposures and prenatal stress
Determinants and prevalence of anxiety and antepartum depressive symptoms in fathers and expectant mothers- Outcomes from perinatal psychiatric morbidity
Evaluating the effect of community health workers on non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malnutrition, antenatal care, and family planning
History of women with postpartum affective disorder and the risk of future pregnancies recurrence
New self-care guide package and its effect on neonatal and maternal results in gestational diabetes
Depressive symptoms and life events in pregnant women- Moderating the resilience role and social support
Gestational diabetes and ethnic disparities
Pregnancy and diabetes- Opportunities and risks
Cardiovascular disease maternal death reduction- A pragmatic investigation
Meta-analysis and systematic review of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis with a two-step or one-step associations and approaches with negative pregnancy outcomes
Gestational diabetes mellitus treatment in women- A Cochrane systematic overview
Research in non-communicable diseases in Africa- A strategic investment
How to finance the national response to non-communicable diseases

Whether you opt to write about research paper topics in Huntington’s disease or non-communicable liver disease topics, you have to engage in extensive research to come up with a brilliant paper. We have more health research topics for you, so don’t hesitate to check them. Therefore, select an idea you will be comfortable researching and writing about. That way, you will avoid enduring a boring process of investing your topic and writing the paper. If you want to hire someone to help you with your assignment, just c ontact us with a “ do my research paper now ” request and we’ll get your papers done.

Articles from Emerging Infectious Diseases

Volume 30, Number 9—September 2024

[PDF - 13.33 MB - 246 pages]

Photo Quizzes

Research letters, ein research letter, in memoriam, corrections, about the cover.

Measles in persons with secondary vaccination failure (SVF) may be less infectious than cases in unvaccinated persons. Our systematic review aimed to assess transmission risk for measles after SVF. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from their inception dates. Inclusion criteria were articles describing persons who were exposed to measles-infected persons who had experienced SVF. Across the included 14 studies, >3,030 persons were exposed to measles virus from SVF cases, of whom 180 were susceptible, indicating secondary attack rates of 0%–6.25%. We identified 109 cases of SVF from the studies; 10.09% (n = 11) of case-patients transmitted the virus, resulting in 23 further cases and yielding an effective reproduction number of 0.063 (95% CI 0.0–0.5). These findings suggest a remarkably low attack rate for SVF measles cases, suggesting that, In outbreak situations, public health management of unvaccinated persons could be prioritized over persons with SVF.

EID	Tranter I, Smoll N, Lau CL, Williams D, Neucom D, Barnekow D, et al. Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240150
AMA	Tranter I, Smoll N, Lau CL, et al. Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure. . 2024;30(9):1747-1754. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240150.
APA	Tranter, I., Smoll, N., Lau, C. L., Williams, D., Neucom, D., Barnekow, D....Dyda, A. (2024). Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure. , (9), 1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240150.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging as notable causative agents of opportunistic infections. To examine clinical significance, species distribution, and temporal trends of NTM in Denmark, we performed a nationwide register-based study of all unique persons with NTM isolated in the country during 1991–2022. We categorized patients as having definite disease, possible disease, or isolation by using a previously validated method. The incidence of pulmonary NTM increased throughout the study period, in contrast to earlier findings. Mycobacterium malmoense , M. kansasii , M. szulgai , and M. avium complex were the most clinically significant species based on microbiologic findings; M. avium dominated in incidence. This study shows the need for surveillance for an emerging infection that is not notifiable in most countries, provides evidence to support clinical decision-making, and highlights the importance of not considering NTM as a single entity.

EID	Dahl V, Pedersen A, Norman A, Rasmussen E, van Ingen J, Andersen A, et al. Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240095
AMA	Dahl V, Pedersen A, Norman A, et al. Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022. . 2024;30(9):1755-1762. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240095.
APA	Dahl, V., Pedersen, A., Norman, A., Rasmussen, E., van Ingen, J., Andersen, A....Lillebaek, T. (2024). Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022. , (9), 1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240095.

Nematodes of the Onchocercidae family, such as Pelecitus spp., are filarial parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Although infections are widely distributed among avian species, only 2 cases of human Pelecitus ocular infection, both in South America, have been reported. We describe a 61-year-old man in northeast Thailand diagnosed with an ocular infection. Morphologic characteristics suggested the causative agent was a female Pelecitus nematode: coiled body, rounded anterior and posterior extremities, a distinct preesophageal cuticular ring, lateral alae, a postdeirid, and a protuberant vulva. Sequences of the 12S rDNA gene indicated 95%–96% identity and cox 1 gene 92%–96% identity with published P. copsychi sequences. P-distance for cox 1 sequences between the causative agent and P. copsychi was 6.71%. Phylogenetic trees of 12S rDNA and cox 1 genes indicated the species differed from but is closely associated with P. copsychi . Healthcare providers should be aware of the threat of ocular infection from Pelecitus spp. nematodes .

EID	Rujkorakarn P, Suvannachart P, Patamatamkul S, Thanchomnang T, Pramual P, Saijuntha W, et al. Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1763-1769. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231692
AMA	Rujkorakarn P, Suvannachart P, Patamatamkul S, et al. Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand. . 2024;30(9):1763-1769. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231692.
APA	Rujkorakarn, P., Suvannachart, P., Patamatamkul, S., Thanchomnang, T., Pramual, P., Saijuntha, W....Uni, S. (2024). Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand. , (9), 1763-1769. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231692.

We conducted a prospective study of 159 cases of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) bacteremia in 157 patients at 2 hospitals in Finland during November 2015–November 2019. Cellulitis was associated with nonsevere disease (p = 0.008); necrotizing fasciitis was associated with severe disease (p = 0.004). Fifty percent of patients had > 1 clinical characteristic associated with risk for death. The case-fatality rate was 6%, and 7% of patients were treated in an intensive care unit. Blood leukocyte counts on days 2 (p = 0.032) and 3 (p = 0.020) and C-reactive protein levels on days 3 (p = 0.030) and 4 (p = 0.009) after admission were predictors of severe disease. The Pitt bacteremia score was an accurate predictor of death. Using the Pitt bacteremia score, leukocyte counts, and CRP responses during initial treatment can improve treatment strategies and survival for patients with SDSE.

EID	Nevanlinna V, Aittoniemi J, Huttunen R, Luukkaala T, Rantala S. Clinical Aspects and Disease Severity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Bacteremia, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1770-1778. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240278
AMA	Nevanlinna V, Aittoniemi J, Huttunen R, et al. Clinical Aspects and Disease Severity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Bacteremia, Finland. . 2024;30(9):1770-1778. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240278.
APA	Nevanlinna, V., Aittoniemi, J., Huttunen, R., Luukkaala, T., & Rantala, S. (2024). Clinical Aspects and Disease Severity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Bacteremia, Finland. , (9), 1770-1778. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240278.

Spread of the Anopheles stephensi mosquito, an invasive malaria vector, threatens to put an additional 126 million persons per year in Africa at risk for malaria. To accelerate the early detection and rapid response to this mosquito species, confirming its presence and geographic extent is critical. However, existing molecular species assays require specialized laboratory equipment, interpretation, and sequencing confirmation. We developed and optimized a colorimetric rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for molecular An. stephensi species identification. The assay requires only a heat source and reagents and can be used with or without DNA extraction, resulting in positive color change in 30–35 minutes. We validated the assay against existing PCR techniques and found 100% specificity and analytical sensitivity down to 0.0003 ng of genomic DNA. The assay can successfully amplify single mosquito legs. Initial testing on samples from Marsabit, Kenya, illustrate its potential as an early vector detection and malaria mitigation tool.

EID	Rafferty C, Raise G, Scaife J, Abongo B, Omondi S, Milanoi S, et al. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240444
AMA	Rafferty C, Raise G, Scaife J, et al. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes. . 2024;30(9):1779-1789. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240444.
APA	Rafferty, C., Raise, G., Scaife, J., Abongo, B., Omondi, S., Milanoi, S....Zohdy, S. (2024). Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes. , (9), 1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240444.

Evidence on mortality rates and causes of death associated with extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection is limited. This nationwide register-based study in Denmark used diagnostic codes to match adult patients with extrapulmonary NTM infection 1:4 to controls. During 2000–2017, we identified 485 patients, who had significantly more comorbidities than controls. The 5-year mortality rate for patients was 26.8% (95% CI 23.1%–31.0%) and for controls, 10.9% (95% CI 9.6%–12.4%). The median age at death was 76 (interquartile range 63–85) years for patients and 84 (interquartile range 73–90) years for controls. The adjusted hazard rate of death for patients was 1.34 (95% CI 1.10–1.63; p = 0.004). Patients and controls mainly died of cardiovascular disease and solid malignant neoplasms. Hematologic malignancies and HIV were more frequently causes of death in patients. Mortality rates are substantial among patients with extrapulmonary NTM infection, predominantly caused by underlying conditions.

EID	Pedersen AA, Dahl VN, Løkke A, Holden IK, Fløe A, Ibsen R, et al. Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1790-1798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240475
AMA	Pedersen AA, Dahl VN, Løkke A, et al. Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark. . 2024;30(9):1790-1798. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240475.
APA	Pedersen, A. A., Dahl, V. N., Løkke, A., Holden, I. K., Fløe, A., Ibsen, R....Johansen, I. S. (2024). Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark. , (9), 1790-1798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240475.

To investigate epidemiology of and risk factors for laboratory-confirmed mpox during the 2022 outbreak in Nigeria, we enrolled 265 persons with suspected mpox. A total of 163 (61.5%) were confirmed to have mpox; 137 (84.0%) were adults, 112 (68.7%) male, 143 (87.7%) urban/semi-urban dwellers, 12 (7.4%) self-reported gay men, and 3 (1.8%) female sex workers. Significant risk factors for adults were sexual and nonsexual contact with persons who had mpox, as well as risky sexual behavior. For children, risk factors were close contact with an mpox-positive person and prior animal exposure. Odds of being mpox positive were higher for adults with HIV and lower for those co-infected with varicella zoster virus (VZV). No children were HIV-seropositive; odds of being mpox positive were higher for children with VZV infection. Our findings indicate mpox affects primarily adults in Nigeria, partially driven by sexual activity; childhood cases were driven by close contact, animal exposure, and VZV co-infection.

EID	Ogoina D, Dalhat M, Denue B, Okowa M, Chika-Igwenyi N, Oiwoh S, et al. Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1799-1808. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240135
AMA	Ogoina D, Dalhat M, Denue B, et al. Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. . 2024;30(9):1799-1808. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240135.
APA	Ogoina, D., Dalhat, M., Denue, B., Okowa, M., Chika-Igwenyi, N., Oiwoh, S....Adeiza, M. (2024). Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. , (9), 1799-1808. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240135.

We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza rates in childcare centers and schools in Wuxi, China, collecting 1,760 environmental samples and 9,214 throat swabs from 593 students (regardless of symptoms) in weekly collections during February–June 2023. We estimated a cumulative infection rate of 124.8 (74 episodes)/1,000 persons for SARS-CoV-2 and 128.2 (76 episodes)/1,000 persons for influenza. The highest SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was in persons 18 years of age, and for influenza, in children 4 years of age. The asymptomatic proportion of SARS-CoV-2 was 59.6% and 66.7% for influenza; SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic proportion was lower in 16–18-year-olds than in 4–6-year-olds. Only samples from frequently touched surface tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (4/1,052) and influenza (1/1,052). We found asynchronous circulation patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, similar to trends in national sentinel surveillance. The results support vaccination among pediatric populations and other interventions, such as environmental disinfection in educational settings.

EID	Shi C, Zhang Y, Ye S, Zhou J, Zhu F, Gao Y, et al. Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1809-1818. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240065
AMA	Shi C, Zhang Y, Ye S, et al. Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023. . 2024;30(9):1809-1818. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240065.
APA	Shi, C., Zhang, Y., Ye, S., Zhou, J., Zhu, F., Gao, Y....Wang, X. (2024). Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023. , (9), 1809-1818. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240065.

During 2018–2021, eight septic transfusion reactions occurred from transfusion of platelet units contaminated with Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus , Leclercia adecarboxylata , or a combination of those environmental organisms. Whether biofilm formation contributed to evasion of bacterial risk mitigations, including bacterial culture, point-of-care testing, or pathogen-reduction technology, is unclear. We designed a 12-well plate-based method to evaluate environmental determinants of single-species and multispecies biofilm formation in platelets. We evaluated bacteria isolated from septic transfusion reactions for biofilm formation by using crystal violet staining and enumeration of adherent bacteria. Most combinations of bacteria had enhanced biofilm production compared with single bacteria. Combinations involving L. adecarboxylata had increased crystal violet biofilm production and adherent bacteria. This study demonstrates that transfusion-relevant bacteria can produce biofilms well together. More work is needed to clarify the effect of biofilms on platelet bacterial risk control strategies, but US Food and Drug Administration–recommended strategies remain acceptable.

EID	Hapip C, Fischer E, Feldman T, Brown BL. Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240372
AMA	Hapip C, Fischer E, Feldman T, et al. Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model. . 2024;30(9):1819-1828. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240372.
APA	Hapip, C., Fischer, E., Feldman, T., & Brown, B. L. (2024). Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model. , (9), 1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240372.

The 2022 global mpox outbreak was driven by human-to-human transmission, but modes of transmission by sexual relationship versus sexual contact remain unclear. We evaluated sexual transmission of mpox by using monkeypox virus (MPXV) G2R-mRNA as a marker of ongoing viral replication through in vitro experiments. We analyzed clinical samples of 15 MPXV-positive patients in Italy from different biological regions by using the setup method. The presence of MPXV DNA, MPXV G2R-mRNA, or both in all analyzed lesion swab samples, independent of viral load, confirmed a higher infectivity risk from skin lesions. Positivity for MPXV G2R-mRNA in nasopharyngeal swabs was associated with high MPXV load, whereas positive results for MPXV G2R-mRNA were obtained only in the 2 semen samples with the lowest MPXV loads. Our results suggest that close or skin-to-skin contact during sexual intercourse is the main route of sexual transmission and that semen is a minor driver of infection, regardless of MPXV load.

EID	Sberna G, Rozera G, Minosse C, Bordi L, Mazzotta V, D’Abramo A, et al. Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1829-1833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240075
AMA	Sberna G, Rozera G, Minosse C, et al. Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy. . 2024;30(9):1829-1833. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240075.
APA	Sberna, G., Rozera, G., Minosse, C., Bordi, L., Mazzotta, V., D’Abramo, A....Lalle, E. (2024). Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy. , (9), 1829-1833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240075.

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a mosquitoborne virus that reemerged in December 2023 in Argentina and Uruguay, causing a major outbreak. We investigated the outbreak using epidemiologic, entomological, and genomic analyses, focusing on WEEV circulation near the Argentina‒Uruguay border in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. During November 2023‒April 2024, the outbreak in Argentina and Uruguay resulted in 217 human cases, 12 of which were fatal, and 2,548 equine cases. We determined cases on the basis of laboratory and clinical epidemiologic criteria. We characterized 3 fatal equine cases caused by a novel WEEV lineage identified through a nearly complete coding sequence analysis, which we propose as lineage C. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance and equine vaccination to control future WEEV outbreaks in South America.

EID	Campos A, Franco A, Godinho FM, Huff R, Candido DS, da Cruz Cardoso J, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1834-1840. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240530
AMA	Campos A, Franco A, Godinho FM, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024. . 2024;30(9):1834-1840. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240530.
APA	Campos, A., Franco, A., Godinho, F. M., Huff, R., Candido, D. S., da Cruz Cardoso, J....Salvato, R. (2024). Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024. , (9), 1834-1840. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240530.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) prevalence is a rising public health concern. We assessed the long-term healthcare systems perspective of costs incurred by 147 NTM-PD patients at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Median cumulative total medical cost in managing NTM-PD patients was US $5,044 (interquartile range US $3,586–$9,680) over 49.7 months (interquartile range 33.0–68.2 months) of follow-up. The major cost drivers were diagnostic testing and medication, accounting for 59.6% of total costs. Higher costs were associated with hospitalization for Mycobacterium abscessus infection and pulmonary comorbidities. Of the total medical care costs, 50.2% were patient co-payments resulting from limited national health insurance coverage. As South Korea faces significant problems of poverty during old age and increasing NTM-PD prevalence, the financial and socio-economic burden of NTM-PD may become a major public health concern that should be considered with regard to adequate strategies for NTM-PD patients.

EID	Chang S, Kim S, Kang YA, Park M, Sohn H, Park Y. Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231448
AMA	Chang S, Kim S, Kang YA, et al. Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019. . 2024;30(9):1841-1849. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231448.
APA	Chang, S., Kim, S., Kang, Y. A., Park, M., Sohn, H., & Park, Y. (2024). Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019. , (9), 1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231448.

Plague is a deadly zoonosis that still poses a threat in many regions of the world. We combined epidemiologic, host, and vector surveillance data collected during 1961–1980 from the Araripe Plateau focus in northeastern Brazil with ecologic, geoclimatic, and Yersinia pestis genomic information to elucidate how these factors interplay in plague activity. We identified well-delimited plague hotspots showing elevated plague risk in low-altitude areas near the foothills of the plateau’s concave sectors. Those locations exhibited distinct precipitation and vegetation coverage patterns compared with the surrounding areas. We noted a seasonal effect on plague activity, and human cases linearly correlated with precipitation and rodent and flea Y. pestis positivity rates. Genomic characterization of Y. pestis strains revealed a foundational strain capable of evolving into distinct genetic variants, each linked to temporally and spatially constrained plague outbreaks. These data could identify risk areas and improve surveillance in other plague foci within the Caatinga biome.

EID	Bezerra MF, Fernandes D, Rocha IV, Pitta J, Freitas N, Oliveira A, et al. Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1850-1864. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240468
AMA	Bezerra MF, Fernandes D, Rocha IV, et al. Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil. . 2024;30(9):1850-1864. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240468.
APA	Bezerra, M. F., Fernandes, D., Rocha, I. V., Pitta, J., Freitas, N., Oliveira, A....Almeida, A. (2024). Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil. , (9), 1850-1864. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240468.

Formal infectious disease surveillance in Ukraine has been disrupted by Russia’s 2022 invasion, leading to challenges with tracking and containing epidemics. To analyze the effects of the war on infectious disease epidemiology, we used open-source data from EPIWATCH, an artificial intelligence early-warning system. We analyzed patterns of infectious diseases and syndromes before (November 1, 2021–February 23, 2022) and during (February 24–July 31, 2022) the conflict. We compared case numbers for the most frequently reported diseases with numbers from formal sources and found increases in overall infectious disease reports and in case numbers of cholera, botulism, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, rabies, and salmonellosis during compared with before the invasion. During the conflict, although open-source intelligence captured case numbers for epidemics, such data (except for diphtheria) were unavailable/underestimated by formal surveillance. In the absence of formal surveillance during military conflicts, open-source data provide epidemic intelligence useful for infectious disease control.

EID	Kannan A, Chen R, Akhtar Z, Sutton B, Quigley A, Morris MJ, et al. Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1865-1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240082
AMA	Kannan A, Chen R, Akhtar Z, et al. Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022. . 2024;30(9):1865-1871. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240082.
APA	Kannan, A., Chen, R., Akhtar, Z., Sutton, B., Quigley, A., Morris, M. J....MacIntyre, C. (2024). Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022. , (9), 1865-1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240082.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is atypical in Sri Lanka because Leishmania donovani , which typically causes visceral disease, is the causative agent. The origins of recently described hybrids between L. donovani and other Leishmania spp. usually responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis remain unknown. Other endemic dermotropic Leishmania spp. have not been reported in Sri Lanka. Genome analysis of 27 clinical isolates from Sri Lanka and 32 Old World Leishmania spp. strains found 8 patient isolates clustered with L. tropica and 19 with L. donovani . The L. tropica isolates from Sri Lanka shared markers with strain Lt K26 reported decades ago in India, indicating they were not products of recent interspecies hybridization. Because L. tropica was isolated from patients with leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, our findings indicate L. donovani is not the only cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka and potentially explains a haplotype that led to interspecies dermotropic L. donovani hybrids.

EID	Silva H, Ferreira TR, Muneeswaran K, Samarasinghe SR, Alves-Ferreira E, Grigg ME, et al. Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1872-1883. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231238
AMA	Silva H, Ferreira TR, Muneeswaran K, et al. Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka. . 2024;30(9):1872-1883. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231238.
APA	Silva, H., Ferreira, T. R., Muneeswaran, K., Samarasinghe, S. R., Alves-Ferreira, E., Grigg, M. E....Karunaweera, N. D. (2024). Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka. , (9), 1872-1883. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231238.

Malaria is increasingly diagnosed in urban centers across the Amazon Basin. In this study, we combined repeated prevalence surveys over a 4-year period of a household-based random sample of 2,774 persons with parasite genotyping to investigate the epidemiology of malaria in Mâncio Lima, the main urban transmission hotspot in Amazonian Brazil. We found that most malarial infections were asymptomatic and undetected by point-of-care microscopy. Our findings indicate that as malaria transmission decreases, the detection threshold of microscopy rises, resulting in more missed infections despite similar parasite densities estimated by molecular methods. We identified genetically highly diverse populations of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in the region; occasional shared lineages between urban and rural residents suggest cross-boundary propagation. The prevalence of low-density and asymptomatic infections poses a significant challenge for routine surveillance and the effectiveness of malaria control and elimination strategies in urbanized areas with readily accessible laboratory facilities.

EID	Rodrigues PT, Johansen IC, Ladeia WA, Esquivel FD, Corder RM, Tonini J, et al. Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1884-1894. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240378
AMA	Rodrigues PT, Johansen IC, Ladeia WA, et al. Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021. . 2024;30(9):1884-1894. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240378.
APA	Rodrigues, P. T., Johansen, I. C., Ladeia, W. A., Esquivel, F. D., Corder, R. M., Tonini, J....Ferreira, M. U. (2024). Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021. , (9), 1884-1894. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240378.

We assessed the effect of rotavirus vaccination coverage on the number of inpatients with gastroenteritis of all ages in Japan. We identified patients admitted with all-cause gastroenteritis during 2011–2019 using data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system in Japan. We used generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution, using hospital codes as a cluster variable to estimate the impact of rotavirus vaccination coverage by prefecture on monthly numbers of inpatients with all-cause gastroenteritis. We analyzed 294,108 hospitalizations across 569 hospitals. Higher rotavirus vaccination coverage was associated with reduced gastroenteritis hospitalizations compared with the reference category of vaccination coverage <40% (e.g., for coverage > 80%, adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.87 [95% CI 0.83–0.90]). Our results show that achieving higher rotavirus vaccination coverage among infants could benefit the entire population by reducing overall hospitalizations for gastroenteritis for all age groups.

EID	Kishimoto K, Kunisawa S, Fushimi K, Imanaka Y. Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1895-1902. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240259
AMA	Kishimoto K, Kunisawa S, Fushimi K, et al. Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019. . 2024;30(9):1895-1902. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240259.
APA	Kishimoto, K., Kunisawa, S., Fushimi, K., & Imanaka, Y. (2024). Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019. , (9), 1895-1902. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240259.

Since 2022, Europe has had 4 cases of extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae , sequence type 16406, that is resistant to ceftriaxone and highly resistant to azithromycin. We report 2 new cases from France in 2023 involving strains genetically related to the 4 cases from Europe as well as isolates from Cambodia.

EID	Caméléna F, Mérimèche M, Brousseau J, Mainardis M, Verger P, Le Risbé C, et al. Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1903-1906. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240557
AMA	Caméléna F, Mérimèche M, Brousseau J, et al. Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023. . 2024;30(9):1903-1906. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240557.
APA	Caméléna, F., Mérimèche, M., Brousseau, J., Mainardis, M., Verger, P., Le Risbé, C....Berçot, B. (2024). Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023. , (9), 1903-1906. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240557.

An outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected in dairy cows in the United States. We detected influenza A virus sialic acid -α2,3/α2,6-galactose host receptors in bovine mammary glands by lectin histochemistry. Our results provide a rationale for the high levels of H5N1 virus in milk from infected cows.

EID	Kristensen C, Jensen HE, Trebbien R, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1907-1911. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240696
AMA	Kristensen C, Jensen HE, Trebbien R, et al. Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland. . 2024;30(9):1907-1911. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240696.
APA	Kristensen, C., Jensen, H. E., Trebbien, R., Webby, R. J., & Larsen, L. E. (2024). Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland. , (9), 1907-1911. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240696.

We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N5 and H5N1 viruses from crows in Hokkaido, Japan, during winter 2023–24. They shared genetic similarity with HPAI H5N5 viruses from northern Europe but differed from those in Asia. Continuous monitoring and rapid information sharing between countries are needed to prevent HPAI virus transmission.

EID	Hew Y, Hiono T, Monne I, Nabeshima K, Sakuma S, Kumagai A, et al. Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1912-1917. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240356
AMA	Hew Y, Hiono T, Monne I, et al. Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. . 2024;30(9):1912-1917. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240356.
APA	Hew, Y., Hiono, T., Monne, I., Nabeshima, K., Sakuma, S., Kumagai, A....Sakoda, Y. (2024). Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. , (9), 1912-1917. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240356.

Alphavirus infections are transmitted by mosquitoes, but the mode of transmission for Mycobacterium ulcerans , which causes Buruli ulcer, is contested. Using notification data for Victoria, Australia, during 2017–2022, adjusted for incubation period, we show close alignment between alphavirus and Buruli ulcer seasons, supporting the hypothesis of mosquito transmission of M. ulcerans .

EID	Buultjens AH, Tay E, Yuen A, Friedman N, Stinear TP, Johnson P. Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1918-1921. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231073
AMA	Buultjens AH, Tay E, Yuen A, et al. Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia. . 2024;30(9):1918-1921. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231073.
APA	Buultjens, A. H., Tay, E., Yuen, A., Friedman, N., Stinear, T. P., & Johnson, P. (2024). Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia. , (9), 1918-1921. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231073.

We investigated a fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from an indoor surfing center in Taiwan. The case was detected through encephalitis syndromic surveillance. Of 56 environmental specimens, 1 was positive for Naegleria fowleri ameba. This report emphasizes the risk for N. fowleri infection from inadequately disinfected recreational waters, even indoors.

EID	Wei H, Lai Y, Li S, Lee Y, Hu M, Ji D, et al. Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1922-1925. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231604
AMA	Wei H, Lai Y, Li S, et al. Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023. . 2024;30(9):1922-1925. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231604.
APA	Wei, H., Lai, Y., Li, S., Lee, Y., Hu, M., Ji, D....Su, C. (2024). Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023. , (9), 1922-1925. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231604.

We used Medicare data to identify >88,000 adults > 65 years of age diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease during 2016–2019 in the United States. Most diagnoses occurred among residents of high-incidence states, in summer, and among men. Incidence of diagnoses was substantially higher than that reported through public health surveillance.

EID	Schwartz AM, Nelson CA, Hinckley AF. Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1926-1929. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240454
AMA	Schwartz AM, Nelson CA, Hinckley AF. Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019. . 2024;30(9):1926-1929. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240454.
APA	Schwartz, A. M., Nelson, C. A., & Hinckley, A. F. (2024). Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019. , (9), 1926-1929. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240454.

Mansonella ozzardi, a filarioid parasite, causes human mansonellosis in the Americas. We identified raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) as wildlife reservoirs of M. ozzardi in Costa Rica. Noting the sympatry of free-ranging raccoons and humans, we conclude that mansonellosis is a considerable public health risk in the region.

EID	Quesada J, Alfaro-Segura P, Solano-Barquero A, Vega K, Rojas-Sánchez E, Jiménez M, et al. Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1930-1933. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231415
AMA	Quesada J, Alfaro-Segura P, Solano-Barquero A, et al. Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022. . 2024;30(9):1930-1933. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231415.
APA	Quesada, J., Alfaro-Segura, P., Solano-Barquero, A., Vega, K., Rojas-Sánchez, E., Jiménez, M....Rojas, A. (2024). Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022. , (9), 1930-1933. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231415.

Severe babesiosis with 9.8% parasitemia was diagnosed in a patient in the Netherlands who had previously undergone splenectomy. We confirmed Babesia venatorum using PCR and sequencing. B. venatorum was also the most prevalent species in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected around the patient’s home. Our findings warrant awareness for severe babesiosis in similar patients.

EID	Spoorenberg N, Köhler CF, Vermeulen E, Jurriaans S, Cornelissen M, Persson K, et al. Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1934-1938. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240556
AMA	Spoorenberg N, Köhler CF, Vermeulen E, et al. Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands. . 2024;30(9):1934-1938. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240556.
APA	Spoorenberg, N., Köhler, C. F., Vermeulen, E., Jurriaans, S., Cornelissen, M., Persson, K....Zonneveld, R. (2024). Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands. , (9), 1934-1938. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240556.

Using participatory, virologic, and wastewater surveillance systems, we estimated when and to what extent reported data of adult COVID-19 cases underestimated COVID-19 incidence in Germany. We also examined how case underestimation evolved over time. Our findings highlight how community-based surveillance systems can complement official notification systems for respiratory disease dynamics.

EID	Loenenbach A, Lehfeld A, Puetz P, Biere B, Abunijela S, Buda S, et al. Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1939-1943. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240640
AMA	Loenenbach A, Lehfeld A, Puetz P, et al. Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024. . 2024;30(9):1939-1943. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240640.
APA	Loenenbach, A., Lehfeld, A., Puetz, P., Biere, B., Abunijela, S., Buda, S....Buchholz, U. (2024). Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024. , (9), 1939-1943. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240640.

We identified a cluster of mpox exposures among key populations in Kenya through retrospective serologic screening. We identified strong seropositivity among sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. These findings demonstrate the need for increased mpox surveillance among mpox-endemic and mpox-endemic–adjacent regions in Africa.

EID	Loeb K, Milner KA, Lemaille C, Martens B, Stein D, Lajoie J, et al. Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1944-1947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240510
AMA	Loeb K, Milner KA, Lemaille C, et al. Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya. . 2024;30(9):1944-1947. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240510.
APA	Loeb, K., Milner, K. A., Lemaille, C., Martens, B., Stein, D., Lajoie, J....Kindrachuk, J. (2024). Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya. , (9), 1944-1947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240510.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection that affects HIV-infected and immunocompromised persons and rarely affects immunocompetent patients. However, after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients without immunocompromise or HIV were infected with P. jirovecii . Clinical manifestations were atypical, easily misdiagnosed, and rapidly progressive, and the prognosis was poor.

EID	Yu S, Yang T. Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1948-1952. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240615
AMA	Yu S, Yang T. Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection. . 2024;30(9):1948-1952. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240615.
APA	Yu, S., & Yang, T. (2024). Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection. , (9), 1948-1952. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240615.

EID	Cucu A, Perciaccante A, Bianucci R. Photo Quiz. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1953-1956. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231591
AMA	Cucu A, Perciaccante A, Bianucci R. Photo Quiz. . 2024;30(9):1953-1956. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231591.
APA	Cucu, A., Perciaccante, A., & Bianucci, R. (2024). Photo Quiz. , (9), 1953-1956. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231591.

The clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis has historically been determined by the Leishmania species involved. However, recent emergence of novel Leishmania lineages has caused atypical pathologies. We isolated and characterized 2 new Leishmania donovani parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India.

EID	Lypaczewski P, Chauhan Y, Paulini K, Thakur L, Chauhan S, Roy E, et al. Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1957-1959. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231595
AMA	Lypaczewski P, Chauhan Y, Paulini K, et al. Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023. . 2024;30(9):1957-1959. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231595.
APA	Lypaczewski, P., Chauhan, Y., Paulini, K., Thakur, L., Chauhan, S., Roy, E....Jain, M. (2024). Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023. , (9), 1957-1959. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231595.

A case of Powassan encephalitis occurred in Manitoba, Canada, after the bite of a black-legged tick. Awareness of this emerging tickborne illness is needed because the number of vector tick species is growing. No specific treatment options exist, and cases with illness and death are high. Prevention is crucial.

EID	Smith N, Keynan Y, Wuerz T, Sharma A. Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1959-1961. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231344
AMA	Smith N, Keynan Y, Wuerz T, et al. Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada. . 2024;30(9):1959-1961. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231344.
APA	Smith, N., Keynan, Y., Wuerz, T., & Sharma, A. (2024). Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada. , (9), 1959-1961. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231344.

We identified a Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in an American black bear in Pennsylvania, USA, on the basis of its morphological features and molecular analysis. Our finding highlights emergence of a T. callipaeda worm sylvatic transmission cycle in the United States.

EID	Sobotyk C, Dietrich J, Verocai GG, Maxwell L, Niedringhaus K. Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1961-1964. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240679
AMA	Sobotyk C, Dietrich J, Verocai GG, et al. Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023. . 2024;30(9):1961-1964. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240679.
APA	Sobotyk, C., Dietrich, J., Verocai, G. G., Maxwell, L., & Niedringhaus, K. (2024). Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023. , (9), 1961-1964. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240679.

We report a case of Taenia solium taeniasis in a 10-year-old child in Timor-Leste, confirmed by molecular analysis, suggesting T. solium transmission to humans is occurring in Timor-Leste. Proactive measures are needed to improve public understanding of prevalence, geographic spread, and health implications of human taeniasis and cysticercosis in Timor-Leste.

EID	Jin H, Hong S, Monteiro M, da Silva E, da Silva Viegas O, dos Santos Lopes F, et al. Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1964-1967. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240238
AMA	Jin H, Hong S, Monteiro M, et al. Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste. . 2024;30(9):1964-1967. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240238.
APA	Jin, H., Hong, S., Monteiro, M., da Silva, E., da Silva Viegas, O., dos Santos Lopes, F....Kim, S. (2024). Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste. , (9), 1964-1967. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240238.

On the basis of historical influenza and COVID-19 forecasts, we found that more than 3 forecast models are needed to ensure robust ensemble accuracy. Additional models can improve ensemble performance, but with diminishing accuracy returns. This understanding will assist with the design of current and future collaborative infectious disease forecasting efforts.

EID	Fox SJ, Kim M, Meyers L, Reich NG, Ray EL. Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1967-1969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240026
AMA	Fox SJ, Kim M, Meyers L, et al. Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles. . 2024;30(9):1967-1969. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240026.
APA	Fox, S. J., Kim, M., Meyers, L., Reich, N. G., & Ray, E. L. (2024). Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles. , (9), 1967-1969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240026.

Disseminated leishmaniasis is an emerging clinical form of Leishmania braziliensis infection. Evidence shows that co-infection by L. braziliensis and intestinal helminths does not affect clinical manifestations or response to therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. We evaluated whether co-infection was associated with those aspects in disseminated leishmaniasis patients in Brazil.

EID	Page B, Lago A, Carvalho EM. Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1970-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240419
AMA	Page B, Lago A, Carvalho EM. Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil. . 2024;30(9):1970-1972. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240419.
APA	Page, B., Lago, A., & Carvalho, E. M. (2024). Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil. , (9), 1970-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240419.

We report a case of autochthonous human babesiosis in Hungary, confirmed by PCR and partial sequencing of the Babesia spp. 18S rRNA gene. Babesiosis should be considered during the differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses, and peripheral blood smears to detect Babesia spp. should be part of the routine clinical workup.

EID	Sipos D, Kappéter Á, Réger B, Kiss G, Takács N, Farkas R, et al. Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1972-1974. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240525
AMA	Sipos D, Kappéter Á, Réger B, et al. Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary. . 2024;30(9):1972-1974. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240525.
APA	Sipos, D., Kappéter, Á., Réger, B., Kiss, G., Takács, N., Farkas, R....Péterfi, Z. (2024). Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary. , (9), 1972-1974. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240525.

During 2020–2022, players and staff in the English Premier League in the United Kingdom were tested regularly for SARS-CoV-2 with the aim of creating a biosecure bubble for each team. We found that prevalence and reinfection estimates were consistent with those from other studies and with community infection trends.

EID	Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Hellewell J, Funk S, Steele A, Edmunds W, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1975-1977. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240853
AMA	Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Hellewell J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom. . 2024;30(9):1975-1977. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240853.
APA	Kucharski, A. J., Russell, T. W., Hellewell, J., Funk, S., Steele, A., Edmunds, W....Gillett, M. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom. , (9), 1975-1977. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240853.

Antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections have recently emerged as a global public health concern. A survey of US infectious diseases specialists found that only 65% had heard of this issue and just 39% knew how to obtain testing to determine resistance. Increased clinician awareness and access to testing for antifungal-resistant dermatophytosis are needed.

EID	Gold J, Benedict K, Lockhart SR, Lutfy C, Lyman M, Smith DJ, et al. Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1978-1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240118
AMA	Gold J, Benedict K, Lockhart SR, et al. Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. . 2024;30(9):1978-1980. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240118.
APA	Gold, J., Benedict, K., Lockhart, S. R., Lutfy, C., Lyman, M., Smith, D. J....Beekmann, S. E. (2024). Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. , (9), 1978-1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240118.

EID	Breedlove B, Segal B. In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024). Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1981. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240736
AMA	Breedlove B, Segal B. In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024). . 2024;30(9):1981. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240736.
APA	Breedlove, B., & Segal, B. (2024). In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024). , (9), 1981. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240736.

EID	Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c23009
AMA	Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5. . 2024;30(9):1980. doi:10.3201/eid3009.c23009.
APA	(2024). Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5. , (9), 1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c23009.

EID	Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c13009
AMA	Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8. . 2024;30(9):1980. doi:10.3201/eid3009.c13009.
APA	(2024). Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8. , (9), 1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c13009.

EID	Breedlove B. Views Most Would Never See. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1982-1983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.ac3009
AMA	Breedlove B. Views Most Would Never See. . 2024;30(9):1982-1983. doi:10.3201/eid3009.ac3009.
APA	Breedlove, B. (2024). Views Most Would Never See. , (9), 1982-1983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.ac3009.

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 30, Number 10—October 2024

Pasteurella Infections in South Korea and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Pasteurella Bacteremia S. Jeong et al.
Campylobacteriosis Outbreak Linked to Municipal Water, Nebraska, United States, 2021 L. Jansen et al.
Age- and Gender-Specific Differences in Lyme Disease Health-Related Behaviors, Ontario, Canada, 2015–2022 J. A. Adams et al.
Temporal Characterization of Prion Shedding in Secreta of White-Tailed Deer in Longitudinal Study of Chronic Wasting Disease, United States N. D. Denkers et al.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is zoonotic and capable of infecting many mammal species. However, whether common companion animals are susceptible to MPXV infection is unclear. During July 2022–March 2023, we collected animal and environmental swab samples within homes of confirmed human mpox case-patients and tested for MPXV and human DNA by PCR. We also used ELISA for orthopoxvirus antibody detection. Overall, 12% (22/191) of animal and 25% (14/56) of environmental swab samples from 4 households, including samples from 4 dogs and 1 cat, were positive for MPXV DNA, but we did not detect viable MPXV or orthopoxvirus antibodies. Among MPXV PCR-positive swab samples, 82% from animals and 93% the environment amplified human DNA with a statistically significant correlation in observed cycle threshold values. Our findings demonstrate likely DNA contamination from the human mpox cases. Despite the high likelihood for exposure, however, we found no indications that companion animals were infected with MPXV.

Associations between Minority Health Social Vulnerability Index Scores, Rurality, and Histoplasmosis Incidence, Eight U.S. States D. J. Smith et al.
Population Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Isolated from Humans with Diarrhea and Poultry, East Africa N. P. French et al.
Rapid Increase in Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi Antibodies Among Dogs, Northwestern North Carolina, USA, 2017–2021 P. K. Pretsch et al.
Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Cats in Mice and Ferrets, South Korea, 2023 I. Kim et al.
Economic Analysis of National Program for Hepatitis C Elimination, Israel, 2023 Y. Dadon et al.
Evidence of Lineage 1 and 3 West Nile Virus in Person with Neuroinvasive Disease, Nebraska, United States, 2023 E. Davis et al.
Epidemiologic Quantities for Monkeypox Virus Clade I from Historical Data with Implications for Current Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of the Congo V. Marziano et al.
Early Introductions of Candida auris Detected by Wastewater Surveillance, Utah, USA, 2022–2023 J. Chavez et al.
Virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei ATS2021 Strain Unintentionally Imported to United States in Aromatherapy Spray C. K. Cote et al.

We identified 3 clades of dengue virus serotype 3 belonging to genotype III isolated during 2019–2020 in Jamaica by using whole-genome sequencing and phylogenomic and phylogeographic analyses. The viruses likely originated from Asia in 2014. Newly expanded molecular surveillance efforts in Jamaica will guide appropriate public health responses.

We identified a novel human circovirus in an immunocompromised 66-year-old woman with sudden onset of self-limiting hepatitis. We detected human circovirus 1 (HCirV-1) transcripts in hepatocytes and the HCirV-1 genome long-term in the patient’s blood, stool, and urine. HCirV-1 is an emerging human pathogen that persists in susceptible patients.

OXA-484-Producing Enterobacterales, France, 2018–2023 C. Emeraud et al.

In July 2022, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b occurred among migratory birds at Qinghai Lake in China. The virus circulated in June, and reassortants emerged after its introduction into the area. Surveillance in 2023 showed that the virus did not establish a stable presence in wild waterfowl.

Investigation of Case of Human Francisella tularensis Infection, United Kingdom, 2023 A. Thompson et al.

Reported mpox cases in England continued at a low but steady frequency during 2023. Of 137 cases reported in 2023, approximately half were acquired overseas and half were in vaccinated persons. Estimated effectiveness of 2-dose vaccine was 80%, and no vaccinated mpox patient was hospitalized.

We linked 4 mpox cases in South Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to transboundary transmission from Central African Republic. Viral genome sequencing demonstrated that the monkeypox virus sequences belonged to distinct clusters of subclade Ia. This finding demonstrates the borderless nature of mpox and highlights the need for vigilant regional surveillance.

Autochthonous Human Babesia divergens Infection, England, United Kingdom G. A. Zabala et al.
Rift Valley Fever Epizootic in Rwanda, 2022 E. Remera et al.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Seals, Russia, 2023 I. Sobolev et al.
Chlorine Inactivation of Elizabethkingia Species in Water D. A. Holcomb et al.
Oropouche Fever, Cuba, May 2024 A. Benitez et al.
Bluetongue Virus in the Iberian Lynx ( Lynx pardinus ), 2010–2022 J. Caballero-Gómez et al.
Fatal Renal Abscess Caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Subcapsular Hemorrhage, Japan Y. Atagi et al.
Challenges from Migration of Amblyomma maculatum Ticks and Rickettsia parkeri into the Northeastern United States G. Molaei et al.
SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses in Rats, Berlin, Germany, 2023 K. Wernike et al.
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Caused by Pasteurella dagmatis F. A. Rottmann et al.

We assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of Oropouche fever in Brazil during 2015–2024. We found the number of cases substantially increased during that period, particularly in the Amazon region. Our findings underscore the need for improved surveillance and public health measures in response to the disease’s potential spread beyond endemic areas.

Infectious Disease Physicians’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Wastewater Surveillance, USA, 2024 C. Adams et al.
Correlation Between Viral Wastewater Concentration and Respiratory Tests, Oregon N. Lininger et al.

Volume 30, Supplement—October 2024

Role of Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Program in Pandemic Preparedness and Response, United States K. Creppage et al.
Molecular Surveillance of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria among Refugees from Afghanistan in 2 US Military Hospitals during Operation Allies Refuge, 2021 C. Anderson et al.

Volume 30, Number 11—November 2024

Risk for Facial Palsy after COVID-19 Vaccination, South Korea, 2021–2022 D. Yoon et al.
Spatial-Temporal Ecologic Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Outcomes, Oklahoma, USA, February 2020–December 2021 K. Ding et al.
Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Human Burkholderia mallei Infection, Brazil K. G. Luz et al.

Research Letter

Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes Disease Before, During, and After COVID-19 Pandemic, Germany, 2005–2023 I. Burckhardt and F. Burckhardt
Foodborne Outbreak Size Is Dependent on How the Outbreak Is Detected C. W. Hedberg et al.

Volume 30, Number 12—December 2024

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination for Children <15 Years of Age, Bangladesh A. Nguyen et al.
Mycobacterium leprae in Nine-Banded Armadillos ( Dasypus novemcinctus ), Ecuador D. Romero-Alvarez et al.

Medscape, LLC is pleased to provide online continuing medical education (CME) for selected journal articles, allowing clinicians the opportunity to earn CME credit. In support of improving patient care, these activities have been planned and implemented by Medscape, LLC and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Medscape, LLC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. CME credit is available for one year after publication.

Active CME Articles

Human infections with Corynebacterium diphtheriae species complex (CdSC) bacteria were rare in French Guiana until 2016, when the number of cases diagnosed increased. We conducted an epidemiologic, multicenter, retrospective study of all human CdSC infections diagnosed in French Guiana during January 1, 2016–December 31, 2021. A total of 64 infectious episodes were observed in 60 patients; 61 infections were caused by C. diphtheriae and 3 by C . ulcerans . Estimated incidence increased from 0.7 cases/100,000 population in 2016 to 7.7 cases/100,000 population in 2021. The mean patient age was 30.4 ( + 23.7) years, and male-to-female ratio was 1.7:1 (38/22). Of the 61 C. diphtheriae isolates, 5 tested positive for the diphtheria toxin gene, and all results were negative by Elek test; 95% (61/64) of cases were cutaneous, including the C. ulcerans cases. The increase in reported human infections underscores the need to raise awareness among frontline healthcare practitioners to improve prevention.

EID	Gaillet M, Hennart M, Rose V, Badell E, Michaud C, Blaizot R, et al. Retrospective Study of Infections with Corynebacterium diphtheriae Species Complex, French Guiana, 2016–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(8):1545-1554. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3008.231671
AMA	Gaillet M, Hennart M, Rose V, et al. Retrospective Study of Infections with Corynebacterium diphtheriae Species Complex, French Guiana, 2016–2021. . 2024;30(8):1545-1554. doi:10.3201/eid3008.231671.
APA	Gaillet, M., Hennart, M., Rose, V., Badell, E., Michaud, C., Blaizot, R....Brisse, S. (2024). Retrospective Study of Infections with Corynebacterium diphtheriae Species Complex, French Guiana, 2016–2021. , (8), 1545-1554. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3008.231671.

Archaea represent a separate domain of life, next to bacteria and eukarya. As components of the human microbiome, archaea have been associated with various diseases, including periodontitis, endodontic infections, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and urogenital tract infections. Archaea are generally considered nonpathogenic; the reasons are speculative because of limited knowledge and gene annotation challenges. Nevertheless, archaeal syntrophic principles that shape global microbial networks aid both archaea and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Evaluating archaea interactions remains challenging, requiring clinical studies on inflammatory potential and the effects of archaeal metabolism. Establishing a culture collection is crucial for investigating archaea functions within the human microbiome, which could improve health outcomes in infectious diseases. We summarize potential reasons for archaeal nonpathogenicity, assess the association with infectious diseases in humans, and discuss the necessary experimental steps to enable mechanistic studies involving archaea.

EID	Duller S, Moissl-Eichinger C. Archaea in the Human Microbiome and Potential Effects on Human Infectious Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(8):1505-1513. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3008.240181
AMA	Duller S, Moissl-Eichinger C. Archaea in the Human Microbiome and Potential Effects on Human Infectious Disease. . 2024;30(8):1505-1513. doi:10.3201/eid3008.240181.
APA	Duller, S., & Moissl-Eichinger, C. (2024). Archaea in the Human Microbiome and Potential Effects on Human Infectious Disease. , (8), 1505-1513. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3008.240181.

Xenotransplantation, transplantation into humans of vascularized organs or viable cells from nonhuman species, is a potential solution to shortages of transplantable human organs. Among challenges to application of clinical xenotransplantation are unknown risks of transmission of animal microbes to immunosuppressed recipients or the community. Experience in allotransplantation and in preclinical models suggests that viral infections are the greatest concern. Worldwide, the distribution of swine pathogens is heterogeneous and cannot be fully controlled by international agricultural regulations. It is possible to screen source animals for potential human pathogens before procuring organs in a manner not possible within the time available for surveillance testing in allotransplantation. Infection control measures require microbiological assays for surveillance of source animals and xenograft recipients and research into zoonotic potential of porcine organisms. Available data suggest that infectious risks of xenotransplantation are manageable and that clinical trials can advance with appropriate protocols for microbiological monitoring of source animals and recipients.

EID	Fishman JA, Mueller NJ. Infectious Diseases and Clinical Xenotransplantation. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(7):1311-1318. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240273
AMA	Fishman JA, Mueller NJ. Infectious Diseases and Clinical Xenotransplantation. . 2024;30(7):1311-1318. doi:10.3201/eid3007.240273.
APA	Fishman, J. A., & Mueller, N. J. (2024). Infectious Diseases and Clinical Xenotransplantation. , (7), 1311-1318. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240273.

We conducted surveillance for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) during 2016–2020 at 10 US sites and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) during 2019–2020 at 6 US sites. Among 159 CRE cases in children (median age 5 years), CRE was isolated from urine for 131 (82.4%) and blood from 20 (12.6%). Annual CRE incidence rate (cases/100,000 population) was 0.47–0.87. Among 207 ESBL-E cases in children (median age 6 years), ESBL-E was isolated from urine of 196 (94.7%) and blood of 8 (3.9%). Annual ESBL-E incidence rate was 26.5 in 2019 and 19.63 in 2020. CRE and ESBL-E rates were >2-fold higher among infants than other age groups. Most CRE and ESBL-E cases were healthcare-associated community-onset (68 [43.0%] for CRE vs. 40 [23.7%] for ESBL-E) or community-associated (43 [27.2%] for CRE vs. 109 [64.5%] for ESBL-E). Programs to detect, prevent, and treat multidrug-resistant infections must include pediatric populations (particularly the youngest) and outpatient settings.

EID	Grome HN, Grass JE, Duffy N, Bulens SN, Ansari U, Campbell D, et al. Carbapenem-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales in Children, United States, 2016–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(6):1104-1114. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3006.231734
AMA	Grome HN, Grass JE, Duffy N, et al. Carbapenem-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales in Children, United States, 2016–2020. . 2024;30(6):1104-1114. doi:10.3201/eid3006.231734.
APA	Grome, H. N., Grass, J. E., Duffy, N., Bulens, S. N., Ansari, U., Campbell, D....Guh, A. Y. (2024). Carbapenem-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales in Children, United States, 2016–2020. , (6), 1104-1114. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3006.231734.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tickborne infection that can range from asymptomatic to fatal and has been described in >30 countries. Early identification and isolation of patients with suspected or confirmed CCHF and the use of appropriate prevention and control measures are essential for preventing human-to-human transmission. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention and control of CCHF. CCHF poses a continued public health threat given its wide geographic distribution, potential to spread to new regions, propensity for genetic variability, and potential for severe and fatal illness, in addition to the limited medical countermeasures for prophylaxis and treatment. A high index of suspicion, comprehensive travel and epidemiologic history, and clinical evaluation are essential for prompt diagnosis. Infection control measures can be effective in reducing the risk for transmission but require correct and consistent application.

EID	Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(5):854-863. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3005.231647
AMA	Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. . 2024;30(5):854-863. doi:10.3201/eid3005.231647.
APA	Frank, M. G., Weaver, G., & Raabe, V. (2024). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. , (5), 854-863. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3005.231647.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most geographically widespread tickborne viral infection worldwide and has a fatality rate of up to 62%. Despite its widespread range and high fatality rate, no vaccines or treatments are currently approved by regulatory agencies in the United States or Europe. Supportive treatment remains the standard of care, but the use of antiviral medications developed for other viral infections have been considered. We reviewed published literature to summarize the main aspects of CCHFV infection in humans. We provide an overview of diagnostic testing and management and medical countermeasures, including investigational vaccines and limited therapeutics. CCHFV continues to pose a public health threat because of its wide geographic distribution, potential to spread to new regions, propensity for genetic variability, potential for severe and fatal illness, and limited medical countermeasures for prophylaxis and treatment. Clinicians should become familiar with available diagnostic and management tools for CCHFV infections in humans.

EID	Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Therapeutics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(5):864-873. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3005.231648
AMA	Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Therapeutics. . 2024;30(5):864-873. doi:10.3201/eid3005.231648.
APA	Frank, M. G., Weaver, G., & Raabe, V. (2024). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Therapeutics. , (5), 864-873. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3005.231648.

During October 2021–June 2023, a total of 392 cases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children in the United States were reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of national surveillance. We describe demographic and clinical characteristics, including potential involvement of adenovirus in development of acute hepatitis, of 8 fatally ill children who met reporting criteria. The children had diverse courses of illness. Two children were immunocompromised when initially brought for care. Four children tested positive for adenovirus in multiple specimen types, including 2 for whom typing was completed. One adenovirus-positive child had no known underlying conditions, supporting a potential relationship between adenovirus and acute hepatitis in previously healthy children. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued investigation to determine the mechanism of liver injury and appropriate treatment. Testing for adenovirus in similar cases could elucidate the role of the virus.

EID	Almendares O, Baker JM, Sugerman DE, Parashar UD, Reagan-Steiner S, Kirking HL, et al. Deaths Associated with Pediatric Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology, United States, October 2021–June 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(4):644-653. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3004.231140
AMA	Almendares O, Baker JM, Sugerman DE, et al. Deaths Associated with Pediatric Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology, United States, October 2021–June 2023. . 2024;30(4):644-653. doi:10.3201/eid3004.231140.
APA	Almendares, O., Baker, J. M., Sugerman, D. E., Parashar, U. D., Reagan-Steiner, S., Kirking, H. L....Tate, J. E. (2024). Deaths Associated with Pediatric Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology, United States, October 2021–June 2023. , (4), 644-653. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3004.231140.

In 2022, concurrent outbreaks of hepatitis A, invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), and mpox were identified in Florida, USA, primarily among men who have sex with men. The hepatitis A outbreak (153 cases) was associated with hepatitis A virus genotype IA. The IMD outbreak (44 cases) was associated with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, sequence type 11, clonal complex 11. The mpox outbreak in Florida (2,845 cases) was part of a global epidemic. The hepatitis A and IMD outbreaks were concentrated in Central Florida and peaked during March–June, whereas mpox cases were more heavily concentrated in South Florida and had peak incidence in August. HIV infection was more common (52%) among mpox cases than among hepatitis A (21%) or IMD (34%) cases. Where feasible, vaccination against hepatitis A, meningococcal disease, and mpox should be encouraged among at-risk groups and offered along with program services that target those groups.

EID	Doyle TJ, Gumke M, Stanek D, Moore J, Buck B, Locksmith T, et al. Concurrent Outbreaks of Hepatitis A, Invasive Meningococcal Disease, and Mpox, Florida, USA, 2021–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(4):634-643. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3004.231392
AMA	Doyle TJ, Gumke M, Stanek D, et al. Concurrent Outbreaks of Hepatitis A, Invasive Meningococcal Disease, and Mpox, Florida, USA, 2021–2022. . 2024;30(4):634-643. doi:10.3201/eid3004.231392.
APA	Doyle, T. J., Gumke, M., Stanek, D., Moore, J., Buck, B., Locksmith, T....Chacreton, D. (2024). Concurrent Outbreaks of Hepatitis A, Invasive Meningococcal Disease, and Mpox, Florida, USA, 2021–2022. , (4), 634-643. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3004.231392.

Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL) is an emergent severe disease manifesting with multiple lesions. To determine the relationship between immune response and clinical and therapeutic outcomes, we studied 101 DL and 101 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases and determined cytokines and chemokines in supernatants of mononuclear cells stimulated with leishmania antigen. Patients were treated with meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg) for 20 days (CL) or 30 days (DL); 19 DL patients were instead treated with amphotericin B, miltefosine, or miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate. High levels of chemokine ligand 9 were associated with more severe DL. The cure rate for meglumine antimoniate was low for both DL (44%) and CL (60%), but healing time was longer in DL (p = 0.003). The lowest cure rate (22%) was found in DL patients with >100 lesions. However, meglumine antimoniate/miltefosine treatment cured all DL patients who received it; therefore, that combination should be considered as first choice therapy.

EID	Machado P, Lago A, Cardoso TM, Magalhaes A, Carvalho LP, Lago T, et al. Disseminated Leishmaniasis, a Severe Form of Leishmania braziliensis Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(3):510-518. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3003.230786
AMA	Machado P, Lago A, Cardoso TM, et al. Disseminated Leishmaniasis, a Severe Form of Leishmania braziliensis Infection. . 2024;30(3):510-518. doi:10.3201/eid3003.230786.
APA	Machado, P., Lago, A., Cardoso, T. M., Magalhaes, A., Carvalho, L. P., Lago, T....Carvalho, E. M. (2024). Disseminated Leishmaniasis, a Severe Form of Leishmania braziliensis Infection. , (3), 510-518. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3003.230786.

Streptococcus suis , a zoonotic bacterial pathogen circulated through swine, can cause severe infections in humans. Because human S. suis infections are not notifiable in most countries, incidence is underestimated. We aimed to increase insight into the molecular epidemiology of human S. suis infections in Europe. To procure data, we surveyed 7 reference laboratories and performed a systematic review of the scientific literature. We identified 236 cases of human S. suis infection from those sources and an additional 87 by scanning gray literature. We performed whole-genome sequencing to type 46 zoonotic S. suis isolates and combined them with 28 publicly available genomes in a core-genome phylogeny. Clonal complex (CC) 1 isolates accounted for 87% of typed human infections; CC20, CC25, CC87, and CC94 also caused infections. Emergence of diverse zoonotic clades and notable severity of illness in humans support classifying S. suis infection as a notifiable condition.

EID	Brizuela J, Roodsant TJ, Hasnoe Q, van der Putten B, Kozakova J, Slotved H, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Underreported Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(3):413-422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3003.230348
AMA	Brizuela J, Roodsant TJ, Hasnoe Q, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Underreported Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis in Europe. . 2024;30(3):413-422. doi:10.3201/eid3003.230348.
APA	Brizuela, J., Roodsant, T. J., Hasnoe, Q., van der Putten, B., Kozakova, J., Slotved, H....Schultsz, C. (2024). Molecular Epidemiology of Underreported Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis in Europe. , (3), 413-422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3003.230348.

During January–August 2021, the Community Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Study used time/location sampling to recruit a cross-sectional, population-based cohort to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and nasal swab sample PCR positivity across 15 US communities. Survey-weighted estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine willingness among participants at each site were compared within demographic groups by using linear regression models with inverse variance weighting. Among 22,284 persons > 2 months of age and older, median prevalence of infection (prior, active, or both) was 12.9% across sites and similar across age groups. Within each site, average prevalence of infection was 3 percentage points higher for Black than White persons and average vaccine willingness was 10 percentage points lower for Black than White persons and 7 percentage points lower for Black persons than for persons in other racial groups. The higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among groups with lower vaccine willingness highlights the disparate effect of COVID-19 and its complications.

EID	Justman J, Skalland T, Moore A, Amos CI, Marzinke MA, Zangeneh SZ, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):245-254. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230863
AMA	Justman J, Skalland T, Moore A, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021. . 2024;30(2):245-254. doi:10.3201/eid3002.230863.
APA	Justman, J., Skalland, T., Moore, A., Amos, C. I., Marzinke, M. A., Zangeneh, S. Z....Ahmed, S. (2024). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adults in 15 US Communities, 2021. , (2), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.230863.

Invasive fusariosis can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients who require intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to describe clinical and biologic characteristics, patient outcomes, and factors associated with death and response to antifungal therapy. We identified 55 patients with invasive fusariosis from 16 ICUs in France during 2002–2020. The mortality rate was high (56%). Fusariosis-related pneumonia occurred in 76% of patients, often leading to acute respiratory failure. Factors associated with death included elevated sequential organ failure assessment score at ICU admission or history of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or hematologic malignancies. Neither voriconazole treatment nor disseminated fusariosis were strongly associated with response to therapy. Invasive fusariosis can lead to multiorgan failure and is associated with high mortality rates in ICUs. Clinicians should closely monitor ICU patients with a history of hematologic malignancies or stem cell transplantation because of higher risk for death.

EID	Demonchy J, Biard L, Clere-Jehl R, Wallet F, Mokart D, Moreau A, et al. Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(2):215-224. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231221
AMA	Demonchy J, Biard L, Clere-Jehl R, et al. Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France. . 2024;30(2):215-224. doi:10.3201/eid3002.231221.
APA	Demonchy, J., Biard, L., Clere-Jehl, R., Wallet, F., Mokart, D., Moreau, A....Zafrani, L. (2024). Multicenter Retrospective Study of Invasive Fusariosis in Intensive Care Units, France. , (2), 215-224. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3002.231221.

Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized Escherichia coli strains causing early-onset sepsis (EOS) in 32 neonatal cases from a 2019–2021 prospective multicenter study in France and compared them to E. coli strains collected from vaginal swab specimens from women in third-trimester gestation. We observed no major differences in phylogenetic groups or virulence profiles between the 2 collections. However, sequence type (ST) analysis showed the presence of 6/32 (19%) ST1193 strains causing EOS, the same frequency as in the highly virulent clonal group ST95. Three ST1193 strains caused meningitis, and 3 harbored extended-spectrum β-lactamase. No ST1193 strains were isolated from vaginal swab specimens. Emerging ST1193 appears to be highly prevalent, virulent, and antimicrobial resistant in neonates. However, the physiopathology of EOS caused by ST1193 has not yet been elucidated. Clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of E. coli ST1193 in prenatal and neonatal contexts and provide appropriate monitoring and treatment.

EID	Malaure C, Geslain G, Birgy A, Bidet P, Poilane I, Allain M, et al. Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):20-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230851
AMA	Malaure C, Geslain G, Birgy A, et al. Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates. . 2024;30(1):20-28. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230851.
APA	Malaure, C., Geslain, G., Birgy, A., Bidet, P., Poilane, I., Allain, M....Bonacorsi, S. (2024). Early-Onset Infection Caused by Escherichia coli Sequence Type 1193 in Late Preterm and Full-Term Neonates. , (1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230851.

We describe detection of the previously rarely reported gram-positive bacterium Auritidibacter ignavus in 3 cases of chronic ear infections in Germany. In all 3 cases, the patients had refractory otorrhea. Although their additional symptoms varied, all patients had an ear canal stenosis and A. ignavus detected in microbiologic swab specimens. A correct identification of A. ignavus in the clinical microbiology laboratory is hampered by the inability to identify it by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Also, the bacterium might easily be overlooked because of its morphologic similarity to bacterial species of the resident skin flora. We conclude that a high index of suspicion is warranted to identify A. ignavus and that it should be particularly considered in patients with chronic external otitis who do not respond clinically to quinolone ear drop therapy.

EID	Roth S, Linxweiler M, Rehner J, Schmartz G, Becker SL, Kühn J. Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(1):8-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230385
AMA	Roth S, Linxweiler M, Rehner J, et al. Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. . 2024;30(1):8-12. doi:10.3201/eid3001.230385.
APA	Roth, S., Linxweiler, M., Rehner, J., Schmartz, G., Becker, S. L., & Kühn, J. (2024). Auritidibacter ignavus, an Emerging Pathogen Associated with Chronic Ear Infections. , (1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.230385.

We reviewed invasive Nocardia infections in 3 noncontiguous geographic areas in the United States during 2011–2018. Among 268 patients with invasive nocardiosis, 48.2% were from Minnesota, 32.4% from Arizona, and 19.4% from Florida. Predominant species were N. nova complex in Minnesota (33.4%), N. cyriacigeorgica in Arizona (41.4%), and N. brasiliensis in Florida (17.3%). Transplant recipients accounted for 82/268 (30.6%) patients overall: 14 (10.9%) in Minnesota, 35 (40.2%) in Arizona, and 33 (63.5%) in Florida. Manifestations included isolated pulmonary nocardiosis among 73.2% of transplant and 84.4% of non–transplant patients and central nervous system involvement among 12.2% of transplant and 3.2% of non–transplant patients. N. farcinica (20.7%) and N. cyriacigeorgica (19.5%) were the most common isolates among transplant recipients and N. cyriacigeorgica (38.0%), N. nova complex (23.7%), and N. farcinica (16.1%) among non–transplant patients. Overall antimicrobial susceptibilities were similar across the 3 study sites.

EID	Gupta S, Grant LM, Powers HR, Kimes KE, Hamdi A, Butterfield RJ, et al. Invasive Nocardia Infections across Distinct Geographic Regions, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(12):2417-2425. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2912.230673
AMA	Gupta S, Grant LM, Powers HR, et al. Invasive Nocardia Infections across Distinct Geographic Regions, United States. . 2023;29(12):2417-2425. doi:10.3201/eid2912.230673.
APA	Gupta, S., Grant, L. M., Powers, H. R., Kimes, K. E., Hamdi, A., Butterfield, R. J....Vikram, H. R. (2023). Invasive Nocardia Infections across Distinct Geographic Regions, United States. , (12), 2417-2425. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2912.230673.

We collected stool from school-age children from 352 households living in the Black Belt region of Alabama, USA, where sanitation infrastructure is lacking. We used quantitative reverse transcription PCR to measure key pathogens in stool that may be associated with water and sanitation, as an indicator of exposure. We detected genes associated with > 1 targets in 26% of specimens, most frequently Clostridioides difficile (6.6%), atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (6.1%), and enteroaggregative E. coli (3.9%). We used generalized estimating equations to assess reported risk factors for detecting > 1 pathogen in stool. We found no association between lack of sanitation and pathogen detection (adjusted risk ratio 0.95 [95% CI 0.55–1.7]) compared with specimens from children served by sewerage. However, we did observe an increased risk for pathogen detection among children living in homes with well water (adjusted risk ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.1–2.5]) over those reporting water utility service.

EID	Capone D, Bakare T, Barker T, Chatham A, Clark R, Copperthwaite L, et al. Risk Factors for Enteric Pathogen Exposure among Children in Black Belt Region of Alabama, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(12):2434-2442. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2912.230780
AMA	Capone D, Bakare T, Barker T, et al. Risk Factors for Enteric Pathogen Exposure among Children in Black Belt Region of Alabama, USA. . 2023;29(12):2434-2442. doi:10.3201/eid2912.230780.
APA	Capone, D., Bakare, T., Barker, T., Chatham, A., Clark, R., Copperthwaite, L....Brown, J. (2023). Risk Factors for Enteric Pathogen Exposure among Children in Black Belt Region of Alabama, USA. , (12), 2434-2442. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2912.230780.

Campylobacter fetus accounts for 1% of Campylobacter spp. infections, but prevalence of bacteremia and risk for death are high. To determine clinical features of C. fetus infections and risks for death, we conducted a retrospective observational study of all adult inpatients with a confirmed C. fetus infection in Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, Trevenans, France, during January 2000–December 2021. Among 991 patients with isolated Campylobacter spp. strains, we identified 39 (4%) with culture-positive C. fetus infections, of which 33 had complete records and underwent further analysis; 21 had documented bacteremia and 12 did not. Secondary localizations were reported for 7 (33%) patients with C. fetus bacteremia, of which 5 exhibited a predilection for vascular infections (including 3 with mycotic aneurysm). Another 7 (33%) patients with C. fetus bacteremia died within 30 days. Significant risk factors associated with death within 30 days were dyspnea, quick sequential organ failure assessment score > 2 at admission, and septic shock.

EID	Zayet S, Klopfenstein T, Gendrin V, Vuillemenot J, Plantin J, Toko L, et al. Campylobacter fetus Invasive Infections and Risks for Death, France, 2000–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(11):2189-2197. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2911.230598
AMA	Zayet S, Klopfenstein T, Gendrin V, et al. Campylobacter fetus Invasive Infections and Risks for Death, France, 2000–2021. . 2023;29(11):2189-2197. doi:10.3201/eid2911.230598.
APA	Zayet, S., Klopfenstein, T., Gendrin, V., Vuillemenot, J., Plantin, J., Toko, L....Royer, P. (2023). Campylobacter fetus Invasive Infections and Risks for Death, France, 2000–2021. , (11), 2189-2197. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2911.230598.

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) primary peritonitis is a rare cause of pediatric acute abdomen (sudden onset of severe abdominal pain); only 26 pediatric cases have been reported in the English language literature since 1980. We discuss 20 additional cases of pediatric primary peritonitis caused by GAS among patients at Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, during 2010–2022. We compare identified cases of GAS primary peritonitis to cases described in the existing pediatric literature. As rates of rates of invasive GAS increase globally, clinicians should be aware of this cause of unexplained pediatric acute abdomen.

EID	Taylor A, Elliott BM, Atkinson J, Roberts S, Voss L, Best EJ, et al. Group A Streptococcus Primary Peritonitis in Children, New Zealand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(11):2203-2209. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2911.230211
AMA	Taylor A, Elliott BM, Atkinson J, et al. Group A Streptococcus Primary Peritonitis in Children, New Zealand. . 2023;29(11):2203-2209. doi:10.3201/eid2911.230211.
APA	Taylor, A., Elliott, B. M., Atkinson, J., Roberts, S., Voss, L., Best, E. J....Webb, R. (2023). Group A Streptococcus Primary Peritonitis in Children, New Zealand. , (11), 2203-2209. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2911.230211.

In Mississippi, USA, infant hospitalization with congenital syphilis (CS) spiked by 1,000%, from 10 in 2016 to 110 in 2022. To determine the causes of this alarming development, we analyzed Mississippi hospital discharge data to evaluate trends, demographics, outcomes, and risk factors for infants diagnosed with CS hospitalized during 2016–2022. Of the 367 infants hospitalized with a CS diagnosis, 97.6% were newborn, 92.6% were covered by Medicaid, 71.1% were African American, and 58.0% were nonurban residents. Newborns with CS had higher odds of being affected by maternal illicit drug use, being born prematurely (<37 weeks), and having very low birthweight (<1,500 g) than those without CS. Mean length of hospital stay (14.5 days vs. 3.8 days) and mean charges ($56,802 vs. $13,945) were also higher for infants with CS than for those without. To address escalation of CS, Mississippi should invest in comprehensive prenatal care and early treatment of vulnerable populations.

EID	Staneva M, Hobbs CV, Dobbs T. Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(10):1965-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2910.230421
AMA	Staneva M, Hobbs CV, Dobbs T. Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016–2022. . 2023;29(10):1965-1972. doi:10.3201/eid2910.230421.
APA	Staneva, M., Hobbs, C. V., & Dobbs, T. (2023). Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016–2022. , (10), 1965-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2910.230421.

Ongoing surveillance after pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) deployment is essential to inform policy decisions and monitor serotype replacement. We report serotype and disease severity trends in 3,719 adults hospitalized for pneumococcal disease in Bristol and Bath, United Kingdom, during 2006–2022. Of those cases, 1,686 were invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD); 1,501 (89.0%) had a known serotype. IPD decreased during the early COVID-19 pandemic but during 2022 gradually returned to prepandemic levels. Disease severity changed throughout this period: CURB65 severity scores and inpatient deaths decreased and ICU admissions increased. PCV7 and PCV13 serotype IPD decreased from 2006–2009 to 2021–2022. However, residual PCV13 serotype IPD remained, representing 21.7% of 2021–2022 cases, indicating that major adult PCV serotype disease still occurs despite 17 years of pediatric PCV use. Percentages of serotype 3 and 8 IPD increased, and 19F and 19A reemerged. In 2020–2022, a total of 68.2% IPD cases were potentially covered by PCV20.

EID	Hyams C, Challen R, Hettle D, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Grimes C, Ruffino G, et al. Serotype Distribution and Disease Severity in Adults Hospitalized with Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection, Bristol and Bath, UK, 2006‒2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(10):1953-1964. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2910.230519
AMA	Hyams C, Challen R, Hettle D, et al. Serotype Distribution and Disease Severity in Adults Hospitalized with Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection, Bristol and Bath, UK, 2006‒2022. . 2023;29(10):1953-1964. doi:10.3201/eid2910.230519.
APA	Hyams, C., Challen, R., Hettle, D., Amin-Chowdhury, Z., Grimes, C., Ruffino, G....Finn, A. (2023). Serotype Distribution and Disease Severity in Adults Hospitalized with Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection, Bristol and Bath, UK, 2006‒2022. , (10), 1953-1964. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2910.230519.

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Over Half of US Pneumonia Diagnoses Are Changed From Intake to Discharge JAMA News August 30, 2024 Pulmonary Medicine Pneumonia Full Text | pdf link PDF free
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Reinfection After Hepatitis C Virus Treatment—Keep Testing, Keep Treating JAMA Network Open Opinion August 26, 2024 Gastroenterology and Hepatology Substance Use and Addiction Medicine Opioids Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis C Full Text | pdf link PDF open access
Culturally Aware Vaccine Promotion to Prevent Outbreaks JAMA Network Open Opinion August 26, 2024 Public Health Vaccination Full Text | pdf link PDF open access
Paid Family Leave and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections JAMA Pediatrics Opinion August 26, 2024 Full Text | pdf link PDF

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Amid Bird Flu Cases, CDC Issues Emergency Use Instructions for Tamiflu JAMA News August 23, 2024 Influenza Full Text | pdf link PDF free

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40+ Research Topics on Infectious Disease Nursing: A Comprehensive Guide

In the ever-evolving healthcare landscape, infectious diseases pose significant challenges, demanding specialized care and attention. For aspiring nurses, a profound understanding of infectious disease nursing is essential to ensure proficient patient care . This article provides an in-depth guide to infectious disease nursing, offering insights into its significance, structured PICOT questions, potential project ideas, research topics, and essay prompts tailored to nursing students.

What You'll Learn

Understanding Infectious Disease Nursing

Infectious disease nursing is a critical discipline at the forefront of patient care. This field focuses on preventing, managing, and treating communicable diseases. Nurses specializing in infectious diseases play a crucial role in containing the spread of infections within healthcare facilities and communities. They educate patients on preventive measures, administer medications, monitor symptoms, and collaborate with diverse healthcare teams to ensure optimal patient outcomes .

Research topics on infectious disease nursing

Structured PICOT Questions on Infectious Disease Nursing

Population (P): Immunocompromised individuals; Intervention (I): Rigorous hand hygiene protocols; Comparison (C): Standard hand hygiene practices; Outcome (O): Reduced healthcare-associated infections; Timeframe (T): 12 months. Question: Among immunocompromised individuals, does implementing rigorous hand hygiene protocols significantly reduce healthcare-associated infections over a year compared to standard practices?
P: Children in daycare centers; I: Promoting respiratory etiquette education; C: Conventional health education; O: Decreased respiratory infections; T: 6 months. Question: In daycare settings, does promoting respiratory etiquette education result in a noticeable decrease in respiratory infections over six months compared to conventional health education?
P: Elderly residents in long-term care facilities; I: Regular environmental cleaning and disinfection; C: Irregular cleaning practices; O: Lower rates of gastrointestinal infections ; T: 24 months. Question: Among elderly residents in long-term care, does consistent environmental cleaning and disinfection lead to significantly lower rates of gastrointestinal infections over two years compared to irregular cleaning practices?
P: Surgical patients; I: Prophylactic antibiotic administration; C: No prophylaxis; O: Reduced post-operative infections; T: 1 month. Question: In surgical contexts, does administering prophylactic antibiotics to patients undergoing procedures result in a noticeable reduction in post-operative infections within 30 days compared to no prophylaxis?
P: Healthcare workers in contact with infectious patients; I: Mandatory vaccination policies ; C: Voluntary vaccination; O: Increased vaccination coverage; T: 1 flu season. Question: Among healthcare workers exposed to infectious patients, does the implementation of mandatory vaccination policies result in higher vaccination coverage for seasonal flu within one flu season compared to voluntary vaccination?
P: Tuberculosis (TB) patients; I: Directly observed therapy (DOT); C: Self-administered treatment; O: Improved treatment adherence; T: 6 months. Question: For TB patients, does implementing directly observed therapy (DOT) improve treatment adherence over six months compared to self-administered treatment?
P: Pregnant women; I: Routine prenatal screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs); C: Selective STI screening; O: Early detection and management of STIs; T: Throughout pregnancy. Question: Do routine prenatal screenings for STIs in pregnant women lead to early detection and improved management of infections throughout pregnancy compared to selective screening?
P: HIV-positive patients; I: Telehealth monitoring; C: In-person clinic visits; O: Enhanced management of HIV-related complications; T: 12 months. Question: Among individuals with HIV, does telehealth monitoring lead to more effective management of HIV-related complications over a year compared to traditional in-person clinic visits?
P: Acute care patients; I: Regular antimicrobial stewardship interventions; C: No structured interventions; O: Reduced rates of antibiotic-resistant infections; T: 24 months. Question: In acute care settings, do regular antimicrobial stewardship interventions result in significant reductions in rates of antibiotic-resistant infections over a two-year period compared to the absence of structured interventions?
P: Immunized and unimmunized communities; I: Public health immunization campaigns ; C: No campaigns; O: Decreased occurrence of vaccine-preventable diseases; T: 60 months. Question: In communities, do public health immunization campaigns lead to a noticeable decrease in the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases over five years for both immunized and unimmunized populations?

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Project Ideas in Infectious Disease Nursing

Evaluating the effectiveness of infection control strategies in preventing h ospital-acquired infections.
Analyzing the impact of rapid diagnostic tests on early identification and management of infectious diseases.
Implementing a comprehensive vaccination education program for underserved populations.
Investigating the effectiveness of telemedicine in providing follow-up care for patients with chronic infectious diseases.
Exploring the role of nurses in promoting antibiotic stewardship within healthcare settings.

Nursing Capstone Project Ideas on Infectious Disease Nursing

Developing a protocol for managing infectious disease outbreaks in long-term care facilities.
Creating an educational module on infection prevention for novice nursing staff .
Designing a community-based intervention to increase awareness about sexually transmitted infections.
Assessing the psychological impact of isolation protocols on patients with highly contagious diseases.
Investigating the effectiveness of contact tracing in controlling the spread of infectious diseases.

Nursing Research Paper Topics on Infectious Disease Nursing

The nurse’s role in addressing vaccine hesitancy and advocating for immunization.
Strategies for preventing infectious disease transmission in home healthcare settings.
Ethical considerations surrounding quarantines during infectious disease outbreaks.
Cultural influences on acceptance of infection control measures: Implications for nursing.
Exploring challenges posed by antibiotic resistance and nurses’ contributions to combat it.

Research Questions on Infectious Disease Nursing

How does nurses’ knowledge of infectious diseases impact patient education and preventive strategies?
What barriers hinder effective implementation of infection control measures in resource-constrained healthcare settings?
How can nursing interventions mitigate the psychological impact of isolation protocols on patients with highly contagious infections?
What factors contribute to the success of telehealth interventions in managing chronic infectious diseases?
What are the long-term effects of childhood vaccination education delivered by nurses on vaccine uptake rates?

Essay Topics & Examples for Discussion

Analyzing the far-reaching implications of the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons for the field of infectious disease nursing.
The nursing profession’s pivotal role in confronting emerging infectious diseases.
Cultural competence in managing infectious diseases: Challenges and strategies for nurses.
Ethical dilemmas arising from balancing patient rights and public health concerns in infectious disease care.
Vaccination campaigns: Nurses as advocates for community health and disease prevention.

Infectious disease nursing presents a dynamic and impactful realm that demands expertise, dedication, and innovation. As nursing students, you are poised to contribute significantly to preventing and managing infectious diseases. Your contributions can shape the landscape of patient care in this critical area through research, capstone projects, and insightful essays. Remember, seeking additional support from our professional writing services can facilitate your academic journey and amplify your impact in infectious disease nursing.

FAQs about Infectious Disease Nursing

Q: What is the role of the infectious disease nurse?

A: Infectious disease nurses are specialized healthcare professionals focusing on preventing, managing, and treating communicable diseases. They educate patients, implement infection control measures, administer medications, and collaborate with multidisciplinary teams to ensure patient well-being.

Q: What are the 5 basic principles of infection control?

A: The five fundamental principles of infection control are hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and environmental cleaning and disinfection.

Q: What are nursing interventions to prevent infection?

A: Nursing interventions to prevent infection include educating patients on hygiene practices, promoting vaccination, ensuring proper wound care, practicing strict aseptic techniques, and implementing isolation precautions as needed.

Q: What are the 4 types of infections?

A: The four main types of infections are bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, and parasitic infections. Each type is caused by different microorganisms and presents distinct clinical characteristics.

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Infectious Disease Nursing Research Paper Topics

This page provides a comprehensive list of infectious disease nursing research paper topics divided into relevant categories, a detailed article discussing the significance and various aspects of infectious disease nursing, and a presentation of iResearchNet’s writing services, offering students the opportunity to order a custom research paper on any topic within this field. With the emergence of new pathogens, the rise of antibiotic resistance, and the ongoing challenges in infection prevention and control, there is a growing need for research and knowledge dissemination in infectious disease nursing. This page aims to serve as a valuable resource for nursing students seeking to explore and contribute to this critical area of study.

100 Infectious Disease Nursing Research Paper Topics

Infectious disease nursing is a crucial part of healthcare, especially in a world where infectious diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of nurses in the prevention, control, and management of infectious diseases cannot be overstated. This page, dedicated to “infectious disease nursing research paper topics,” provides a comprehensive list of topics that span a wide range of areas within this field. With the continuous emergence of new infectious diseases and the resurgence of old ones, there is a pressing need for ongoing research and discussion on various aspects of infectious disease nursing.

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The role of nurses in the management of emerging infectious diseases.
Challenges faced by healthcare systems in managing emerging infectious diseases.
The impact of climate change on the emergence of infectious diseases.
Strategies for early detection and management of emerging infectious diseases.
The role of community health nurses in the prevention of emerging infectious diseases.
Emerging infectious diseases: A global perspective.
Case study on the management of an emerging infectious disease.
The role of surveillance systems in the detection of emerging infectious diseases.
Strategies for public health education on emerging infectious diseases.
The impact of emerging infectious diseases on healthcare policies.
Best practices in infection prevention and control in healthcare settings.
The role of nurses in promoting hand hygiene in hospitals.
Strategies for preventing healthcare-associated infections.
The impact of nurse-led interventions on infection rates in hospitals.
The role of personal protective equipment in infection prevention and control.
Challenges faced by nurses in implementing infection prevention and control measures.
The effectiveness of infection control audits in healthcare settings.
Strategies for preventing the spread of respiratory infections in healthcare settings.
The role of environmental cleaning in infection prevention and control.
The impact of visitor restrictions on infection rates in healthcare settings.
The role of nurses in promoting vaccination uptake.
Strategies for overcoming vaccine hesitancy in different populations.
The impact of vaccination campaigns on infectious disease rates.
Challenges faced by nurses in delivering vaccinations in remote areas.
The role of school nurses in promoting childhood vaccinations.
Strategies for improving vaccination rates among healthcare workers.
The impact of social media on public perceptions of vaccines.
Strategies for managing adverse reactions to vaccines.
The role of community health nurses in promoting adult vaccinations.
The impact of vaccination policies on public health.
The role of nurses in promoting appropriate antibiotic use.
Strategies for preventing the development of antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings.
The impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs on antibiotic resistance rates.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing patients with antibiotic-resistant infections.
The role of infection prevention and control measures in preventing antimicrobial resistance.
Strategies for educating patients about the risks of antibiotic misuse.
The impact of antibiotic resistance on healthcare costs.
Strategies for preventing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals.
The role of nurses in promoting the use of alternative therapies for bacterial infections.
The impact of antibiotic resistance on the management of infectious diseases.
The role of nurses in infectious disease surveillance.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in communities.
The impact of population density on the spread of infectious diseases.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing infectious diseases in rural areas.
The role of travel and migration in the spread of infectious diseases.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in schools.
The impact of vaccination coverage on infectious disease rates.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases during mass gatherings.
The role of nurses in managing infectious disease outbreaks.
The impact of climate change on the spread of infectious diseases.
The role of nurses in global health initiatives focused on infectious diseases.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in low-income countries.
The impact of global travel on the spread of infectious diseases.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing infectious diseases in developing countries.
The role of international organizations in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Strategies for improving access to vaccinations in low-income countries.
The impact of infectious diseases on economic development.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in refugee camps.
The role of nurses in managing infectious diseases in conflict zones.
The impact of global health policies on infectious disease rates.
The role of nurses in managing pediatric infectious diseases.
The impact of vaccination coverage on pediatric infectious disease rates.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing infectious diseases in children.
The role of school nurses in promoting hand hygiene among children.
Strategies for preventing the spread of respiratory infections in schools.
The impact of antibiotic resistance on the management of pediatric infectious diseases.
Strategies for managing pediatric patients with antibiotic-resistant infections.
The role of nurses in promoting vaccination uptake among parents.
The impact of infectious diseases on child development.
The role of nurses in managing infectious diseases in the elderly.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in long-term care facilities.
The impact of vaccination coverage on infectious disease rates in the elderly.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing infectious diseases in the elderly.
The role of nurses in promoting hand hygiene among the elderly.
Strategies for preventing the spread of respiratory infections in long-term care facilities.
The impact of antibiotic resistance on the management of infectious diseases in the elderly.
Strategies for managing elderly patients with antibiotic-resistant infections.
The role of nurses in promoting vaccination uptake among the elderly.
The impact of infectious diseases on the quality of life of the elderly.
The role of nurses in the management of infectious disease outbreaks.
Strategies for protecting healthcare workers during infectious disease outbreaks.
The impact of nurse-led interventions on the containment of infectious disease outbreaks.
Challenges faced by nurses during infectious disease outbreaks.
The role of nurses in public health education during infectious disease outbreaks.
Strategies for managing healthcare worker burnout during infectious disease outbreaks.
The impact of infectious disease outbreaks on healthcare systems.
Strategies for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in hospitals during outbreaks.
The role of nurses in managing patient isolation during infectious disease outbreaks.
The impact of infectious disease outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers.
The ethical dilemmas faced by nurses in the management of infectious diseases.
Strategies for managing conflicts between patient autonomy and public health during infectious disease outbreaks.
The impact of cultural beliefs on the management of infectious diseases.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing infectious diseases in ethically sensitive situations.
The role of nurses in advocating for equitable access to infectious disease treatments.
Strategies for managing patient confidentiality during infectious disease outbreaks.
The ethical implications of mandatory vaccinations.
Strategies for managing ethical dilemmas related to infection prevention and control measures.
The role of nurses in ethical decision-making related to infectious disease management.
The impact of healthcare policies on ethical issues in infectious disease nursing.

The importance of researching infectious disease nursing cannot be emphasized enough. As the world continues to grapple with various infectious diseases, the role of nurses in managing these challenges remains pivotal. The topics listed above under “infectious disease nursing research paper topics” provide a comprehensive overview of the different areas within this field that require further exploration and research. It is encouraged that students and researchers delve into these topics to contribute to the body of knowledge that is essential for the global fight against infectious diseases.

The Range of Infectious Disease Nursing Research Paper Topics

Infectious disease nursing is a specialized field of nursing that focuses on the prevention, control, and management of infectious diseases. This field is of significant importance as infectious diseases continue to pose a major public health challenge globally. The role of infectious disease nurses is not only limited to the management of patients with infectious diseases but also encompasses public health education, vaccination campaigns, infection prevention and control, and participation in research activities. This article aims to discuss the significance of infectious disease nursing and the wide range of infectious disease nursing research paper topics it offers.

The Significance of Infectious Disease Nursing

Infectious diseases, caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that infectious diseases account for a significant portion of deaths worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and the global movement of people and goods have made the control and management of infectious diseases more complex and challenging.

Infectious disease nurses play a crucial role in the management of these challenges. They are involved in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with infectious diseases. They also play a vital role in infection prevention and control, a key component in the containment of infectious diseases. Furthermore, infectious disease nurses are involved in public health education and promotion activities, which are essential for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in the community. They also participate in research activities aimed at improving the prevention, control, and management of infectious diseases.

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that have appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Examples of emerging infectious diseases include the Zika virus, Ebola virus, and the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The emergence of new infectious diseases poses a significant challenge to public health and requires a coordinated and multidisciplinary approach for their management and control. Infectious disease nurses play a crucial role in this regard by being involved in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of patients with emerging infectious diseases. They also play a key role in public health education and promotion activities aimed at preventing the spread of these diseases in the community. Research in this area could focus on the role of nurses in the management of emerging infectious diseases, strategies for early detection and management, and public health education strategies.

Infection Prevention and Control

Infection prevention and control is a key component in the management of infectious diseases. It involves implementing measures aimed at preventing the transmission of infectious diseases in healthcare settings and in the community. Infectious disease nurses play a vital role in infection prevention and control by implementing measures such as hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and isolation of infected patients. They also play a key role in educating patients, their families, and the community on the importance of infection prevention and control measures. Research in this area could focus on the effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures, challenges faced by nurses in implementing these measures, and strategies for improving adherence to infection prevention and control measures.

Vaccination and Immunization

Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for preventing infectious diseases. It involves the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens. Infectious disease nurses play a key role in vaccination campaigns by administering vaccines, educating the public on the importance of vaccination, and participating in research activities aimed at improving the effectiveness of vaccines. Research in this area could focus on strategies for improving vaccination coverage, challenges faced by nurses in administering vaccines, and the role of nurses in addressing vaccine hesitancy.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs that were once effective in treating infections caused by them. It is a growing public health concern that threatens the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs and makes the management of infectious diseases more challenging. Infectious disease nurses play a key role in addressing antimicrobial resistance by promoting appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, educating patients on the importance of adhering to prescribed treatment regimens, and participating in research activities aimed at addressing antimicrobial resistance. Research in this area could focus on strategies for promoting appropriate antibiotic use, challenges faced by nurses in managing patients with antibiotic-resistant infections, and the role of nurses in antimicrobial stewardship programs.

In conclusion, infectious disease nursing is a specialized field of nursing that plays a crucial role in the management of infectious diseases. It encompasses various aspects such as emerging infectious diseases, infection prevention and control, vaccination and immunization, and antimicrobial resistance. The range of infectious disease nursing research paper topics is wide and offers an opportunity for researchers to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in this critical field. As the world continues to face new challenges related to infectious diseases, the role of infectious disease nurses will continue to be pivotal in addressing these challenges. Therefore, it is essential to invest in research and education in this area to equip infectious disease nurses with the knowledge and skills required to effectively manage these challenges.

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The role of patient organizations in shaping research, health policies, and health services for rare genetic diseases: the dutch experience, 1. introduction, aims and objectives, 2. materials and methods, 2.1. key methods, 2.2. material, 3.1. the beginning—a father’s story, 3.2. challenges of living with a rare genetic disease: unmet needs and founding a parent/patient organization for neuromuscular diseases.

Address the knowledge gap and the lack of informed care; provide appropriate, actionable education and information for parents about home care, transportation, technical help, financial help, and recreation; and organize support by setting up mutual help groups for different neuromuscular diseases;
Promote needs-led research, cooperation, and active involvement in the field of research and in the development of therapies;
Generate attention and publicity to reach all involved patients and parents and to find financial resources to support (V)SN’s activities.

3.2.1. (V)SN: Early Milestones and Achievements

Implementing standing working groups to realize home visits for advice by an experienced member plus supplementing telephone consultation to fill home visit gaps;
Organization of a special symposium aiming at the creation of a professional structural framework for (V)SN;
Establishing a committee to raise attention for genetic muscular diseases in the medical and scientific communities;
Organizing regular meetings with medical experts and researchers to facilitate members’ access to state-of-the-art information, to keep members informed and updated on current research projects and on latest research findings, and, last but not least, mentoring medical experts on patients’ needs and advocating needs-led research.

3.2.2. (V)SN Involvement in Orphan Drug Development

Contacting and lobbying manufacturers to prepare for their assessment of cost-effectiveness and reimbursement procedures in The Netherlands;
Lobbying the National Health Care Institute (Zorginstituut Nederland) [ 31 ] and the Ministry of Health (VWS) of The Netherlands [ 32 ];
Educating physicians and researchers with respect to their role in the admission and reimbursement of orphan drugs. (V)SN is committed as well to the management of expectations of patients with regard to gene therapy.

3.2.3. (V)SN: Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

3.2.4. (v)sn today, 3.2.5. neuromuscular diseases internationally united, networking and partnering—from a patients’ initiative to pan-european research institutions: establishing the european alliance of neuromuscular disorders associations (eamda) and the european neuromuscular centre (enmc), 3.3. founding the first national patient umbrella organization for rgds in europe and shaping the infrastructure for genetic services and counseling centres in the netherlands, 3.3.1. shaping and implementing genetic service centres, including genetic counselling centres in the netherlands, 3.3.2. key steps taken by vsop to promote genetic counselling services and to raise public awareness about genetics.

(i) Raising public awareness, addressing “genetic illiteracy”
(ii) Capacity building for genetic services

3.3.3. National Umbrella Patient Organizations Internationally United and Partnering

The development of educational material about next-generation sequencing (“Next generation sequencing in diagnostiek”) for the public, patients, and healthcare providers in collaboration with Erfocentrum [ 100 ];
Joining of the supervisory board of H2O (Health Outcomes Observatory), a European project financed by both the EU and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) [ 101 ]. EFPIA represents the biopharmaceutical industry operating in Europe [ 102 ]. This project is intended to provide insight into clinical data and patient-reported data for patients from different disease areas and healthcare providers via dashboards, for example, for joint decision-making [ 103 ];
Close involvement—through support to access to empirical data- in the document “Advice from the Health Council of The Netherlands” (Gezondheidsraad) to the government in November 2023 on preconception carrier screening. The Health Council recommends pilot research to determine whether preconception carrier screening could be responsibly offered to all prospective parents in The Netherlands to equip them with the information they need to enable them to make informed reproductive decisions [ 104 ];
Co-ordinating the input of patients and patient organizations into the Clinical Genetics Knowledge Agenda, which describes the top 10 knowledge gaps in clinical genetic care. The two overarching knowledge questions are: what barriers are in place for healthy family members who are at increased risk of a hereditary condition with treatment options to be referred for genetic counselling and possibly DNA testing, and how can the identified barriers be overcome? The agenda was published at the end of 2022 [ 105 ]. The Netherlands Association of Clinical Geneticists (VKGN) is currently exploring the possibilities for further research to address these knowledge gaps, including input from the patient perspective.
Participation in the decision-making process to add an NIPT (Non-Invasive Prenatal Test) in April 2023 as a standard option—if the pregnant woman wishes so—in the prenatal screening program of The Netherlands [ 106 ].

4. Where We Are Today, Future Prospects, and Challenges

4.1. challenges, 4.1.1. availability of treatment and costs of cell and gene therapies, 4.1.2. diagnostic odyssey and child mortality, 4.1.3. lack of diversity in genomics studies, 4.2. limitations, 5. epilogue and the lessons i learned, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Poortman, Y.; Ens-Dokkum, M.; Nippert, I. The Role of Patient Organizations in Shaping Research, Health Policies, and Health Services for Rare Genetic Diseases: The Dutch Experience. Genes 2024 , 15 , 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15091162

Poortman Y, Ens-Dokkum M, Nippert I. The Role of Patient Organizations in Shaping Research, Health Policies, and Health Services for Rare Genetic Diseases: The Dutch Experience. Genes . 2024; 15(9):1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15091162

Poortman, Ysbrand, Martina Ens-Dokkum, and Irmgard Nippert. 2024. "The Role of Patient Organizations in Shaping Research, Health Policies, and Health Services for Rare Genetic Diseases: The Dutch Experience" Genes 15, no. 9: 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15091162

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How to Write a Table of Contents for Research Paper: A Complete Guide

After hundreds of hours of non-stop working, the research essay is finished! Unfortunately, it is not the time to celebrate. That’s when you must get down to one of the least pleasant things in professional college or high school writing – a table of contents. The following article will define table of contents, discuss its purpose, and provide guidance on how to make a table of contents for a research paper.

What is a research paper table of contents?

Academic essays can be from 2–3 to hundreds pages long. They can contain a wide range of different studies, theoretical analyses, and practical examinations. They make up the substance of the study and assist you in showcasing the subject of your labor.

Since you are always required to cover many different aspects in your study, navigating the document quickly becomes top priority. This is why all expansive academic papers require a table of contents (also known as TOC).

This fragment of your paper is an overview of every topic explored in it. The TOC looks like an invisible table where cells house a chapter, segment, or simple section heading. Consequently, each title corresponds to a page index which is also indicated in the TOC. This indicator is located at the beginning of the document, preceding the introduction but following the title page.

Why do we need a table of contents in research paper?

Let’s break down the purpose of table of contents as well as its essential functions.

Usability. By scanning TOC, readers can quickly find certain sections or chapters within the research.
Structure. TOC helps the audience gain an immediate understanding of the subject matter and how the study has been organized and conducted.
Professional presentation. It betters the professional appearance of the essay by reflecting your insightful planning as well as attention to detail.
Clarity. A TOC makes sure to list all big chapters, sections, sub-sections, and supplements, which navigates the audience and sets their expectations for what the research covers.

Overall, the purpose of TOC is to improve the reader's experience by making the research more accessible and easier to navigate.

What guideline should you follow when preparing a table of contents?

In a nutshell, the way you organize, format and make a TOC is subject to the style guide required by your professor. Here is an exploration on how to prepare a TOC for different writing guides.

Title. Per the MLA style, a table of contents is not obligatory. Nonetheless, if your professor requires it, this part must be called "Contents" or "Table of Contents" and lined up at the top center area of the page.
Formatting. The MLA guide generally uses a simpler approach with fewer formalities regarding the TOC. Consult your professor’s requirements to see which kind of spacing and dot leaders rules you will need to apply.
Page index. MLA format traditionally uses Arabic numerals in the main body, but any TOC is up to the discretion of the author or professor.
Sections. The TOC should include all major parts of the essay like introduction, body sections, works cited, and appendices.
Title. In the APA style, the TOC should be named "Table of Contents" and centered at the top.
Headings. While compiling your APA table of contents, you must Include all major sections like abstract, foreword, method, conclusions, discussion, references, and supplements.
Formatting. APA has stricter requirements for formatting rules. You should use double-spacing throughout the TOC, which is in line with the rest of the study and the general requirements of the APA guide. The font repeats the one used in the main text (e.g., Times New Roman, 12-point).
Page index. Align page indexes along the right side of the page and use dot leaders to connect the headings to the page indexes.

Chicago style

Title. The TOC should be called "Contents" and placed at the top center of the page.
Formatting. The Chicago Manual suggests single-spacing within entries and double-spacing between entries. Fonts should be consistent with the rest of the document.
Headings. Include all chapters or major parts and list subheadings if needed. Use dot leaders between entries and page indexes.
Hierarchy. Always make sure to distinguish main headings from subheadings for better readability. This might be done through bold or italic formatting, and indentation for subheadings.
Page indexes. Place page indexes flush with the right margin. It is permissible to use Roman numerals for introductory pages, but the central text should only contain Arabic numerals.

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How to Write a Dialogue in an Essay: Useful Tips

A correct usage of dialogues in essays may seem quite difficult at first sight. Still there are special issues, for instance, narrative or descriptive papers, where this literary technique will be a good helper in depicting anyone's character. How to add dialogues to the work? How to format them correctly? Let's discuss all relevant matters to master putting conversation episodes into academic essays. Essay Dialogue: Definition & Purpose A dialogue is a literary technique for presenting a con ...

How To Write Essays Faster Using AI?

Creating various topical texts is an obligatory assignment during studies. For a majority of students, it seems like a real headache. It is quite difficult to write a smooth and complex work, meeting all the professors' requirements. However, thanks to modern technologies there appeared a good way of getting a decent project – using AI to write essays. We'd like to acquaint you with Aithor, an effective tool of this kind, able to perform fine and elaborated texts, and, of course, inspiration, i ...

Paraphrasing vs Plagiarism: Do They Really Differ?

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Can Plagiarism Be Detected on PDF?

Plagiarism has been a challenge for a long time in writing. It's easy to find information online, which might make some people use it without saying where it came from. But plagiarism isn't just taking someone else's words. Sometimes, we might do it by accident or even use our own old work without mentioning it. When people plagiarize, they can get into serious trouble. They might lose others' trust or even face legal problems. Luckily, we now have tools to detect plagiarism. But what about PDF ...

What Is Self-Plagiarism & How To Avoid It

Have you ever thought about whether using your own work again could be seen as copying? It might seem strange, but self-plagiarism is a real issue in school and work writing. Let's look at what this means and learn how to avoid self-plagiarism so your work stays original and ethical. What is self-plagiarism? Self-plagiarism, also called auto-plagiarism or duplicate plagiarism, happens when a writer uses parts of their old work without saying where it came from. This isn't just about copying w ...

Plagiarism: 7 Types in Detail

Your professor says that it is necessary to avoid plagiarism when writing a research paper, essay, or any project based on the works of other people, so to say, any reference source. But what does plagiarism mean? What types of it exist? And how to formulate the material to get rid of potential bad consequences while rendering original texts? Today we try to answer these very questions. Plagiarism: Aspect in Brief Plagiarism is considered to be a serious breach, able to spoil your successful ...

What is Citation and Why Should You Cite the Sources When Writing Content

When we write something for school, work, or just for fun, we often use ideas and facts from other places. This makes us ask: what is a citation in writing? Let's find out what this means and why it's really important when we write. What is Citation? Citation in research refers to the practice of telling your readers where you got your information, ideas, or exact words from. It's like showing them the path to the original information you used in your writing. When you cite something, you us ...

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COMMENTS

Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease
After decades of relative obscurity in the mid-20th century, infectious disease epidemiology has experienced an intellectual rebirth in response to disease emergence. Repopulation of this field by scientists trained not only in clinical medicine but ecology, demography, and quantitative sciences has led to the adoption of methods scarcely ...
Infectious Disease
Explore Infectious Disease articles from The New England Journal of Medicine
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases also known as contagious diseases, transmissible diseases or communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that infect a host organism and can be spread ...
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
An official journal of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Publishes research results on microbiology, immunology, and epidemiology; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases; microbes; and host immune response disorders.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Disease Epidemiology. Feature your research in this collection. We are looking for research that highlights the many interconnected facets of infectious disease epidemiology, including emerging zoonoses, viral genomics, infection dynamics, and more. Explore this collection and find out how to submit your research.
Home page
Aims and scope. BMC Infectious Diseases is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of infectious and sexually transmitted diseases in humans and animals, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.
Considerations for infectious disease research and practice
To an unprecedented degree, infectious disease-related issues are high on the agendas of world leaders, philanthropists, policymakers, and the public. This enhanced focus, combined with recent scientific and technological advances, creates new opportunities and challenges for infectious disease research and practice.
A systems approach to infectious disease
This Review outlines a broad, universal framework for systems biology applied to infectious disease research. From study design and omics data collection, analysis, visualization and ...
Infectious disease in an era of global change
This points to a possible new era of infectious disease, defined by outbreaks of emerging, re-emerging and endemic pathogens that spread quickly, aided by global connectivity and shifted ranges ...
The Lancet Infectious Diseases Home Page
Explore original research, reviews, opinion, and news from The Lancet Infectious Diseases, covering international issues relevant to clinical infectious diseases specialists worldwide
Epidemiology Research Paper Topics
Identify your research interests: Start by exploring epidemiology research paper topics that genuinely interest you. Consider your passion for specific areas within epidemiology, such as infectious diseases, chronic diseases, or environmental health.
What's new in infectious diseases
What's new in infectious diseases Authors: Elinor L Baron, MD, DTMH Allyson Bloom, MD Milana Bogorodskaya, MD Sheila Bond, MD Keri K Hall, MD, MS Jennifer Mitty, MD, MPH Contributor Disclosures
100 Disease Research Topics
Top 100 Disease Research Topics For Paper Writing Students have many disease research topics to consider when writing research papers and essays. A disease occurs when the body undergoes some changes. Science philosophy has pointed at pathogens and the causes of illness.
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed, monthly journal published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It offers global health professionals the latest scientific information on emerging infectious diseases and trends. Articles provide the most up-to-date information on infectious diseases and their effects on global health.
Infectious Diseases
Explore the latest in infectious diseases, including community-acquired and nosocomial disease, antibiotic use and stewardship, and more.
Research Topics
Our work covers a breadth of research topics and diseases, from infectious disease modelling, vaccines and cholera, to viral dynamics, drug resistance and SARS-CoV-2.
Infectious-disease epidemiology
Infectious-disease epidemiology articles from across Nature Portfolio. The study of the incidence and spread of infectious diseases in populations over time. Host, pathogen and environmental ...
Infectious Disease Topics A-Z
A comprehensive list of infectious diseases that CIDRAP covers. Our site is an authoritative, reliable, and timely source of science-based information about global, emerging infectious diseases.
40+ Research Topics On Infectious Disease Nursing
This article provides research topics on infectious disease nursing, structured PICOT questions, project ideas and essay prompts for nursing students.
Infectious Disease Nursing Research Paper Topics
Infectious disease nursing is a crucial part of healthcare, especially in a world where infectious diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of nurses in the prevention, control, and management of infectious diseases cannot be overstated. This page, dedicated to "infectious disease nursing research paper topics ...
Frontiers in Epidemiology
A journal for scientific exchange across the breadth of epidemiological research. It explores the use of data for Investigates and predicting health outcomes, and assessing the health impact of cli...
Overview
Overview. Infectious disease research has the potential for broad application because everyone, in every area of the world, is infected by microbes at some point in his or her life. Microbes are simple organisms capable of rapid genetic mutation. Many evolve into new strains that resist available therapies. The ease of international travel and ...
The Role of Patient Organizations in Shaping Research, Health Policies
In 2023, the genetics scientific community celebrated two special anniversaries: the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was published in 1953 and in 2003 the Human Genome Project was declared completed and made publicly available. To this day, genetics and genomics research is continuing to evolve at high pace and is identifying a steadily increasing number of genes as causal for ...
How to Write a Table of Contents for Research Paper: A Complete Guide
The article provides a comprehensive guide on how to write a table of contents for a research paper. The article provides a comprehensive guide on how to write a table of contents for a research paper ... AI can help with many parts of writing, from coming up with ideas to fixing the final version. Let's look at the top 10 ways how to use AI ...
Diseases
Diseases are abnormal conditions that have a specific set of signs and symptoms. Diseases can have an external cause, such as an infection, or an internal cause, such as autoimmune diseases.