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My Social Identity: Analysis and Reflection

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How to Identify Yourself in an Essay: Exploring Self-Identity in Writing

• by Brandon Thompson
• October 18, 2023

Writing an essay about oneself can be a daunting task. How do you capture the essence of who you are in just a few words or pages? How do you define yourself in a way that is both authentic and engaging? In this blog post, we will dive into the art of self-identification in essay writing, providing you with tips, insights, and examples to help you craft a compelling narrative about your own identity.

Whether you’re facing the challenge of answering questions like “How do you define yourself?” or “What makes up your identity?” or struggling with how to discuss yourself without using the first-person pronoun, we’ll guide you through the process step by step. We will explore various techniques for writing a self-identity essay, such as using reflection, describing your social identity, and introducing yourself in a creative way.

So grab a pen and paper, or open up that blank document, as we journey together to discover how to effectively identify yourself in an essay – a reflection of who you are in this ever-evolving world of 2023.

How to Identify Yourself in an Essay: Let Your Words Shine!

When it comes to writing an essay, one of the most important aspects is identifying yourself and expressing your unique voice. After all, no one wants to read a dull and lifeless piece of writing! So, how can you make sure your essay stands out? Let’s dive in and explore some tips on how you can identify yourself effectively in your writing.

Find Your Writing Persona

Just like superheroes have alter egos, writers too have their own personas. Embrace your inner writer and let your personality shine through your words! Whether you’re witty, introspective, or even a bit sarcastic, infusing your essay with your authentic voice will make it engaging and relatable. Don’t be afraid to show some personality – after all, who said essays have to be boring?

Inject Some Humor

Who says essays can’t be entertaining? Injecting humor into your writing can captivate your readers and make your essay stand out from the crowd. Of course, don’t force it or try too hard to be funny; instead, lightheartedly sprinkle in some jokes or clever anecdotes that relate to your topic. A humorous tone can make your essay more enjoyable to read while still conveying your thoughts effectively.

Reflect Your Unique Perspectives

We all have our own perspectives and experiences that shape the way we view the world. Use your essay as an opportunity to showcase your unique point of view. Whether you’re tackling a philosophical question or exploring a personal experience, don’t be afraid to express your thoughts and feelings authentically. Remember, your perspective is what sets your essay apart.

Play with Structure

While essays typically have a formal structure, that doesn’t mean you can’t play around with it a little. Use subheadings, bullet points, or even numbered lists to organize your thoughts and make the reading experience more enjoyable. Breaking up your content into smaller, digestible sections makes it easier for your readers to follow along and keeps them engaged from start to finish.

Dare to Be Different

Everyone loves a fresh perspective, so dare to be different in your writing. Challenge conventional ideas or take a unique stance on a topic. By offering a fresh take or a creative spin, you’ll leave a lasting impression on your readers. Remember, the goal is not to conform but to stand out and be memorable.

Embrace Your Quirkiness

We all have our quirks, so don’t be afraid to let them shine in your essay. Whether it’s an unusual hobby, a unique talent, or a peculiar fascination, incorporating your quirks into your writing can make it more interesting and authentic. By embracing your individuality, you’ll create a personal connection with your readers and leave a lasting impact.

In conclusion, when it comes to identifying yourself in an essay, the key is to be genuine, entertaining, and captivating. Let your writing persona shine, inject some humor, reflect your unique perspectives, play with structure, dare to be different, and embrace your quirkiness. By following these tips, you’ll not only create an essay that stands out but also enjoy the process of writing and expressing yourself. So, grab your pen and let your words do the talking!

FAQ: How do you identify yourself in an essay?

How do you answer what defines you.

In an essay, when asked what defines you, it’s important to delve deep into your values, beliefs, experiences, and passions. Reflecting on your unique qualities and characteristics will help you provide an authentic and meaningful response. Remember, you are more than just a list of accomplishments or titles – you are the sum of your values and experiences.

How do you write a self-identity essay

Writing a self-identity essay can be both challenging and liberating. Start by introspecting and reflecting on your identity – the cultural, social, and personal influences that shape you. Then, craft a compelling narrative that showcases your journey of self-discovery. Share anecdotes, milestones, and experiences that have contributed to your growth and sense of self.

How can I define myself

Defining oneself is like peeling an onion – layer by layer, you discover who you truly are. Embrace introspection and explore your passions, values, strengths, and weaknesses. Look beyond external expectations and societal norms. Remember, it’s a lifelong process, and it often takes time and self-reflection to truly understand and define yourself.

What is an identity example

Identity is as unique as a fingerprint, and each person’s identity is formed by a combination of factors. For example, an identity can be shaped by cultural heritage, such as being a proud Latina or a devoted fan of Korean pop music. It can also be influenced by personal traits, such as being an adventurous thrill-seeker or a compassionate and empathetic friend. Ultimately, identity is the intricate tapestry that makes each person who they are.

What makes up a person’s identity essay

A person’s identity essay encompasses various aspects that contribute to their sense of self. These include cultural background , beliefs, values, interests, experiences, and relationships. It is the fusion of these elements that shapes a person’s unique identity and makes them the individual they are.

How do you write an identity statement

Crafting an identity statement is like capturing the essence of who you are in a concise and powerful sentence. Start by reflecting on the core values, passions, and qualities that define you. Then, articulate these elements into a clear and compelling statement that encapsulates your identity. Be authentic, genuine, and unafraid to showcase what makes you extraordinary.

How do you make a new identity for yourself

Making a new identity for yourself can be both exciting and challenging. Start by identifying the changes you want to make, whether it’s adopting new habits, exploring new interests, or reassessing your values. Embrace personal growth, surround yourself with supportive individuals, and be open to new experiences. Remember, creating a new identity is a journey, and it takes time, effort, and self-reflection.

How do you write a few lines about yourself

When writing a few lines about yourself, it’s important to strike a balance between showcasing your unique qualities and maintaining brevity. Highlight your key accomplishments, interests, and passions. Inject a touch of humor, if appropriate, to engage your readers. Remember, the goal is to leave a lasting impression and pique curiosity about the person behind those few lines.

How do you define yourself reflection

Defining yourself through reflection involves introspection and analyzing your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Take the time to understand your values, strengths, weaknesses, and aspirations. Explore how your past experiences have shaped you and consider how you want to grow in the future. Through reflection, you can gain a deeper understanding of yourself and thereby define your identity.

How would you describe your social identity

Describing social identity involves considering how you relate to different social groups and communities. It encompasses aspects such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and socioeconomic background. When describing your social identity, you may discuss the intersectionality of these various facets and how they influence your perspective, experiences, and interactions within society.

What makes up your identity

Your identity is an intricate tapestry woven from various threads that make you unique. It comprises elements such as your cultural background, personal values, experiences, relationships, and aspirations. It is the combination of these factors that gives you a distinct identity, shaping your beliefs, actions, and overall sense of self.

How do you talk about yourself in an essay without using “I”

Crafting an essay about yourself without relying heavily on the pronoun “I” requires creativity and alternative perspectives. Instead of constantly using “I,” focus on sharing specific experiences, achievements, or insights. Use descriptive language to engage your readers and help them visualize your narrative. By varying sentence structures and utilizing storytelling techniques, you can effectively convey your unique story without relying solely on “I.”

How would you describe yourself in one sentence

In one sentence, I am a curious wanderer, forever seeking adventures, embracing new experiences, and finding joy in the simple moments of life.

What is meant by self-identity

Self-identity refers to the recognition, understanding, and acceptance of one’s own unique characteristics, values, and beliefs. It is a journey of self-discovery that involves introspection, reflection, and a deep connection with one’s true self. Self-identity allows individuals to define who they are and navigate their lives authentically.

How would you describe yourself in a college essay

Describing oneself in a college essay requires striking a delicate balance between showcasing personal qualities and demonstrating suitability for academic pursuits . Be authentic and genuine, highlighting your unique traits, experiences, and ambitions. Emphasize your academic achievements, extracurricular involvements, and personal growth. However, remember to let your personality shine through your writing, engaging the readers with your unique voice.

How do I identify myself example

An example of identifying oneself could be acknowledging oneself as an adventurous explorer who finds solace in nature, a compassionate listener who provides comfort to others, or an analytical thinker who thrives in problem-solving. Identifying oneself involves understanding and embracing personal traits and qualities that make each person unique.

How do you introduce yourself in a class essay

When introducing yourself in a class essay, start with a captivating anecdote or a thought-provoking question related to the topic. Provide a brief overview of your background, emphasizing experiences or interests relevant to the class. Establish credibility while showcasing enthusiasm and curiosity for the subject matter. Engage the reader from the start to set the tone for an engaging essay.

What are 5 important parts of your identity

Five important parts of one’s identity may include cultural background, personal values, aspirations, relationships, and experiences. These elements shape who we are, influence our decision-making, and provide a lens through which we view the world. Each individual’s identity is unique, comprising an intricate web of multifaceted components.

How do you introduce yourself in academic writing

In academic writing, introducing yourself should be done succinctly and professionally. Start with your full name, followed by your current academic affiliation, such as the university or institution you attend. If applicable, mention your area of study or research interests in a concise manner. Avoid unnecessary personal details and maintain a confident and polished tone throughout your introduction.

What is your identity as a student

As a student, your identity extends beyond being a mere participant in academic pursuits. It encompasses your intellectual curiosity, enthusiasm for learning, and dedication to personal growth. Your identity as a student is shaped by how you navigate challenges, collaborate with peers, and actively engage in the pursuit of knowledge. Embrace this multifaceted identity as a student, allowing it to empower and guide you on your academic journey.

How do you identify yourself meaning

Identifying yourself is about recognizing and defining your unique qualities, values, beliefs, and experiences. It involves understanding how these elements shape your perspective, actions, and life choices. By acknowledging and embracing your identity, you gain a sense of self-awareness, enabling personal growth and an authentic connection with others.

How do you introduce yourself in writing examples

Hello, fellow readers! I’m Jane, a passionate storyteller with a penchant for adventure. Whether lost in the pages of a book or exploring the great outdoors, I find solace in embracing new worlds and acquiring fresh perspectives.

Greetings, everyone! I’m John, a coffee-fueled wordsmith on a perpetual quest for knowledge. When I’m not decoding complex theories at my laptop, you can find me immersing myself in the creative realms of photography or scouring the city for the perfect cup of joe.

How do you introduce yourself in a creative essay

In a creative essay, the introduction is your chance to make a memorable first impression. Craft an opening that hooks the reader and sets the tone for your creative exploration. Utilize vivid descriptions, figurative language, or an intriguing anecdote that illuminates your unique perspective. Take the reader on a journey, introducing yourself as a protagonist in your own story, ready to embark on an adventure of self-expression.

How do you introduce yourself as a student

As a student, introducing yourself is an opportunity to showcase your enthusiasm for learning and to connect with your peers. Share your name, grade or year level, and a personal interest or hobby that reflects your individuality. Consider mentioning your academic goals and aspirations, highlighting your determination to excel. Be approachable, friendly, and open to forging new connections in the student community.

• cultural background
• essay writing
• experiences
• individuality
• interesting
• self-identity essay
• unique perspectives
• unique qualities
• unique voice

Brandon Thompson

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Social Identity Theory: I, You, Us & We. Why Groups Matter

Cooley (1902/2022) discussed the concept of our social selves as a looking-glass self-concept:

“Each to each a looking-glass Reflects the other that doth pass.”

Our personal identities are shaped from the moment we are born. Our family, upbringing, environment, genetic makeup (psychological and physical), and social interactions all play a role in identity formation.

Research on individuals and groups contributed to the social identity theory, which has provided information and insight into this concept of identity. Let’s investigate the basis of this theory below.

Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Self-Compassion Exercises for free . These detailed, science-based exercises will help you increase the compassion and kindness you show yourself and give you the tools to help your clients, students, or employees show more compassion to themselves.

This Article Contains

What is social identity a definition, understanding social identity theory, social identity theory in life, understanding in-group vs. out-group, what are threats to social identities, 3 fascinating research findings on social identity theory, the intersectionality of social identity theory, how social identity shapes personal behavior, 4 interesting books on the topic, resources from positivepsychology.com, a take-home message.

Social identity is the aspect of an individual’s self-concept that comes from membership in a specific social group (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). It is the “we” categorization that can either be something someone is born into, such as gender and ethnic identity, or something assigned, such as a sports team.

A range of identity categorizations have been proposed. Some scholars argue there are six, and some have listed up to 12. To provide an example of these identification categories, Elon University has identified “ the big eight ” (Zeno, 2023), which include:

• Religious affiliation
• Socioeconomic status
• Sexual orientation

Social identity can provide a sense of belonging, purpose, self-worth , and identity (Turner & Reynolds, 2010). Being part of a group can help individuals feel connected and unified. Groups also tend to have shared goals and meaning. They create a framework to understand ourselves within the context of society, defining values, attributes, and beliefs.

Social identity theory was created to explore intergroup behavior and the phenomenon of an in-group and an out-group (Turner & Oakes, 1986).

Individuals change their own behavior to conform to the norms of a group, feel accepted, and find a sense of belonging. This includes modifying self-identity, or the part of self-concept that is psychologically and emotionally attached to the group.

Historical background

Henri Tajfel (1970) and colleagues conducted a series of studies known as minimal-group studies (more on that below) that gave rise to social identity theory. After World War II, psychologists wanted to understand intergroup relationships and how the horrors of the Holocaust could have happened.

Minimal-group studies assigned participants into groups designed to be arbitrary and meaningless and then asked them to assign points to each other. Participants systematically awarded more points to in-group members than to out-group members.

This demonstrates that the simple act of arbitrarily categorizing people into groups can be enough to create a sense of group membership rather than as individuals. Social identity theory was developed based on the conviction that group membership provides people with meaning in social situations (Tajfel, 1970).

In other words, group membership helps people define who they are and how they relate to others.

Building on these foundational ideas, a student of Tajfel, John Turner, explored cognitive factors involved in social identification. Turner looked at how people interpret their position in different social contexts and how it affects perception and behavior (Turner & Oakes, 1986). Stereotyping and ideas of social influence create self-categorization theory, or the social identity theory of a group (Turner & Oakes, 1986).

Cognitive processes

According to social identity theory, there are three cognitive processes central to creating and defining an individual’s place in society.

These include (Tajfel, 1981):

• social categorization,
• social comparison and
• social identification.

Social categorization is how people perceive themselves and others in terms of particular social categories (Tajfel, 1981). It is a way of labeling group members rather than thinking of them as unique individuals. For example, categorizing John as a football coach and father.

Social comparison is how people determine their social standing or value based on a particular group (Festinger, 1954). This can be seen in career fields and socioeconomic circles in society today. For example, doctors may be given a higher social standing than fast food workers.

Social identification is the idea that people perceive social situations based on who they are and how they relate to others (Tajfel, 1981). How people view a situation is influenced by the groups around them and how they view other people inside and outside of these groups.

These three cognitive processes are grounded in an individual’s knowledge of what social group they belong to. Social identity gains power through this knowledge, and the level of emotional attachment and value membership in the group holds.

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Social identity theory determines much of a person’s behavior as it plays out in everyday life.

Identification with a specific group is heavily influenced by social media, social contacts or members of your social network, television, and life experiences on a daily basis. Once an individual finds ideas, beliefs, and other people they relate to or feel they can offer status or power to, they begin to align their identity with that particular group (Turner, 1975).

Individuals are motivated to improve their social status, both within these groups and the group as a whole. Motivation to improve social status can be organized into three strategies demonstrated in day-to-day life (Van Bezouw, van der Toorn, & Becker, 2018). These include individual mobility, social competition, and social creativity.

Individual mobility

Bullying in school is an example of an attempt at individual mobility. In order to improve social status within a group, members will often bully, demean, or put down “lesser” members in order to feel more powerful.

Hazing in fraternity is another example. Incoming members generally must go through an “initiation” phase to prove their worth and membership in the group.

Social competition

Team sports offer a great example of the social competition aspect of social identity theory, for example, claiming to be the most devoted follower of the best football team.

Social competition is a group-level strategy where members come together to improve performance and succeed at a common goal. Teams share training sessions and tactical plans and work in harmony to win a game or achieve a championship. Teams show unity through uniforms, team chants, team songs, mascots, and other rituals that help them bond for a more successful outcome.

Political parties also demonstrate social competition during election cycles by promoting their own belief systems publicly and attacking opposing viewpoints in order to win favor and votes.

Social creativity

Social creativity is the component of social identity theory that suggests people modify their perceptions of the group in order to create distinctiveness from other groups (Van Bezouw, van der Toorn, & Becker, 2018).

An example would be if rich people declared how “friendly” people in the working class are. People in this economic group might adopt the characteristics of “we are not rich, but we are friendly” in order to maintain a positive social identity.

When an individual decides which group(s) could be considered the “in-group,” they tend to define themselves less as an individual and more as a member of a shared category (Turner, 1975).

Identifying with a group creates emotional significance that leads to comparisons between the “in-group” and the “out-group.” This helps build self-esteem and self-image and has important consequences for both individuals and the groups they belong to.

In-groups are a critical source of pride and self-esteem, and therefore beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of the in-group are favored, while out-group members are negatively judged (Turner, 1975). In many cases, “in-group” favoritism is followed by negative “out-group” derogation, bias, hostility, stereotypes, and prejudice.

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Social identity theory posits that group members may receive threats to their identity. These occur anytime a group’s status is devalued or their perceived competence and ability is questioned (Hackel et al., 2017).

Types of threats may include:

• Questioning moral values (often seen in political groups and different cultures)
• Being treated or labeled as a member of a different group (such as a woman addressed by her gender rather than her profession as a pilot)
• Threats to group distinctiveness (workers in a small organization taken over by a larger company and losing their small business identity)

Individuals will respond differently to threats based on how strongly they identify with the group and how the threat was personally perceived.

Minimal-group studies

Tajfel (1970) assigned 14–15-year-old boys into two random groups and asked them to assign points (or “money”) to other groups.

The assumption was that it would be fair to assign points evenly to groups, but the participants allocated more points to members of their own group than to others. This study was one of the first to demonstrate in-group favoritism.

COVID-19 and discrimination

More recently, a study examined personal and group discrimination as it relates to identity and social support among Chinese Canadians during COVID-19 (Mantou et al., 2023).

The study found that Chinese Canadians who identified more strongly as Chinese experienced less adverse group discrimination than those who identified more strongly as Canadians. The long-lasting racism that continued after the pandemic among these Chinese Canadians can be attributed to the same in-group and out-group mentality that social identity theory is based upon (Mantou et al., 2023).

Long-term health and wellness identification

A longitudinal study on the role of social identity and mental health examined Australian workers who transitioned into retirement (Haslam et al., 2023).

Researchers looked at preretirement group membership and postretirement membership, as well as measures of health and wellbeing. Social group memberships before retirement, which valued physical health and wellbeing, led to retirees maintaining these values after retirement.

This demonstrates the adoption and maintenance of shared values based on group membership.

Part of social identity theory includes the concept of intersectionality. As individuals identify with specific groups as part of social identity theory, some of these identities intersect and influence how life is experienced (Crenshaw, 1991).

Intersectionality was first conceptualized by Kimberlé Crenshaw (1991), a social theorist, civil rights activist, and scholar of critical race theory. Intersectionality is a framework to understand a person, group of people, or social problem affected by multiple discriminations and disadvantages. It helps account for overlapping identities and experiences to paint a more accurate picture of the complexity of prejudices and privileges faced.

For example, an individual may identify as a woman, Black, an academic, and a mother. These multiple group memberships and identities create conflicting experiences that cause challenges that a single group membership or identity would miss. It may be more difficult for a Black woman in academia than a white man, or to balance being a mother with work.

All people identify with more than one group, and throughout their lifespan, they will experience multiple identities.

This video further explains the concept of intersectionality:

Social identity shapes personal values, beliefs, and behaviors. Some of the main ways this happens are through in-group favoritism, stereotypes and prejudice, intergroup conflict, and a sense of belonging (Hackel et al., 2017).

In-group favoritism occurs when individuals seek positive self-esteem and therefore promote their own groups rather than members of other groups. This may manifest in making choices that benefit one particular group over another, such as providing resources (time, money, and energy) to one’s own group at the expense of others.

As individuals categorize people into groups, they are more likely to overemphasize similarities within groups and differences between them, which leads to stereotypes and prejudice.

Personal behavior can become hostile, aggressive, and violent when competition or perceived threats exist between groups. Intergroup conflict can also occur when resources are scarce, leading to behavior that is manipulative or harsh.

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Books discussing social identity provide a deeper understanding of the theory, its applications, and the importance it has for individuals, groups, and society at large.

1. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations – Henri Tajfel

Based on empirical research and theoretical guidance, it provides readers with insight into the psychological processes of group affiliation and how conflicts arise from them.

Find the book on Amazon .

2. Identity Theory  – Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets

The book helps the reader understand the emotional, behavioral, and psychological processes that work together to form identity and how being members of groups can shape these identities.

With a wealth of information, it is written in a way that all readers can understand and relate to.

3. The Impact of Identity: The Power of Knowing Who You Are – Irina Nevzlin

Understanding identity and who we are can help individuals as they examine their relationship to others in society, including membership in organizations and groups.

4. After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex and Gender – Georgia Warnke

It expands to political theories that discuss the implications of getting stuck in social identity and focusing only on group membership.

PositivePsychology.com offers several resources for examining identity and self-concept.

Our self-concept article further explores self-concept and the labels, categories, and groups that people may identify with. Looking at self-concept is another avenue for exploring social identity theory.

The Who Am I worksheet explores internal and external self-awareness to help clients gain a better understanding of who they are. Through a series of questions, clients are encouraged to reflect, journal, and share their thoughts, beliefs, desires, passions, and values while exploring their identity.

Core beliefs are central to personal identity and how we relate to the world. This Core Beliefs worksheet  examines the deeply held beliefs that clients have about themselves and how they relate to others in the world. These foundational beliefs play a large role in the groups that individuals identify with.

If you’re looking for more science-based ways to help others develop self-compassion, check out this collection of 17 validated self-compassion tools for practitioners. Use them to help others create a kinder and more nurturing relationship with the self.

Social identity theory helps to explain much of human behavior. Group membership and affiliation can play a role in defining personal identity and have both positive and negative consequences.

While many characteristics and traits shape our social identity, they are not fixed, and our identity has the capacity to change with time and experience.

Knowing that values, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped by the social groups we align ourselves with can help each of us make more informed choices about who we connect with.

Group membership matters and has a lasting impact on both individuals and society at large.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Self Compassion Exercises for free .

• Cooley, C. H. (2022). Looking glass self. In J. O’Brien (Ed.), The production of reality: Essays and readings on social interaction (vol. 7). Sage. (Original work published 1902)
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review , 43 (6), 1241–1299.
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations , 7 , 117–140.
• Hackel, J., Zaki, B., & Bavel, S. (2017). Social identity shapes social valuation: Evidence from prosocial behavior and vicarious reward. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience , 12 (8), 1219–1228.
• Haslam, C., Lam, B., Ghafoori, E., Steffens, N., Haslam, A., Bently, S., Cruwys, T., & La Rue, C. (2023). A longitudinal examination of the role of social identity in supporting health and well-being in retirement. Psychology and Aging , 38 (7), 615–626.
• Mantou, L., Kimberly, N., Shachi, K., Doris, Z., & Young, H. (2023). COVID discrimination experience: Chinese Canadians social identities moderate the effect of personal and group discrimination on well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 29 (2), 132–144.
• Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American , 223 (5), 93–103.
• Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology . Cambridge University Press.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
• Turner, J. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology , 5 , 5–34.
• Turner, J., & Oakes, P. (1986). The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence. British Journal of Social Psychology , 25 (3), 237–252.
• Turner, J. C., & Reynolds, K. J. (2010). The story of social identity. In T. Postmes & N. R. Branscombe (Eds), Rediscovering social identity: Core sources (pp. 13–32). Psychology Press.
• Van Bezouw, M. J., van der Toorn, J., & Becker, J. C. (2018). Social creativity: Reviving a social identity approach to social stability. European Journal of Social Psychology , 51 , 409–422.
• Zeno, M. (2023, September 27). Big 8 identities workshops offer an introduction to social identities . Elon University. https://www.elon.edu/u/news/2023/09/27/big-8-identities-workshops-offer-an-introduction-to-social-identities/

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Personal and Social Identity: Who Are You Through Others’ Eyes

There’s a reason folks judge others by the company they keep..

Posted October 15, 2021 | Reviewed by Davia Sills

• Personal identity is about how you see yourself as “different” from those around you.
• Social identities tell how you are like others—they connote similarity rather than difference.
• Some identities carry a different “privilege valance” or “oppression valance” than others.

Let’s talk about identity —the pieces of ourselves that tell us who we are and what we like and the pieces of ourselves that others use to decide who they think we are and what we are actually like. There are basically two types of identities that we possess: a personal identity and our social identity.

Personal identities

Let’s focus first on personal identities. Take a few moments and think about who you are and your personal traits. Personal identity is about how you see yourself as “different” from those around you. Hobbies, education , interests, personality traits, and so on. Favorite foods, the roles you hold—“I’m the oldest in my family.” These are the things that make you unique from other people.

We might dislike a quality of one of our friends, perhaps, but that might not keep us from enjoying their company and valuing the friendship . For instance, If someone doesn’t like piano music, and you’re a pianist, they might not ever care to hear you play, but they may look beyond that one trait to appreciate you as a whole person.

Social identities

Social identities are the identities that you share with similar group members. They tell how you are like others—they connote similarity rather than difference. Our social identities, though, are the categories that create entities such as “ingroups” and “outgroups,” those “us” versus “them” groups.

These include categories such as social class, race, gender identity , political affinity, and of course, religion and sexual orientation . Not only does falling into a specific category give you a feeling of “belongingness” and “community,” but it also sets up the possibility of being seen as “one of those,” which can lead to a sense of internalized stigmatization or shame for openly claiming membership in a particular group.

Social identities may bestow or withdraw power and privilege

While personal identities are how we see our own unique individuality, our social identities are internally constructed but also externally applied—simultaneously. Social identities have three important characteristics that describe their role in how others are perceived:

• Social identities are designed to award power and its benefits or to disadvantage others through the lack of access to power.
• These group identities are often used to justify the differences in outcomes, abilities, or the endeavors taken to achieve particular goals .
• Once categorized into a particular group, social identities are nearly impossible to shift due to the difficulty, the cost, or the danger involved in transforming self and others’ perceptions.

The “Big 8” social identities: Where outcomes are decided

What are your social identities? Take a few moments and think about who you are and the groups to which you feel you belong. Social identity is about how you see yourself as “alike” with those with whom you identify: “fathers,” “French Canadians,” “Gen Zers,” “Republicans,” “Northsiders,” etc. If someone doesn’t like Southerners, and you’re from NC, they won’t like you because of what you represent.

There are a group of social identities that are considered “The Big 8.” These include age, race, gender, ability, religion, class, immigration status, and sexual orientation. Each of these represents a value metric in that power is awarded to those who represent the majority groups in a space. Oppression is exerted upon those who represent a marginalized identity group, such as women, non-Christians, or older or younger persons.

Thinking about your own social identities, which of these identities is most salient to you? Your race? Your sexual orientation? Your religion or faith?

Now, think about what that identity means to you—what does it say to others about you? Often, it is the ones that you do not think about that represent the privileges you hold. It is also the social identities that carry a significant weight that often represent the identities that have less privilege or carry a sense of oppression with them.

All of us are equal, but...

Some identities carry a different “privilege valance” or “oppression valance” than others. What are the identities in your neighborhood, community, social groups, workplaces that carry privilege? What are the identities that we might be slower to acknowledge with others in order to avoid risking the loss of some amount of privilege? It is those identities and alliances that we fear others might “see” and make judgments about who we are, as individuals, based on group membership. Being straight, white, and Catholic when all of your friends are straight, white, and Catholic is probably not a social identity that you think about much—it carries privilege that being Hispanic, trans, and Buddhist might not. If you’re the only Jewish person in the room, you may be much more aware of your religious beliefs than you are of your race, education, or gender.

It is essential that we look inside ourselves and see which social identities we may be implicitly biased against. Who are the people that we give less credence or respect than others? Think long and hard about the implicit biases you may hold and the damage you may be doing to others based on your own limited experiences and perspective. Then do the inner work to combat this often automatic thinking that limits your ability to grow as a person and be a part of an expanding array of relational networks that would bring depth and diversity to your world.

Suzanne Degges-White, Ph.D. , is a licensed counselor and professor at Northern Illinois University.

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social identity theory

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social identity theory , in social psychology , the study of the interplay between personal and social identities. Social identity theory aims to specify and predict the circumstances under which individuals think of themselves as individuals or as group members. The theory also considers the consequences of personal and social identities for individual perceptions and group behaviour .

Social identity theory developed from a series of studies, frequently called minimal-group studies, conducted by the British social psychologist Henri Tajfel and his colleagues in the early 1970s. Participants were assigned to groups that were designed to be as arbitrary and meaningless as possible. Nevertheless, when people were asked to assign points to other research participants, they systematically awarded more points to in-group members than to out-group members.

The minimal-group studies were interpreted as showing that the mere act of categorizing individuals into groups can be sufficient to make them think of themselves and others in terms of group membership instead of as separate individuals. That finding deviated from a common view at the time, namely, that an objective conflict of interest is a central factor in the emergence of intergroup conflict.

Thus, social identity theory originated from the conviction that group membership can help people to instill meaning in social situations. Group membership helps people to define who they are and to determine how they relate to others. Social identity theory was developed as an integrative theory, as it aimed to connect cognitive processes and behavioral motivation . Initially, its main focus was on intergroup conflict and intergroup relations more broadly. For that reason, the theory was originally referred to as the social identity theory of intergroup relations.

Later elaborations by Tajfel’s student John Turner and his colleagues on the cognitive factors relevant to social identification further specified how people interpret their own position in different social contexts and how that affects their perceptions of others (e.g., stereotyping ), as well as their own behaviour in groups (e.g., social influence). Those elaborations constitute self-categorization theory, or the social identity theory of the group. Together, self-categorization theory and social identity theory can be referred to as the social identity approach.

Social identity theory was developed to explain how individuals create and define their place in society. According to the theory, three psychological processes are central in that regard: social categorization, social comparison, and social identification.

Social categorization refers to the tendency of people to perceive themselves and others in terms of particular social categories—that is, as relatively interchangeable group members instead of as separate and unique individuals. For example, one can think of a certain person, Jane, as a feminist, a lawyer, or a football fan.

Social comparison is the process by which people determine the relative value or social standing of a particular group and its members. For instance, schoolteachers may be seen as having higher social standing than garbage collectors. Compared with university professors, however, schoolteachers can be seen as having lower social standing.

Social identification reflects the notion that people generally do not perceive social situations as detached observers. Instead, their own sense of who they are and how they relate to others is typically implicated in the way they view other individuals and groups around them.

Someone’s social identity is then seen as the outcome of those three processes (social categorization, social comparison, and social identification). Social identity can be defined as an individual’s knowledge of belonging to certain social groups, together with some emotional and valuational significance of that group membership. Thus, while one’s personal identity refers to self-knowledge associated with unique individual attributes, people’s social identity indicates who they are in terms of the groups to which they belong.

According to social identity theory, social behaviour is determined by the character and motivations of the person as an individual (interpersonal behaviour) as well as by the person’s group membership (i.e., intergroup behaviour).

People generally prefer to maintain a positive image of the groups to which they belong. As a result of social identity processes, people are inclined to seek out positively valued traits, attitudes, and behaviours that can be seen as characteristic of their in-groups.

That inclination may also cause them to focus on less favourable characteristics of out-groups or to downplay the importance of positive out-group characteristics. The tendency to favour one’s in-groups over relevant out-groups can affect the distribution of material resources or outcomes between in-group and out-group members, the evaluation of in-group versus out-group products, assessments of in-group versus out-group performance and achievement, and communications about the behaviour of in-group versus out-group members.

The motivation to establish a positive social identity is thought to lie at the root of intergroup conflict, as members of disadvantaged groups strive for improvement of their group’s position and social standing and members of advantaged groups aim to protect and maintain their privileged position.

According to the individual-mobility belief system, individuals are free agents who are capable of moving from one group to another. The defining feature of the system is the notion that group boundaries are permeable, such that individuals are not bound or restricted by their group memberships in pursuing position improvement. Thus, individuals’ opportunities and outcomes are viewed as dependent on their talents, life choices, and achievements rather than on their ethnic origin or social groups.

A very different belief system, known as the social change belief system, holds that changes in social relations depend on groups modifying their positions relative to each other. Status security depends on the perceived stability and legitimacy of existing status differences between groups. Stability and legitimacy tend to mutually influence each other: when positions are subject to change, existing intergroup differences in status appear less legitimate . Conversely, when the legitimacy of existing status differences between groups is questioned, the perceived stability of such relations is likely to be undermined.

The two belief systems, in turn, determine what people are most likely to do when they pursue a more positive social identity. Social identity theory distinguishes between three types of strategies for status improvement: individual mobility, social competition, and social creativity.

Individual mobility allows people to pursue individual position improvement irrespective of the group. It can also be an individual-level solution for overcoming group devaluation.

Social competition is a group-level strategy that requires group members to draw together and combine forces to help each other improve their joint performance or outcomes.

Finally, social creativity implies that people modify their perceptions of the in-group’s standing. That can be achieved by introducing alternative dimensions of comparison in order to emphasize ways in which the in-group is positively distinct from relevant out-groups. A second possibility is to reevaluate existing group characteristics to enhance in-group perceptions. A third possibility is to compare one’s group with another reference group in order to make the current standing of the in-group appear more positive.

Social creativity strategies are generally characterized as cognitive strategies because they alter people’s perceptions of their group’s current standing instead of altering objective outcomes. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that these strategies can constitute a first step toward the achievement of social change . Because social creativity strategies help preserve identification with and positive regard for the in-group, even when it has low status, over time those strategies can empower group members to seek actual position improvement for their group

Understanding Social Identity Theory and Its Impact on Behavior

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Social identity is the part of the self that is defined by one’s group memberships . Social identity theory, which was formulated by social psychologist Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the conditions under which social identity becomes more important than one’s identity as an individual. The theory also specifies the ways in which social identity can influence intergroup behavior.

Key Takeaways: Social Identity Theory

• Social identity theory, introduced by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the cognitive processes related to social identity and how social identity impacts intergroup behavior.
• Social identity theory is built on three key cognitive components: social categorization, social identification, and social comparison.
• Generally, individuals wish to maintain a positive social identity by maintaining their group’s favorable social standing over that of relevant out-groups.
• In-group favoritism can result in negative and discriminatory outcomes, but research demonstrates that in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination are distinct phenomena, and one does not necessarily predict the other.

Origins: Studies of In-Group Favoritism

Social identity theory arose from Henri Tajfel’s early work, which examined the way perceptual processes resulted in social stereotypes and prejudice. This led to a series of studies that Tajfel and his colleagues conducted in the early 1970s that are referred to as minimal-group studies.

In these studies, participants were arbitrarily assigned to different groups. Despite the fact that their group membership was meaningless, however, the research showed that participants favored the group they were assigned to — their in-group — over the out-group, even if they received no personal benefits from their group membership and had no history with members of either group.

The studies demonstrated that group membership was so powerful that simply classifying people into groups is enough to make people think of themselves in terms of that group membership. Furthermore, this categorization led to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination, indicating that intergroup conflict could exist in the absence of any direct competition between groups.

On the basis of this research, Tajfel first defined the concept of social identity in 1972. The concept of social identity was created as a means to consider the way one conceptualizes the self-based on the social groups to which one belongs.

Then, Tajfel and his student John Turner introduced social identity theory in 1979. The theory aimed to illuminate both the cognitive processes that lead people to define their group memberships and the motivational processes that enable people to maintain positive social identity by favorably comparing their social group to other groups.

Cognitive Processes of Social Identity

Social identity theory specifies three mental processes individuals go through to make in-group/out-group classifications.

The first process, social categorization , is the process by which we organize individuals into social groups in order to understand our social world. This process enables us to define people, including ourselves, on the basis of the groups to which we belong. We tend to define people based on their social categories more often than their individual characteristics.

Social categorization generally results in an emphasis on the similarities of people in the same group and the differences between people in separate groups. One can belong to a variety of social categories, but different categories will be more or less important depending on social circumstances. For example, a person can define themselves as a business executive, an animal lover, and a devoted aunt, but those identities will only come up if they are relevant to the social situation.

The second process, social identification , is the process of identifying as a group member. Socially identifying with a group leads individuals to behave in the way that they believe members of that group should behave. For instance, if an individual defines herself as an environmentalist, she may try to conserve water, recycle whenever possible, and march in rallies for climate change awareness. Through this process, people become emotionally invested in their group memberships. Consequently, their self-esteem is impacted by the status of their groups.

The third process, social comparison , is the process by which people compare their group with other groups in terms of prestige and social standing. In order to maintain self-esteem, one must perceive his or her in-group as having a higher social standing than an out-group. For example, a movie star might judge himself favorably in comparison to a reality TV show star. Yet, he may see himself as having a lower social standing in comparison to a famous classically-trained Shakespearean actor. It’s important to remember that an in-group member won’t compare themselves with just any out-group — the comparison must be pertinent to the situation.

Maintenance of Positive Social Identity

As a general rule, people are motivated to feel positive about themselves and maintain their self-esteem . The emotional investments people make in their group memberships results in their self-esteem being tied to the social standing of their in-groups. Consequently, a positive evaluation of one's in-group in comparison to relevant out-groups results in a positive social identity. If a positive evaluation of one's in-group isn’t possible, however, individuals will generally employ one of three strategies:

• Individual mobility . When an individual does not view her group favorably, she can attempt to leave the current group and join one with a higher social standing. Of course, this won’t alter the status of the group, but it can alter the status of the individual.
• Social creativity . In-group members can enhance the social standing of their existing group by adjusting some element of the between-group comparison. This can be accomplished by choosing a different dimension on which to compare the two groups, or by adjusting value judgments so that what was once thought to be negative is now considered positive. Another option is to compare the in-group to a different out-group—specifically, an out-group that has a lower social status.
• Social competition . In-group members can attempt to enhance the group's social status by collectively working to improve their situation. In this case, the in-group competes directly with an out-group with the objective of reversing the group's social positions on one or more dimensions.

Discrimination Against Out-Groups

In-group favoritism and out-group discrimination are often viewed as two sides of the same coin. However, research has shown that this is not necessarily the case. There is not a systematic relationship between the positive perception of one’s in-group and the negative perception of out-groups. Helping in-group members while withholding such help from out-group members differs significantly from actively working to harm out-group members.

In-group favoritism can result in negative outcomes, from prejudice and stereotypes to institutional racism and sexism . However, such favoritism does not always lead to hostility towards out-groups. Research demonstrates that in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination are distinct phenomena, and one does not necessarily predict the other.

• Brewer, Marilynn B. “Intergroup Relations.” Advanced Social Psychology: The State of the Science , edited by Roy F. Baumeister and Eli J. Finkel, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 535-571.
• Ellemers, Naomi. “ Social Identity Theory .” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017.
• McLeod, Saul. “ Social Identity Theory .” Simply Psychology , 2008.
• Hogg, Michael A., and Kipling D. Williams. “ From I to We: Social Identity and the Collective Self .” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , vol. 4, no. 1, 2000, pp. 81-97.
• Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner. “ An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. ” The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations , edited by William G. August and Stephen Worchel, Brooks/Cole, 1979, pp. 33-47.
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Advanced Essay 3: Shaping a Person’s Personal and Social Identity

Introduction

My essay is about both what makes up identity and the different forms of identity. The main section that I am proud of is the part where the essay explains how memories affect your identity. I think that overall the ideas are good but could have been more specific.  

Shaping a Person’s Personal and Social Identity

Identity, at its core, is the understanding of what someone or something is. This understanding is made up of two integral parts, personal identity and social identity. Personal identity is an understanding of who you are as a person before you step into the role you play in society.  Social identity is made up of the labels projected onto a person based on how society views someone's personal identity.

People's personal identity can be shaped in many different ways.  Three factors that are important in shaping one’s personal identity include, but are not limited to, their culture, their memories, and their societal labels. Culture, simply explained, is learned behavior and norms we apply to the situations that we are presented.  In the words of the World Youth Alliance, which is a non-profit organization whose main goal is to create a culture that supports the dignity of every human person, “We are not alone. We live in a society, as wild as it is. We live in groups, we define ourselves through them, and hence, at least in some aspects, we belong to them.”  These groups that we live in are the cultures we create for ourselves. We do this to build social connections, which allow people to feel accepted by the general population. It is a human need to feel accepted by other people, so it is only natural for a person to gravitate to a group that is made of members that reflect their own characteristics.

Memories are almost as important in shaping a person’s identity as their culture. While culture is large and vast, memories are personal and very connected to what we do and say. Memories impact our identity by teaching us how to interact with the world around us.  According to “Psychology Today”, “These memories represent ongoing themes that we play out over and over again in our lives.” They create our moral code through repetition, providing positive reinforcement for good behavior and negative consequences for bad behavior. An obvious example of this concept is evident in childhood. When you were a kid, if you did something wrong, you got punished. The punishment, from that point on, was always connected to that bad behavior, which, hopefully, prevented you from repeating the action. This process slowly developed our idea of what is deemed good and what is deemed bad.  A person’s idea of what is good versus bad, what is ethical versus unethical, is largely developed through memories and plays a huge role in creating our personal identity. If you did not have the memories that make up your moral code, or ethos, then you would not interact with the outside world in the same way.

Societal labels is the third factor in shaping personal identity, and is as important, but vastly different than, culture and memories. Both culture and memories are very personal, and are unaffected by other people's views and experiences. Societal labels, on the contrary, are based solely on other people's judgements. How other people perceive a person largely impacts how they perceive themselves.  It is similar to culture in the way that we look to other people for acceptance, and place so much value on their opinions. These labels, whether positive or negative, have a vitally important impact on shaping a person’s personal identity.

Overall, many factors play a role in creating one’s personal identity.  A person’s culture, memories, and societal labels are just three of the many things that manifests themselves into your personality and how others see you.

Social identity is how other people perceive you, regardless of your personal identity. It is different than personal identity because it is based on societal expectations, which you do not have control over.  Unfortunately, one can do very little to change their social identity, because it has nothing to do with who you are as a person, or what your belief system is. Unlike societal labels, which you absorb and may become part of your personal identity, your social identity is completely independent of your personal ethos.  In other words, it is basically when people judge a book by its cover. Personal and social identities are intertwined constantly, changing as people learn and grow.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Individual and Society — Personal Identity

Essays on Personal Identity

Personal identity essay topics.

Exploring personal identity can be a deeply reflective and enlightening process. These essay topics allow writers to delve into various aspects of what makes us who we are, from cultural and social influences to personal experiences and inherent traits.

The theme of Personal Identity is of paramount importance as it delves into the essence of what makes us unique individuals. It encompasses a wide array of factors including culture, language, gender, family dynamics, religion, and personal experiences that together shape our sense of self. Exploring personal identity helps in understanding the complex interplay between individual traits and societal influences, fostering a deeper comprehension of oneself and others.

How to Choose Personal Identity Essay Topics

When selecting a topic for a personal identity essay, consider the following factors:

• Reflect on personal experiences that have shaped your identity.
• Think about the cultural, social, and familial influences in your life.
• Choose a topic that you are passionate about and that resonates with you personally.
• Consider the relevance and significance of the topic in your life and in society.
• Ensure the topic provides ample scope for analysis, reflection, and discussion.

Writing essays on Personal Identity is crucial for several reasons:

• It encourages self-reflection and introspection, allowing individuals to explore and articulate their understanding of their own identity.
• It promotes empathy and cultural awareness by examining how diverse backgrounds and experiences contribute to the mosaic of society.
• Essays on this topic can contribute to critical discussions about the role of external factors, such as social media and globalization, in shaping personal identity.
• They offer a platform for discussing pressing issues related to identity, such as gender identity and the impact of mental health, in a nuanced and informed manner.
• Writing about personal identity challenges writers to consider the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of identity in the modern world.

List of Popular Personal Identity Essay Topics 2024

• Exploring the Impact of Culture on Personal Identity Formation
• Uncovering the Layers of Personal Identity
• The Role of Language in Shaping Individual Identity
• Personal Identity in the Digital Age: Social Media and Self-Perception
• Gender Identity: Navigating the Landscape of Self-Discovery
• The Impacts of Racism and Identity in James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son"
• The Influence of Family Dynamics on the Development of Personal Identity
• Religion and Spirituality: Their Contribution to Personal Identity
• The Interplay Between Personal Identity and Mental Health
• Personal Growth and Identity: The Journey Through Life Transitions

List of Personal Identity Essay Topics by Category

Cultural and ethnic identity.

• The Impact of Cultural Heritage on Personal Identity
• Exploring Multicultural Identities: Challenges and Benefits
• The Role of Language in Shaping Cultural Identity
• How Immigration Influences Personal and Cultural Identity
• The Intersection of Race and Identity in Modern Society

Social and Familial Identity

• The Influence of Family Traditions on Personal Identity
• Growing Up in a Single-Parent Household: Effects on Identity
• Siblings and Their Role in Shaping Personal Identity
• How Socioeconomic Status Affects Personal Identity Development
• The Impact of Social Media on Personal and Social Identity

Gender and Sexual Identity

• Exploring the Journey of Gender Identity and Expression
• The Role of Society in Shaping Gender Roles and Identity
• Understanding Non-Binary and Gender-Fluid Identities
• The Intersection of Sexual Orientation and Personal Identity
• Challenges Faced by LGBTQ+ Individuals in Asserting Their Identity

Personal Experiences and Identity

• Overcoming Adversity: How Challenges Shape Personal Identity
• The Role of Education in Shaping Personal and Professional Identity
• How Travel and Exposure to Different Cultures Influence Identity
• The Impact of Major Life Events on Personal Identity Development
• Self-Discovery Through Artistic and Creative Expression

Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives

• The Role of Memory in Constructing Personal Identity
• Nature vs. Nurture: Which Has a Greater Impact on Identity?
• Understanding the Concept of the "Self" in Different Philosophies
• The Influence of Childhood Experiences on Adult Identity
• How Personality Traits Contribute to a Sense of Identity

The Multifaceted Role of Clothes in Human Culture and Identity

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Understanding The Significance of Personal Identity

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Personal Identity refers to the unique characteristics, qualities, beliefs, and values that define an individual and differentiate them from others.

The concept of personal identity, explored in philosophy and psychology, has ancient origins. In ancient Greece, Plato proposed an immortal soul, while Aristotle emphasized the mind and memory. Eastern philosophies like Hinduism embrace reincarnation, and Buddhism suggests identity is impermanent. During the Enlightenment, John Locke argued that personal identity is rooted in consciousness and memory, with continuity of experiences shaping one's sense of self.

• Psychological Continuity: This theory, popularized by John Locke, emphasizes the importance of psychological attributes, such as memory, consciousness, and personality traits, in defining personal identity. According to this view, a person's identity is based on the continuity of their mental states and experiences over time.
• Biological Continuity: This theory emphasizes the role of biological factors in personal identity. It posits that an individual's identity is primarily determined by their physical characteristics and genetic makeup. Biological continuity theorists argue that bodily continuity is essential for personal identity.
• Narrative Identity: This theory, influenced by narrative psychology, asserts that personal identity is constructed through the stories we tell about ourselves. Our sense of self is shaped by the narratives we create to make sense of our experiences, relationships, and life events.
• Bundle Theory: This theory, advocated by David Hume, challenges the notion of a unified and continuous self. According to bundle theory, personal identity is a collection of interconnected mental and physical attributes, thoughts, sensations, and experiences. There is no underlying substance that remains constant over time.
• Social Identity: This theory emphasizes the role of social interactions, cultural contexts, and group affiliations in shaping personal identity. It suggests that identity is not solely an individual construct but is influenced by social norms, roles, and relationships.
• According to a study published in the journal Science, researchers found that our sense of personal identity can be influenced by external factors, such as the opinions of others. The study showed that people were more likely to conform to a group's judgment, even if it conflicted with their own initial perceptions.
• Personal identity can be influenced by language. Linguistic relativity theory suggests that the language we speak affects our perception and understanding of the world, including our sense of self. Different languages may have unique ways of expressing personal identity, which can shape how individuals perceive themselves.
• Personal identity can evolve and change over time. This concept, known as identity fluidity, suggests that individuals may experience shifts in their self-perception due to personal growth, new experiences, or changing social and cultural contexts.

Personal identity is an important topic as it helps individuals understand who they are and how they relate to others. It impacts self-esteem, relationships, career choices, and overall happiness. Exploring personal identity can lead to greater self-awareness, acceptance, and personal growth. It also highlights the importance of embracing diversity and respecting the uniqueness of each individual.

1. Shoemaker, D., & Tobia, K. (2019). Personal identity. (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3198090) 2. Olson, E. (2016). Personal identity. Science fiction and philosophy: From time travel to superintelligence, 69-90. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118922590.ch7) 3. Swinburne, R. G. (1973, January). Personal identity. In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Vol. 74, pp. 231-247). Aristotelian Society, Wiley. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544858) 4. Glover, J. (1988). I: The philosophy and psychology of personal identity. (https://philpapers.org/rec/GLOITP) 5. Floridi, L. (2011). The informational nature of personal identity. Minds and machines, 21, 549-566. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11023-011-9259-6) 6. Schechtman, M. (2005). Personal identity and the past. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 12(1), 9-22. (https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/186014/summary) 7. Shoemaker, D. W. (2007). Personal identity and practical concerns. Mind, 116(462), 317-357. (https://academic.oup.com/mind/article-abstract/116/462/317/1083800) 8. Garrett, B. (2002). Personal identity and self-consciousness. Routledge. (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203015667/personal-identity-self-consciousness-brian-garrett) 9. Luckmann, T., & Berger, P. (1964). Social mobility and personal identity. European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 5(2), 331-344. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/social-mobility-and-personal-identity/3A597A028214E9C7F6BD6EA77CFBC881) 10. McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2015). Personal, master, and alternative narratives: An integrative framework for understanding identity development in context. Human Development, 58(6), 318-349. (https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/445817)

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Social Identity Theory In Psychology (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)

Saul McLeod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

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On This Page:

Social Identity Theory, proposed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, posits that individuals derive a portion of their self-concept from their membership in social groups.

The theory seeks to explain the cognitive processes and social conditions underlying intergroup behaviors, especially those related to prejudice, bias, and discrimination.

Social identity is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s).

Tajfel and Turner (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g., social class, family, football team, etc.) people belonged to were important sources of pride and self-esteem.

Social identity groups can give you a sense of:

• Belonging : Being part of a group can instill feelings of connection and unity, giving individuals the comforting sense that they’re not alone in their experiences or perspectives.
• Purpose : Group affiliations often come with shared goals or missions, which can provide direction and purpose to individual members.
• Self-worth : Affiliating with a group can boost self-esteem as individuals derive pride from group achievements and a positive group image.
• Identity : Groups provide a framework to understand oneself in the context of a larger community. They can help define who you are based on shared attributes, values, or goals.

1. Social Categorization

This refers to the tendency of people to classify themselves and others into various social groups based on attributes like race, gender, nationality, or religion.

We categorize objects to understand them and identify them. In a very similar way, we categorize people (including ourselves) to understand the social environment.  We use social categories like black, white, Australian, Christian, Muslim, student, and bus driver because they are useful.

Categorization helps individuals simplify the social environment but can also lead to stereotyping. If we can assign people to a category, that tells us things about those people.

Similarly, we find out things about ourselves by knowing what categories we belong to.  We define appropriate behavior by referencing the norms of groups we belong to, but you can only do this if you can tell who belongs to your group. An individual can belong to many different groups.

For example, you have categorized yourself as a student, chances are you will adopt the identity of a student and begin to act the ways you believe student act.

2. Social Identification

Once individuals categorize themselves as members of a particular group, they adopt the identity of that group. This means they begin to see themselves in terms of group characteristics and adopt its norms, values, and behaviors.

If for example you have categorized yourself as a student, the chances are you will adopt the identity of a student and begin to act in the ways you believe students act (and conform to the norms of the group).

There will be an emotional significance to your identification with a group, and your self-esteem will become bound up with group membership.

3. Social Comparison

After categorizing and identifying with a group, individuals compare their group to others. This comparison is often biased in favor of one’s own group, leading to in-group favoritism.

This is critical to understanding prejudice, because once two groups identify themselves as rivals, they are forced to compete in order for the members to maintain their self-esteem.

Competition and hostility between groups is thus not only a matter of competing for resources (like in  Sherif’s Robbers Cave ) like jobs but also the result of competing identities.

4. In-group (us) and Out-group (them)

Within the context of SIT, the ‘in-group’ refers to the group with which an individual identifies, while ‘out-group’ pertains to groups they don’t identify with.

The theory asserts that people have a natural inclination to perceive their in-group in a positive light while being neutral or even negative towards out-groups, thus enhancing their self-image .

5. Positive Distinctiveness

The desire for positive self-esteem will motivate one’s in-group to be perceived as positively different or distinct from relevant out-groups.

Prejudiced views between cultures may result in racism; in its extreme forms, racism may result in genocide, such as occurred in Germany with the Jews, in Rwanda between the Hutus and Tutsis, and, more recently, in the former Yugoslavia between the Bosnians and Serbs.

Examples of In-groups and Out-groups

It’s important to note that ingroups and outgroups are fluid concepts. The group an individual identifies with can change based on context, environment, or over time.

Moreover, everyone belongs to multiple ingroups across different facets of their identity. The categorization into ingroups and outgroups also plays a significant role in intergroup dynamics, biases, and conflicts.

Ethnicity & Race:

• Ingroup : Someone of Chinese descent might identify with other Chinese individuals.
• Outgroup : The same individual might see people of Japanese or Indian descent as an outgroup.
• Ingroup : A Christian might identify with other Christians.
• Outgroup : Muslims, Hindus, or Buddhists might be perceived as outgroups to Christians.

Nationality:

• Ingroup : An American might feel a kinship with fellow Americans.
• Outgroup : Canadians, Mexicans, or Britons might be seen as outgroups.

Professional Affiliation:

• Ingroup : Teachers might see other teachers as part of their ingroup.
• Outgroup : They might see administrators, policymakers, or even other professions like lawyers or doctors as outgroups.

Sports Teams:

• Ingroup : A fan of the New York Yankees might identify with fellow Yankees fans.
• Outgroup : Boston Red Sox fans could be perceived as the outgroup.

Political Affiliation:

• Ingroup : A Republican might feel aligned with fellow Republicans.
• Outgroup : Democrats, Libertarians, or members of other political parties might be seen as outgroups.
• Ingroup : Teenagers might feel that other teens understand their experiences and challenges best.
• Outgroup : They might see adults, especially older adults, as an outgroup.

Musical Preference:

• Ingroup : Fans of heavy metal music might identify with fellow metalheads.
• Outgroup : Fans of pop, country, or classical music might be perceived as outgroups.

Educational Institutions:

• Ingroup : Alumni of a particular university might feel a sense of camaraderie with fellow alumni.
• Outgroup : Alumni from rival universities might be seen as the outgroup.

Gender and Sexual Orientation:

• Ingroup : LGBTQ+ individuals might feel a sense of belonging with others who identify similarly.
• Outgroup : Heterosexual individuals or those who aren’t supportive might be perceived as outgroups.

Implications

• In-group Favoritism : Because individuals seek positive self-esteem, they are inclined to favor and promote their in-group at the expense of out-groups. This can manifest in various ways, from simple preference to allocating more resources to in-group members.
• Stereotyping and Prejudice : By categorizing people into groups, there’s a risk of overemphasizing similarities within groups and differences between them, leading to stereotyping. Coupled with the natural bias towards one’s own group, this can foster prejudice against out-groups.
• Intergroup Conflict : When competition or perceived threats exist between groups, or when resources are scarce, the dynamics described by SIT can intensify, leading to intergroup hostility and conflict.
• Shifts in Group Membership : SIT suggests that if individuals feel their current group membership is not providing positive self-esteem, they may either seek to elevate the status of their current group or abandon it in favor of another group that offers a more positive identity.

Applications

• Reducing Prejudice : By recognizing the mechanisms that lead to in-group bias and out-group prejudice, interventions can be designed to foster intergroup understanding and cooperation.
• Organizational Behavior : Within organizations, understanding group dynamics can be instrumental in team formation, conflict resolution, and promoting corporate identity.
• Political and Social Movements : SIT can provide insights into the formation and mobilization of social or political groups, including understanding factors that lead to radicalization. Social identity theory is useful for political psychologists because it addresses intergroup relations, but it has limitations in explaining real-world political identities.

Key issues limiting social identity theory’s application to politics are: 1) Choice in acquiring identities versus assigned identities; 2) Subjective meaning of identities rather than just boundaries; 3) Gradual strength of identification rather than just its existence; 4) Stability of identities over time rather than high fluidity.

Key issues limiting social identity theory’s application to politics are : 1) Choice in acquiring identities versus assigned identities; 2) Subjective meaning of identities rather than just boundaries; 3) Gradual strength of identification rather than just its existence; 4) Stability of identities over time rather than high fluidity.

Research priorities include: studying real-world political identities varying in strength; examining identity formation/development, not just consequences; understanding individual differences in adopting identities; and investigating the meaning of identities based on values, prototypes, valence for members, and contrast with outgroups.

Critical Evaluation

The social identity approach explains group phenomena based on social context, categorization, identity, norms, and status. It shed new light on old topics like crowd behavior, stereotyping, social influence, cohesion, and polarization with its emphasis on collective psychology.

• The approach is one of the only broad meta-theories in social psychology that integrates concepts across an impressive range of domains.
• The theory revolutionized the field of social psychology and had a major influence on research into prejudice, stereotyping, social influence, and intergroup conflict (Hornsey, 2008).
• It has extensive empirical support. The minimal group paradigm remains a widely-used tool.

Yet theorists debate whether the original formulation oversimplified the complex relationship between personal and collective identity.

Depersonalization may also be overstated, as group members accept diverse opinions. The theory’s breadth and multifaceted nature make it hard to falsify.

Critics argue it focuses more on ingroup favoritism than outgroup negativity. And its meta-theoretical scope sometimes comes at the cost of precise, testable hypotheses.

Recent evolutions in the social identity approach sought to address some limitations. Theorists now embrace a more nuanced perspective, acknowledging the interplay between personal and social identity. The self-concept is seen as fluid, with individuals shaping group norms as well as vice-versa.

Distinctiveness and belonging are recognized as concurrent human needs. This fueled research on subgroups, deviance, and the motivational significance of inclusion versus differentiation.

New research also expanded the outcomes examined to cover emotions and historical memory. It delved into the most inclusive level of human identity. Applications proliferated in justice, leadership, communication, politics, and especially organizational psychology.

The approach is increasingly prominent in understanding responses to stigmatized identities, collective action, political conflicts, and intergroup contact.

Ingroups are studied not as monoliths but as complex entities with dissenting voices. Overall, social identity theory remains vibrant and influential, broad-reaching across psychology.

Keep Learning

• If your identity is a definition of who you are, then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?
• Can one truly understand the experiences of an outgroup without having been a part of it?
• How do experiences of discrimination or privilege, based on social identities, shape an individual’s understanding of societal structures?
• In what ways does social identity contribute to societal cohesion, and conversely, societal division?

Huddy, L. (2001). From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory.  Political Psychology ,  22 (1), 127-156.

Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader , 56-65.

Billig, M., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Social categorization and similarity in inter-group behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 27–52.

Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal inter-group situation: A cognitive motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307–324.

Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European journal of social psychology ,  30 (6), 745-778.

Deaux, K. (1993). Reconstructing social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19 , 4–12.

Ethier, K. A., & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243–251.

Flippen, A. R., Hornstein, H. A., Siegal, W. E., & Weitzman, E. A. (1996). A comparison of similarity and interdependence as triggers for in-group formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22 , 882–893.

Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social learning theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58 , 255–269.

Jackson, J. W., & Smith, E. R. (1999). Conceptualizing social identity: A new framework and evidence for the impact of different dimensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25 , 120–135.

Karasawa, M. (1991). Toward an assessment of social identity: The structure of group identification and its effects on in-group evaluations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30 , 293–307.

Mummendey, A., & Schreiber, H. J. (1984). “Different” just means “better”: Some obvious and some hidden pathways to in-group favouritism. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 363–368.

Noel, J. G., Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Peripheral ingroup membership status and public negativity toward outgroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68 , 127–137.

Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., & Bundy, R. P. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1 , 149–178.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

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My Social Identity

My social identity is a complex combination of various factors that shape who I am as an individual and how I interact with the world around me. It encompasses aspects such as my race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. These elements not only influence how others perceive me but also play a significant role in shaping my own self-perception and sense of belonging.

One of the main topics related to my social identity is Cultural Critique Essays. This topic explores the ways in which different cultures are represented and analyzed in various forms of media, literature, and art. It delves into the complexities of cultural norms, values, and practices, and examines how they impact individuals and societies. By understanding and critiquing cultural representations, we can gain a deeper insight into the diverse experiences and perspectives that shape our social identities.

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In conclusion, my social identity is a multifaceted construct that encompasses various aspects of who I am as an individual. It is influenced by factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. By exploring topics such as Cultural Critique, Gender Studies, and Identity and Society, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of social identity and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society.

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Social Identity Theory, developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, is a theory that explores how individuals define themselves based on their group memberships. This theory suggests that people categorize themselves into social groups, which then influences their behavior and attitudes towards others. While Social Identity Theory has its strengths in explaining intergroup behavior, it also has its disadvantages in terms of oversimplifying complex social dynamics. One of the strengths of Social Identity Theory is its ability to explain the formation of in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination. By categorizing themselves into social groups, individuals develop a sense of belonging and identity, which can lead to positive feelings towards members of their own group. This can foster a sense of solidarity and cooperation within the group, promoting social cohesion and unity. Additionally, Social Identity Theory helps explain how individuals derive self-esteem from their group memberships, as they compare their group favorably to others, boosting their sense of worth and belonging. However, one of the disadvantages of Social Identity Theory is its tendency to oversimplify complex social interactions. By focusing on group categorization and intergroup dynamics, this theory may overlook the individual differences and unique experiences that shape people's identities and behaviors. This can lead to a reductionist view of human behavior, ignoring the nuances and complexities of social relationships. Additionally, Social Identity Theory may reinforce stereotypes and prejudices by emphasizing group differences and promoting a sense of us versus them mentality, which can perpetuate intergroup conflicts and divisions. Despite its limitations, Social Identity Theory remains a valuable framework for understanding the role of group identities in shaping individual behavior and attitudes. By recognizing the strengths and disadvantages of this theory, researchers and practitioners can better navigate the complexities of social dynamics and work towards promoting positive intergroup relations. Ultimately, a nuanced understanding of Social Identity Theory can help foster empathy, understanding, and cooperation among diverse groups, leading to a more inclusive and harmonious society....

Conformity: The Three Types Of Social Identity Theory

Conformity is a concept that plays a significant role in shaping our social identities. It refers to the tendency of individuals to adjust their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to fit in with a particular group or society. There are three main types of social identity that influence conformity: informational social influence, normative social influence, and identification. Informational social influence occurs when individuals conform to the beliefs or actions of a group because they believe that the group is more knowledgeable or better informed than they are. This type of conformity is driven by the desire to be correct and to make accurate decisions. For example, if a person is unsure about how to behave in a new social situation, they may look to others for guidance and conform to the group's behavior in order to avoid making a mistake. Normative social influence, on the other hand, occurs when individuals conform to the expectations of a group in order to gain approval or avoid disapproval. This type of conformity is driven by the desire to be liked and accepted by others. For example, a person may conform to a group's dress code or social norms in order to fit in and avoid being ostracized or criticized by their peers. Identification is the third type of social identity that influences conformity. This occurs when individuals conform to the beliefs or behaviors of a group because they identify with the group and want to maintain a sense of belonging and connection. For example, a person may adopt the political beliefs of their family or social circle in order to feel a sense of unity and solidarity with those around them. In conclusion, conformity is a complex social phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of factors. The three types of social identity – informational social influence, normative social influence, and identification – all play a role in shaping our behavior and attitudes towards others. By understanding these different types of conformity, we can gain insight into how and why individuals conform to the expectations of society and the groups to which they belong....

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Key Concepts Of Identity, Identification, Place And Social Memory

Key Concepts of Identity, Identification, Place, and Connection Identity is a multifaceted construct that encompasses various aspects of an individual's self-perception, including their values, beliefs, experiences, and affiliations. It serves as a fundamental cornerstone of human existence, shaping how individuals perceive themselves and interact with the world around them. At its core, identity represents a sense of self-awareness and continuity, providing individuals with a framework through which they understand their place in society and establish connections with others. One key aspect of identity is the process of identification, which involves the recognition and acknowledgment of one's own attributes, characteristics, and qualities. This process is influenced by a myriad of factors, including cultural, social, and personal experiences, which contribute to the formation of an individual's self-concept. Through identification, individuals not only define who they are but also establish a sense of belonging within various social groups and communities. This sense of belonging is crucial for fostering a positive self-image and nurturing interpersonal relationships. Place plays a pivotal role in shaping individual and collective identities, serving as a locus for personal experiences, memories, and cultural significance. Whether it be a physical location, such as a hometown or ancestral land, or a symbolic space imbued with historical or emotional meaning, places hold profound significance in how individuals perceive themselves and their connection to others. The concept of place extends beyond geographical boundaries to encompass virtual spaces, such as online communities and social networks, which increasingly influence how individuals construct their identities in the digital age. Connection is a fundamental human need that underpins the formation and maintenance of relationships, communities, and societies. It encompasses both the tangible bonds forged through shared experiences and interactions, as well as the intangible sense of belonging and solidarity that unites individuals across diverse backgrounds and identities. In an interconnected world characterized by globalization and technological advancements, the nature of connections has evolved, transcending traditional boundaries of time and space to facilitate communication and collaboration on a global scale. In conclusion, the key concepts of identity, identification, place, and connection are intricately intertwined, shaping how individuals perceive themselves, relate to others, and navigate the complexities of the modern world. By understanding and embracing these concepts, we can foster a greater sense of empathy, inclusion, and appreciation for the diverse array of identities and experiences that enrich our shared humanity....

• Social Psychology of the Internet
• Cultural Heritage and Preservation

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Day 3: Social Identity

Personal identity refers to the unique ways that people define themselves as individuals (the “I”). Personal Identity markers are often the things we choose to define us throughout our lives - team affiliation, musical tastes, style.

Social identity refers to people's self-categorizations in relation to their group memberships (the “we”). These categorizations are often assigned to us or something we are born into.

Examples of social identity include: race, ethnicity, gender, sex, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, age, religion/religious beliefs, national origin, and emotional, developmental disabilities and abilities.

The video Social Identity Theory gives an in-depth look at social identity and how it plays a role in our lives through social categorization, social identification, and social comparison. It also talks about how S.I. gives us a sense of belonging.

In her essay Choose Your Own Identity , available here as a PDF , writer Bonnie Tsui asserts that the need to categorize people into specific race groups will never feel entirely relevant to the rising generation of mixed race Americans, whose perceptions of who they are can change by the day, depending on the people they’re with.

This piece by Cherokee and Blackfeet writer Mariah Gladstone highlights how the U.S. government has long exploited the construct of race to wrongly define Native Americans as a racial category. This has helped Whites to adopt policies promoting the genocide of Indigenous people, the destruction of their families and the repression of their traditions.

When did you first become aware of aspects of your identity?

Describe a moment you were aware that your identity influenced the way people perceive you.  

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What is my social identity?

Social identity is often defined as one’s self concept that is constructed based on one’s traits that we were born with as well as how we classify ourselves into the different social categories set by society. “According to the Social Identity Theory (SIT), people tend to classify themselves and others into various social categories, such as organizational membership, religious affiliation, gender, and age cohort” (Davidson, 2). Growing up, I was first-born child in a middle-class family of 4. Originally from Myanmar (Burma), my family migrated to Singapore in prospects of finding a better life. As such, I spent a majority part of my childhood in Singapore. My family are Buddhists and naturally, I grew up with affiliation to Buddhism and it became a huge part of our lives. Studies have shown that diversity is an important factor and the more diverse team of problem solvers end up outperforming the high ability problem solvers. The world is a huge place and people from all walks of life each has different experiences and social identities that make them unique. Diversity is important because people with different identities each have their personal opinions on a certain matter at hand and with each differing viewpoint, it adds to the value and diversity. Organizations thrive on diversity as having more acceptable viewpoints means there is higher chance of success when it comes to innovation. Social identity is how we position ourselves based on our traits in society’s context and this is where self-awareness come into play. Social identity then would lead to various opportunities or barriers which might affect the way we live, think and work.

Growing up in Singapore as an immigrant made me more socially aware of my race. One of the amazing things about Singapore would be that it is a multiracial, multi-religious and multi-lingual country where people live harmoniously together. As part of our education regulations, I took up Chinese as a second language. This was where things got tough. Education in Myanmar was a completely different; my parents learned everything in Burmese and could barely speak proper English. Being Burmese, a clear barrier that I faced was education. I had to learn English and Chinese on my own and not being able to speak and converse in both those languages at home made reinforcing my learning and mastery of the language more difficult. Every cloud has a silver lining and that meant that I was able to learn about the religious customs, beliefs and traditions of other populations residing in Singapore. Spending Chinese New Year with my Chinese friends, Hari Raya Aidilfitri with my Malay friends and Deepavali (festival of lights) with my Hindu friends gave me different perspectives and a deeper appreciation of life. My diversified background would mean an advantage in terms of providing solutions to problems. “The Diversity Trumps Ability Theorem implies that hiring people out of high individual abilities may be less important than hiring people with diverse skills if those employees will work as part of a team” (Scott, 11). A study by Dr. Scott Page from the University of Michigan explains about how groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers under a set of conditions. I can certainly agree that having these wide range of experiences had certainly broadened my way of thinking, boost creativity and innovation in terms of solving complex problems.

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Being a Buddhist, it has certainly taught me many principles in terms of morals and ethics and this guided me to live differently from others. “One central belief of Buddhism is often referred to as reincarnation” (Saisuta 1) The goal is to reach Nirvana, a state where there is no more pain, suffering and desires. It resembles heaven where there is peace and happiness. Since young, I have been exposed to the Buddhism way of life where my parents would remind me to do the right thing, help others in need and never inflict harm on others. This helped to shape some of my personalities as well as create a positive image for myself. “Identity is especially helpful during social interaction, as it guides the way you present yourself and act towards others” (Polzer & Elfenbein, 2). Being a compassionate person, the image I present makes me seem like someone who’s considerate and approachable which makes it easier for me to make friends. Being approachable, trustworthy, fair and honorable are some of the traits that helped me as a leader in the military. Soldiers in the military would often try to hide illegal acts or mistakes that they have made simply because of fear of punishment even though they might not be at fault. With the projected image, I often get people to report and own up to their mistakes while ensuring that I give fair judgment by trying to understand their position. However, one of the barriers I face because of me showing kindness would be people trying to lie and take advantage of my kindness. There will be times where I would give the benefit of doubt and not pursue the matter and people would try to exploit it. This might seem like a weakness in the corporate world and might hurt my opportunities as I progress up the ladder.

Another part of my social identity would be my socio-economic status. I was brought up in a middle class setting where my family lived comfortably. My dad is an engineer while my mom is a homemaker. Growing up in this status had been a blessing in disguise where I do not have to worry about not having a shelter to live under or what will my next meal be. It taught me the importance of financial literacy along with being grateful for what I have. It also taught me to be humble and respectful towards others no matter their position in life. I treat everyone with respect and good mannerism. However, there are barriers present such as the lack of connections which makes it harder to climb up the corporate ladder and reduced opportunities to pursue certain passions and education. Singapore is a small nation with limited land and opportunities in popular sectors such as the banking, technology and financial sectors are limited and capped where only the fittest survive. Without both capital and connections, it will prove to be difficult in finding a fast track career. “Few people set out to exclude anyone through such acts of kindness. But when those in the majority or those in power allocate scarce resources (such as jobs, promotions and mortgages) to people just like them, they effectively discriminate against those who are different from them” (Banaji Et Al, 3). One of the experiences I had was when I applied for a banking internship with my friend. After applying, my friend eventually got the interview and landed the job while I didn’t even manage to get an interview. Competition was tough as always, but it turned out that my friend’s dad were classmates with some of the people working in the industry and I guess that’s what gave him an edge. Therefore, socio-economic status relates to the connections you have, and this can clearly be a huge help especially when it comes to look for opportunities. For me, despite this disadvantage, I can only find ways to forge my own connections to make up for it, work smarter and harder than the rest to prove myself.

Ultimately, I hope that these aspects of the identities I affiliated with would help shape me into a more trustworthy leader with strong work ethics that will help me move up in the leadership ladder. While my parts of my social identity are different, it is this difference that makes me unique and allow me to have a differing point of view and a different heuristic which ultimately becomes an advantage when it comes to adding to the diversity of the workplace.

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