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Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

• Last modified on: 3 years ago
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In CBSE Class 10 Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Here, we have provided case based/passage based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution .

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Question 1:

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).

Pea plants can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is completely dominant over the other. A farmer decides to pollinate one flower of a plant with smooth seeds using pollen from plant with wrinkled seeds. The resulting pea pod has all smooth seeds.

(i) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn? (1) The allele for smooth seeds is dominated over that of wrinkled seeds. (2) The plant with smooth seeds is heterozygous. (3) The plant with wrinkled seeds is homozygous. (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same proportion? (a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (C) RRX Rr (d) rrrr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype? (a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr

(iv) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 1000 plants were obtained in F 1 generation. What will be the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F 1 generation? (a) 750, 250 (b) 500, 500 (C) 800, 200 (d) 950, 50

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called (a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters (c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.

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Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

• Post author: studyrate
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Case study Questions Class 10 Science Chapter 9  are very important to solve for your exam. Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Case Study Questions have been prepared for the latest exam pattern. You can check your knowledge by solving case study-based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Join our Telegram Channel, there you will get various e-books for CBSE 2024 Boards exams for Class 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th.

In CBSE Class 10 Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Science  Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Question 1:

Pea plants can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is completely dominant over the other. A farmer decides to pollinate one flower of a plant with smooth seeds using pollen from plant with wrinkled seeds. The resulting pea pod has all smooth seeds.

(i) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn? (1) The allele for smooth seeds is dominated over that of wrinkled seeds. (2) The plant with smooth seeds is heterozygous. (3) The plant with wrinkled seeds is homozygous. (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same proportion? (a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (C) RRX Rr (d) rrrr

Answer: (b) Rr x rr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype? (a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr

Answer: (d) RR x rr

(iv) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 1000 plants were obtained in F 1 generation. What will be the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F 1  generation? (a) 750, 250 (b) 500, 500 (C) 800, 200 (d) 950, 50

Answer: (a) 750, 250

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called (a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters (c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.

Answer: (b) dominant characters

Question 2:

Seema crossed pure breed pea plants having round-yellow seeds with wrinkled green seeds and found that only A-B type of seeds was produced in the F1 generation. When F1 generation pea plants having A-B type of seeds were cross-breed by self-pollination, then in addition to the original round yellow and wrinkled green seeds, two new varieties A-D and C-B types of seeds were also obtained.

2.1) What are the A-B type of seeds? (a) Round -yellow (b) Round- green (c) Wrinkled- yellow (d) Wrinkled- green

Answer(a) Round -yellow

2.2) A-D are __________ and C-B are _______ type of seeds. (a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively (b) Wrinkled green and round yellow respectively (c) Round yellow and wrinkled green respectively (d) Wrinkled green and round green respectively

Answer(a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively

2.3) A and B are _____________ traits. (a) recessive (b) dominant (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) dominant

2.4) Which one of these will be produced in maximum number in the F2 generation? (a) A-D (b) A-B (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) A-B

2.5) The above cross is known as : (a) Test cross (b) Monohybrid cross (c) Back cross (d) Dihybrid cross

Answer(d) Dihybrid cross

Case Study 4

Purebred pea plant with smooth seeds (dominated characteristic) were crossed with a purebred pea plants with wrinkled seeds (recessive characteristic). The F1 generation was self-pollinated to give rise to the F, generation.

4.1) What is the expected observation of the F1 generation of plants? (a) 1/2 of them have smooth seeds and 1/2 of them have wrinkled seeds. (b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds.  (c) 3/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 1/4 of them have smooth seeds. (d) All of them have smooth seeds. 

Answer(d) All of them have smooth seeds.

4.2) What is the expected observation of the F2 generation plants ? (a) 1/2 of them have smooth seeds and 1/2 of them have wrinkled seeds. (b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds. (c) 3/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 1/4 of them have smooth seeds. (d) All of them have smooth seeds. 

Answer(b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds.

4.3) If a genotype consists of different types of alleles, it is called : (a) homozygous (b) heterogyzous (c) monoallelic (d) uniallelic

Answer(b) heterogyzous

4.4) The alternative form of gene is called : (a) dominant character (b) recessive character (c) alternative genes (d) allele

Answer(d) allele

4.5) Which of the following will be the genotypic ratio of the given F2 generation? (a) 1:3 (b) 3:1 (c) 1:2:1 (d) 1:1:1

Answer(c) 1:2:1

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CBSE 10th Standard Science Subject Heredity and Evolution Chapter Case Study Questions With Solution 2021

By QB365 on 21 May, 2021

QB365 Provides the updated CASE Study Questions for Class 10 , and also provide the detail solution for each and every case study questions . Case study questions are latest updated question pattern from NCERT, QB365 will helps to get  more marks in Exams 

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Cbse 10th standard science subject heredity and evolution case study questions with solution 2021.

10th Standard CBSE

Final Semester - June 2015

Sex determination is the method by which distinction between males and females is established in a species. The sex of an individual is determined by specific chromosomes. These chromosomes are called sex chromosomes or allosomes. X and Y chromosomes are called sex chromosomes. The normal chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes of an individual are known as autosomes. (i) In XX-XO type of sex determination (a) females produce two different types of gametes (b) males produce two different types of gametes (c) females produce gametes with Y chromosome (d) males produce gametes with Y chromosome. (ii) A couple has six daughters. What is the possibility of their having a girl next time?

(iii) Number of autosomes present in liver cells of a human female is

(iv) XX-XO type of sex determination and XX-XY type of sex determination are the examples of

(v) Select the incorrect statement. (a) In male grasshoppers, 50% of sperms have no sex chromosome (b) Female fruitfly is heterogametic (c) Human male produces two types of sperms 50% having X chromosome and 50% having Y chromosomes (d) In turtle, sex determination is regulated by environmental factors.

Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments on garden peas for seven years and proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms. He investigated characters in the garden pea plant that were manifested as two opposing traits, e.g., tall or dwarf plants, yellow and green seeds, etc. (i) Among the seven pairs of contrasting traits in pea plant as studied by Mendel, the number of traits related to flower, pod and seed respectively were

(ii) The colour based contrasting traits in seven contrasting pairs, studied by Mendel in pea plant were

(iii) Refer to the given table of contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel.

Which of the given traits is correctly placed? (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (iv) Some of the dominant traits studied by Mendel were (a) round seed shape, green seed colour and axial flower position (b) terminal flower position, green pod colour and inflated pod shape (c) violet flower colour, green pod colour and round seed shape (d) wrinkled seed shape, yellow pod colour and axial flower position. (v) Which of the following characters was not chosen by Mendel?

Mendel crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. He collected the seeds produced as a result of this cross and grew them to generate plants of the first hybrid generation which is called the first filial progeny or F 1 : Mendel then self pollinated the tall F 1 plants and he obtained F 2 generation. (i) In garden pea, round shape of seeds is dominant over wrinkled shape. A pea plant heterozygous for round shape of seed is selfed and 1600 seeds produced during the cross are subsequently germinated. How many seedlings would have non-parental phenotype?

(ii) If 'A' represents the dominant gene and 'a' represents its recessive allele, which of the following would be the most likely result in the first generation offspring when Aa is crossed with aa ? (a) All will exhibit dominant phenotype. (b) All will exhibit recessive phenotype. (c) Dominant and recessive phenotypes will be 50% each. (d) Dominant phenotype will be 75%. (iii) Which of the following crosses will give tall and dwarf pea plants in same proportions?

(iv) What result Mendel would have got, if he self pollinated a homozygous tall F 2 plant? (a) TT and Tt (b) All Tt (c) All TT (d) All tt (v) In plant, tall phenotype is dominant over dwarf phenotype, and the alleles are designated as T and t, respectively. Upon crossing one tall and one dwarf plant, total 250 plants were obtained, out of which 124 displayed tall phenotype and rest were dwarf. Thus, the genotype of the parent plants were (a) TT x TT (b) TT x tt (c) Tt x Tt d) Tt x tt.

The cross that include the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting characters simultaneously is referred as dihybrid cross. Mendel chose pure breeding plants for yellow and green seeds and round and wrinkled shape of seeds. He cross pollinated the plant having yellow round seeds with plant having green wrinkled seeds. All the plants produced in F 1 generation were having, yellow round seeds. The plants raised from these seeds were self pollinated, that resulted in production of plants having four phenotypically different types of seeds. (i) When a cross is made between a yellow round seeded plant (YyRr) and a yellow wrinkled seeded plant (Yyrr), what is true regarding the proportions of phenotypes of the offsprings in F 1  generation?

(ii) How many types of gametes can be produced by YYrr?

(iii) In Mendelian dihybrid cross, when heterozygous tall plant with green seeds are self crossed the progenies are

(iv) When round yellow seeded heterozygous pea plants are self fertilised, the frequency of occurrence of RrYY genotype among the offsprings is

(v) The percentage of yr gamete produced by YyRr parent will be

In human, the allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant over that for blue eyes (b). A brown eyed woman marries a blue eyed man, and they have six children. Four of the children are brown eyed and two of them are blue eyed. (i) What is the genotype of blue eyed offspring?

(ii) What is the woman's genotype?

(iii) The ovum, produced by the mother carries the gene regarding eye colour is

(iv) The ratio of brown eyed children to blue eyed children in this family is 2 : 1, which deviates from typical phenotypic ratios for monohybrid inheritance. What might be the reason? (a) Gametes carrying the brown eyed allele are more viable then those with the blue eyed allele. (b) A different pattern of inheritance other than monohybrid inheritance is involved. (c) Not all of their babies survived childbirth, thus causing a distortion in the actual ratio. (d) The actual ratio differs from the expected ratio because the sample size is too small. (v) What is the gene carried by of the man's sperm regarding the eye colour?

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Cbse 10th standard science subject heredity and evolution case study questions with solution 2021 answer keys.

(i) (b) : In XX-XO type and XX-XY type of sex determining mechanisms, males produce two different types of gametes, either with or without X-chromosome (XO type), or some gametes with X-chromosome and some with Y-chromosome (XY type). Such type of sex determination mechanism is designated to be the example of male heterogamety. In both, females are homogametic and produce X type of gametes in both the cases and have XX genotype. (ii) (b): The possibility of having a girl or boy child is equal i.e., 50%, as 50% male gametes are Y type and 50% are X type. Fusion of egg with X type sperm will produce a girl child. (iii) (b): In humans, number of autosomes are 2n = 44 or 22 pairs regardless of the sex. (iv) (a):  In XX-XO type and XX-XY type of sex determining mechanisms, males produce two different types of gametes, either with or without X-chromosome (XO type), or some gametes with X-chromosome and some with Y-chromosome (XY type). Such type of sex determination mechanism is designated to be the example of male heterogamety. In both, females are homogametic and produce X type of gametes in both the cases and have XX genotype. (v) (b): Male fruitfly is heterogametic whereas female fruitfly is homogametic.

(i) (a) : Characters studied by Mendel are as follows:

Phenotypic ratio is: 

(i) (c) (ii) (b) : According to the given passage some children show recessive trait, i.e., homozygous. So, the woman must be heterozygous. (iii) (c): Human ova are haploid, hence they only contain one copy of each gene. Since the woman has a Bb genotype her ova would contain either B or b allele. (iv) (d): According to the given passage, within a single family, the sample size of offspring in each generation is very small. Hence, the actual phenotypic and genotypic ratios often deviate from expected ratios. It is only when sample sizes of offspring is large that actual ratios approach theoretical or expected ratios more closely. (v) (c) : Human sperm is haploid, hence they only contain one copy of each gene. Since the man has a bb genotype, his sperm would contain allele b only.

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Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Please refer to Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution Case Study Questions with answers provided below. We have provided Case Study Questions for Class 10 Science for all chapters as per CBSE, NCERT and KVS examination guidelines. These case based questions are expected to come in your exams this year. Please practise these case study based Class 10 Science Questions and answers to get more marks in examinations.

Case Study Questions Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Case/Passage – 1

Question: A person first crossed pure-breed pea plants having roundyellow seeds with pure-breed pea plants having wrinkledgreen seeds and found that only A-B type of seeds were produced in the F1 generation. When F1 generation pea plants having A-B type of seeds were cross-breed by selfpollination, then in addition to the original round-yellow and wrinkled-green seeds, two new varieties A-D and C-B type of seeds were also obtained. (a) What are A-B type of seeds? (b) State whether A and B are dominant traits or recessive traits. (c) What are A-D type of seeds? (d) What are C-B type of seeds? (e) Out of A-B and A-D types of seeds, which one will be produced in (i) minimum numbers, and (ii) maximum numbers, in the F 2  generation?

(a) Round yellow (b) A (round) and B (yellow) are dominant traits (c) Round-green (d) Wrinkled-yellow (e) (i) A–D (ii) A–B

Question: Question number (a) – (d) are based on the images (A) and (B) given below. Study them and answer the following questions.  

(a) What term can be used for the structure given in image A? (b) What term can be used for the structure given in image B? (c) Which image shows a common ancestry?  (d) Which image has a common function but different origin?   

(a) Homologous organs (b) Analogous organs (c) Image A shows common ancestry (d) Image B i.e., analogous organs have a different origin but common functions.

Case/Passage – 2

Most human chromosomes have a maternal and a paternal copy, and we have 22 such pairs. But one pair, called the sex chromosomes, is odd in not always being a perfect pair. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X. But men have a mismatched pair in which one is a normal-sized X while the other is a short one called Y. So women are XX, while men are XY

Question: If a normal cell of human body contains 46 pairs of chromosomes then the numbers of chromosomes in a sex cell of a human being is most likely to be: (a) 60 (b) 23 (c) 22 (d) 40   

Question: The process where characteristics are transmitted from parent to offsprings is called: (a) Variation (b) Heredity (c) Gene (d) Allele (e) None of the above   

Question: In human males, all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. These unpaired chromosomes are: (a) Large chromosome (b) Small chromosome (c) Y chromosome (d) X chromosome 

Question: Which of the following determines the sex of a child? (a) The length of the mother’s pregnancy (b) The length of time between ovulation and copulation (c) The presence of an X chromosome in an ovum (d) The presence of a Y chromosome in a sperm 

Question:Who have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes? (a) Girls only (b) Boys only (c) Both girls and boys (d) It depends on many other factors   

Case/Passage – 3

In some animals, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines whether the animal developing in the egg will be male or female. In other animals, such as snails, individuals can change sex, that is sex is not genetically determined. In human beings, sex of individuals is largely genetically determined. All chromosomes in human beings are not paired. We have 22 pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes which is odd and not always a perfect pair.

Question. Who is responsible for birth of male child? (a) Father (b) Mother (c) Father only in first pregnancy. (d) Mother only in first pregnancy

Question. How many pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes? (a) 23 (b) 22 (c) 21 (d) 20

Question. Which pair of chromosomes are present in Male (a) XX (b) YY (c) XY (d) XXY

Question. Which of the following statement is true? (a) Men have short sized X chromosome (b) Men have one long sized Y chromosome (c) Men have normal sized Y chromosome (d) Men have one short sized Y chromosome

Question. Which pair of chromosomes are present in female? (a) XX (b) YY (c) XY (d) XXY

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CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions for 2023

Cbse class 10 biology heredity and evolution important questions: in this article, we will cover all important mcqs, short answer questions, long answer questions and case study questions from the chapter heredity and evolution of cbse class 10 science..

CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions: In this article, we will cover all important questions from the chapter Heredity and Evolution of CBSE Class 10 Science. In this chapter, students get to learn about the mechanism by which variations are created and Inherited. They are also encouraged to reflect and understand about The long-term consequences of the accumulation of variations. 

Chapter 8 Heredity and Evolution is actually the fourth and the last chapter in the second unit of CBSE Class 10 Science - World of Living. Students must be aware that since Heredity and Evolution used to be the ninth chapter in the syllabus before CBSE updated the syllabus during the pandemic, there are some resources where it is still mentioned as the ninth chapter. However, students should not be confused since the syllabus has been rationalized.

We have provided questions from all important topics in all varieties such as Multiple choice questions, Case Study questions, and even the Short answer questions and Long answer questions. To check the answers to these questions, scroll to the end of the questions. Using these important questions and answers prepared by the subject experts, candidates of CBSE Class 10 Science board exam 2022-23 can easily excel in their examinations. 

CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions 

• Mendel went on to study science and mathematics at the:-

(a) University of Vienna

(b) University of Austria

(c) University of Australia

2.In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome is/are

(i) large chromosome (ii) small chromosome (iii) Y-chromosome (iv) X-chromosome

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (iii) only

(c) (iii) and (iv)

• If a normal cell of human body contains 46 pairs of chromosomes then the numbers of chromosomes in a sex cell of a human being is most likely to be:

4.Which part of the DNA provides information for a protein?

(a) Chromosome

(b) Mitochondria

• In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to pure short plants in F2 generation will be:
• A trait in an organism is influenced by

(a) paternal DNA only

(b) maternal DNA only

(c) both maternal and paternal DNA

• Which of the following determines the sex of a child?

(a) The length of the mother’s pregnancy

(b) The length of time between ovulation and copulation

(c) The presence of an X chromosome in an ovum

• Which chromosome is not in a perfect pair in human males?

(a) Chromosome 13

(b) X chromosome

(c) Y chromosome

• What is the ancient name for all human beings?

(b) Chimpanzee

(c) Homo sapiens

(d) Invertebrates

10.The genetic constitution of an individual organism is known as its

(a) phenotype

(b) homozygous

(c) genotype

11. The process where characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring’s is called:

(a) Variation

(b) Heredity

• Name the information source for making proteins in the cells.
• What is F2 generation?
• Differentiate between dominant and recessive traits.
• Who is known as father of genetics?
• What is the genetic constitution of human sperm?
• What is meant by contrasting traits or characters?
• What is the probability that a human progeny wiil be a boy?
• What is DNA copying? State its importance.
• An elephant learns a trick at the circus. Will his offspring’s also know the trick by birth? Support your answer with reasons.
• How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently?
• “The chromosome number of the sexually reproducing parents and their offspring is same." Justify the statement.
• Give an example where sex is determined by the environmental factors.
• Define the following terms.
• How the genes, chromosomes and DNA are inter related to each other?
• A body builder builds his muscles. Will his child be born with strong muscles? If not, why strength of muscles didn’t pass on to the next generation?
• What is variation? How is variation created in a population? What is the importance of variation for survival of a species?
• a) Why did Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments? Write two reasons.

b) ‘Different species use different strategies to determine sex of a newborn individual. It can be environmental cues or genetically determined.’ Explain the statement by giving example for each strategy.

2. Pragya performed an experiment to study inheritance pattern of genes. He crossed tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt) and obtained all tall plants in F1 generation.

a) What will be the set of genes present in F1 generation?

b) Give reason why only tall plants are observed in F1 progeny.

• If we cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant we will get pea plants of F1 generation. If we now self- cross the pea plant of F1 generation, then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation.

(a) What do the plants of F2 generation look like? 

(b) State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation. 

(c) State the type of plants not found in F2 generation but appeared in F2 generation, mentioning the reason for the same.

(d) State Mendel's laws of inheritance.

• Reproduction results in variation from one generation to the next. The variation produced in the organisms during the successive generation gets accumulated over a long period of time in an organism. After several generations these variations comes up in the organisms and the organisms start showing different characteristics and hence leads to the appearance of new species. The main advantage of variation in a species is that it increases the chance of its survival in a changing environment. The organisms which show positive variation, survive. Those who do not show variations get extinct.

a) What are variations?

b) Why are the variations accumulated over generations?

c) What are the positive variations?

Biology is one of the main subjects that students in CBSE Board plan to pursue further ahead. Biology and its branches such as Zoology, Botany, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Forensics and so on are all respected and emerging career prospects for students. 

CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions Answers PDF

Candidates who wish to pursue Biology further ahead must master these topics in order to fulfill their dreams. 

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Class 10 Science: Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution PDF Download

In CBSE Class 10 Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given.

Here we are providing you with Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions, by practicing these Case Study and Passage Based Questions will help you in your Class 10th Board Exam.

Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Science  Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Question 1:

Pea plants can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is completely dominant over the other. A farmer decides to pollinate one flower of a plant with smooth seeds using pollen from plant with wrinkled seeds. The resulting pea pod has all smooth seeds.

(i) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn? (1) The allele for smooth seeds is dominated over that of wrinkled seeds. (2) The plant with smooth seeds is heterozygous. (3) The plant with wrinkled seeds is homozygous. (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same proportion? (a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (C) RRX Rr (d) rrrr

Answer: (b) Rr x rr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype? (a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr

Answer: (d) RR x rr

(iv) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 1000 plants were obtained in F 1 generation. What will be the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F 1  generation? (a) 750, 250 (b) 500, 500 (C) 800, 200 (d) 950, 50

Answer: (a) 750, 250

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called (a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters (c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.

Answer: (b) dominant characters

Question 2:

Seema crossed pure breed pea plants having round-yellow seeds with wrinkled green seeds and found that only A-B type of seeds was produced in the F1 generation. When F1 generation pea plants having A-B type of seeds were cross-breed by self-pollination, then in addition to the original round yellow and wrinkled green seeds, two new varieties A-D and C-B types of seeds were also obtained.

2.1) What are the A-B type of seeds? (a) Round -yellow (b) Round- green (c) Wrinkled- yellow (d) Wrinkled- green

Answer(a) Round -yellow

2.2) A-D are __________ and C-B are _______ type of seeds. (a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively (b) Wrinkled green and round yellow respectively (c) Round yellow and wrinkled green respectively (d) Wrinkled green and round green respectively

Answer(a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively

2.3) A and B are _____________ traits. (a) recessive (b) dominant (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) dominant

2.4) Which one of these will be produced in maximum number in the F2 generation? (a) A-D (b) A-B (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) A-B

2.5) The above cross is known as : (a) Test cross (b) Monohybrid cross (c) Back cross (d) Dihybrid cross

Answer(d) Dihybrid cross

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CBSE Class 10 Important Questions on Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction 2024-25

• Class 10 Important Question
• Chapter 10: Light Reflection And Refraction

CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter-10 Important Questions with Answers - Free PDF Download

The concept of light, reflection, and refraction is quite fascinating for the students of Class 10. In the previous classes, students have learned a lot of new things related to these two natural phenomena occurring with light. In Class 10, they will advance to a new level of concepts related to reflection and refraction. The textbook explains the concepts pretty well. Students will need more Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Important Questions with answers to prepare for the exams.

By studying the Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Important Questions, you will develop your concept for this chapter in a better way. In fact, your answering skills will also increase considerably. Check out how the expert teachers at Vedantu have answered the Light Class 10 Important Questions niftily. Download the PDF and follow the format of answering questions as shown by the experts to score more. Vedantu is a platform that provides free CBSE Solutions (NCERT) and other study materials for students. Maths Students who are looking for the better solutions, they can download Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Download CBSE Class 10 Science Important Questions 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 10 Science Important Questions for other chapters:

Related Chapters

Important Topics under CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction

The following list of important topics covered under the chapter on Light Reflection and Refraction has been provided for students so that they can take a glance at the major concepts and read them through before diving into the important questions.

Reflection of Light

Spherical Mirrors

Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors

Sign Convention for Spherical Mirrors

Mirror Formula and Magnification

Refraction of Light

Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

Refractive Index

Refraction by Spherical Lenses

Image Formation by Lenses and Their Ray Diagrams

Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses

Lens Formula and Magnification

Power of a Lens

Study Important Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. A convex lens has a focal length of \[10\] cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be placed so that it forms a real and inverted image $20$ cm. away from the lens? What would be the size of the image formed if the object is $2$ cm high? With the help of a ray, the diagram shows the formation of the image by the lens in this case?

Ans: Given, the focal length of the convex lens,

$\Rightarrow f=+10$ cm

Also, given the image formed is real and inverted with the image distance as $20$ cm.

$\Rightarrow v=+20$ cm

From the lens formula, we have: 

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{f}=\dfrac{1}{v}-\dfrac{1}{u}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{1}{20}-\dfrac{1}{u}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{u}=\dfrac{1}{20}-\dfrac{1}{10}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{u}=\dfrac{-1}{20}$

$\Rightarrow u=-20$ cm.

$\therefore $ The object is placed at a distance of $20$ cm.

Magnification is given as,

$\Rightarrow m=-\dfrac{v}{u}$

$\Rightarrow m=-\dfrac{20}{\left( -20 \right)}$

$\Rightarrow m=+1$

Also, magnification is given by, $m=\dfrac{Height\text{ of the image}}{Height\text{ of the object}}$.

$\therefore m=\dfrac{Height\text{ of the image}}{2}$

$\Rightarrow 1=\dfrac{Height\text{ of the image}}{2}$

$\Rightarrow Height\text{ of the image}=2$ cm.

Thus, the image is of the same size as that of the object and it is real and inverted.

The ray diagram representing the formation of the image by the lens in this case is:

It is observed that the image is formed at $2{F_2}$ with the object placed at $2{F_1}$.

2. Draw a ray diagram to show the use of a convex lens for the formation of images having the following characteristics. 

a. Real & inverted and diminished 

Ans: A ray diagram representing a real & inverted and diminished image is given below.

b. Virtual, erect & magnified.

Ans: A ray diagram representing a virtual, erect, and magnified image is given below.

3. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of $50$ cm. from it. Where is the needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of objects? Also, find the power of the lens.

Ans: Given, the image is real and inverted at a distance of $50$ cm.

$\Rightarrow v=+50$ cm

Also given, Height of image $=$ Height of object

We know, magnification is given as,

$\therefore -\dfrac{v}{u}=\dfrac{Height\text{ of the image}}{Height\text{ of the object}}$

Since, Height of image $=$ Height of object and $v=+50$ cm

$\Rightarrow -\dfrac{50}{u}=1$

$\Rightarrow u=-50$ cm

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{f}=\dfrac{1}{50}-\dfrac{1}{-50}$

$\Rightarrow f=25$ cm

$\Rightarrow f=0.25$ m

The power of a lens is given by,

$\Rightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{f}$

$\Rightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{0.25}$  m

$\Rightarrow P=+4$ D

4. One-half of a convex lens is covered with black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Verify your answers experimentally. Explain your observations.

Ans: If we cover one-half of a convex lens with black paper it is observed that it produces a complete image of the object.

Representing the given situation with a ray diagram.

Adjust the position of the burning candle such that its image is formed on the screen placed on the other side of the lens.

We get a full image of the burning candle on the screen.

Thus, from the above observation, we conclude that the formation of an image does not depend on the length of the lens, but the brightness of the image formed on the screen depends since the number of rays passing through the lens gets reduced on covering half the lens with black paper.

5. An object $5$ cm in length is held $25$ cm away from a converging lens of focal length $10$ cm. Draw the ray diagram and find the position, size, and nature of the image formed.

Ans: Given focal length of the lens, $f=+10$ cm.

Object distance from the converging lens is given to be $25$ cm and the height of the object ($ho$) is given to be $5$ cm.

$\Rightarrow u=-25$ cm

$\Rightarrow ho=5$ cm

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{1}{v}-\dfrac{1}{-25}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{v}=\dfrac{1}{25}-\dfrac{1}{10}$

$\Rightarrow v=\dfrac{50}{3}$ cm

$\Rightarrow v=16.7$ cm

Thus, we conclude that the image formed is real and inverted and is formed at a distance of $16.7$ cm on the other side of the lens.

Also, magnification is given by, $m=\dfrac{Height\text{ of the image}}{Height\text{ of the object}}=\dfrac{hi}{ho}$.

$\therefore -\dfrac{v}{u}=\dfrac{hi}{ho}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{16.7}{-25}=\dfrac{hi}{5}$

$\Rightarrow hi=-\dfrac{10}{3}$ cm

Hence, the image is diminished.

The ray diagram representing the above situation is drawn below.

6. A convex lens of focal length $15$ cm formed an image $10$ cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the lens? Draw the ray diagram.

Ans: Given focal length of the lens, $f=15$ cm.

Image distance from the converging lens is given to be $10$ cm.

$\Rightarrow v=-10$ cm

We observe that the image distance is less than the focal length, hence the image formed would be virtual and erect.

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{15}=\dfrac{1}{-10}-\dfrac{1}{u}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{1}{u}=-\dfrac{1}{10}-\dfrac{1}{15}$

$\Rightarrow u=-6$ cm

Light: Reflection and Refraction - Important Questions and Solutions Summary

light rays, mirrors, lenses, prisms, etc., is the advanced version of what you As mentioned earlier, the chapter related to light, reflection, and refraction of have studied in the previous classes. In Class 10, you will have to focus on the theoretical part, as well as, the use of these theories to answer questions.

After you have completed answering the basic questions in the exercise, you might need a question bank to learn more about this chapter. This is where Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Important Questions with Answers can be used perfectly. These questions will intellectually challenge your knowledge and foundation of concepts based on this topic. You can answer on your own and check whether you know the right answer or not.

Class 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Important Questions have been developed by the expert teachers to provide a strong idea of how questions are set in the exams. All these questions are developed to define how theoretical concepts are used to solve conceptual problems. You will gain a better insight into the chapters and strengthen your foundation accordingly.

Benefits of Studying the CBSE Class 10 Important Questions on Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction

The Important Questions for Class 10 Light Reflection and Refraction have been developed based on the basic and advanced concepts you have learned in your science textbook. Let us check the benefits of studying these questions first.

Thinking Out of the Box

The Important Questions of Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 is the ultimate suggestion for the upcoming board exam. You can study these questions, prepare their answers on your own, and compare them with the solution provided. This will help you to understand how efficiently you have studied the chapter. Light Class 10 Important Questions have been developed to help you think out of the box. In most cases, the thoughts of the students remain stuck in the exercises of the textbook. These questions will help them think out of the box and challenge their intellect.

Getting to Know Possible Important Questions of Chapter 10 Class 10 Science

By studying Class 10th Science Chapter 10 Important Questions , you will get to know possible questions that might come in the board exams. All these questions are developed by experienced science teachers. They are well-aware of the type of questions asked in the CBSE exam . Hence, studying these questions will help you learn about different modes and patterns.

Making Concepts Easier to Understand

The Important Questions for Class 10 Science Light Reflection and Refraction have simple explanations. All the concepts in this chapter will be exceptionally simplified and utilized to answer these important questions. Hence, the students will get another way to learn how to use the textbook concepts to solve challenging questions in the exams.

Efficient Answering Methods

The Ch 10 Science Class 10 Important Questions will also come with a proper solution. The solutions will have the perfect answers to all these important questions. You will get another set of questions and answers to follow and find out the best approaches to score well in the exams. These approaches are simplified and designed by following the CBSE guidelines .

Mastering Solving Numerical Questions

This chapter poses a challenge in the form of numerical questions related to mirrors and lenses. These problems are based on a set of formulas related to the focal distance, object distance, and image distance of lenses and mirrors. By using Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Important Questions and Solutions, you can master using the formula in different aspects without committing mistakes.

You can download Chapter 10 Science Class 10 Important Questions and solutions in PDF format and study them offline. Get this extra set of questions and use them as a reference to clear your concepts of this crucial chapter.

Important Related Links for CBSE Class 10 Science

FAQs on CBSE Class 10 Important Questions on Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction 2024-25

1. Why Should You Prefer Vedantu for Important Questions of Light Class 10?

The teachers of Vedantu have formulated the best possible questions of Class 10 Light for the students to follow. The answers are simple and follow the CBSE guidelines. You can rest be assured that you will get the best-quality questions and answers to study.

2. Why Should You Study Light Reflection and Refraction Important Questions?

By studying the Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Important Questions, you will get a good idea of what questions are asked in the board exam. Follow the answering style and score more in the main exam.

3. What are the important topics covered in the CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction?

The following are the important topics covered in the Chapter on Light Reflection and Refraction: 

CBSE Class 10 Science Important Questions

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Chapter 9 Class 10 - Heredity and Evolution

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Chapter 9 of Class 10, Heredity and Evolution, you are going to learn about how heredity and evolution works for humans.

You will start by learning about the reasons or causes behind the variations in human beings . Basically, why all humans possess traits that are different from each other.

Then you will understand the concept of heredity and how different traits are transferred from the parents to their offsprings . In this section, you will also learn about the contributions of the scientist Gregor Johann Mendel in the study of traits and heredity .

You will also learn about how the gender of a human offspring can be identified .

After that you will learn about how evolution works. In this section you are going to learn about Darwin's Theory given by the scientist Charles Robert Darwin .

You will also learn about the changes that have taken place in the bodies of humans as species from historical times .

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• Important Questions For Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Chapter 9 -Heredity and Evolution

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 8 in NCERT Class 10 Science Textbook. 

Students of Class 10 can find the Important Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, Heredity And Evolution, on this page. Students should go through these questions after completing their syllabus. During revision, these important questions will help a lot. Students can easily prepare and boost their exam preparation by practising the important questions provided below. They can also download the pdf of CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 9, Heredity And Evolution, by clicking on the link below.

Important Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution- Download Free PDF

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Case Study Questions Class 10 Science

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Download Case study questions for CBSE class 10 Science in PDF format from the myCBSEguide App . We have the new pattern case study-based questions for free download. Class 10 Science case study questions

This article will guide you through:

What are case study questions?

• Sample Papers with Case Study questions
• Class 10 Science Case Study question examples
• How to get case-based questions for free?
• How to attempt the case-based questions in Science?

Questions based on case studies are some real-life examples. The questions are asked based on a given paragraph i.e. Case Study.  Usually, 4-5 questions are asked on the basis of the given passage. In most cases, these are either MCQs or assertion & reason type questions. Let’s take an example to understand. There is one paragraph on how nitrogen is generated in the atmosphere. On the basis of this paragraph, the board asks a few objective-type questions. In other words, it is very similar to the unseen passages given in language papers. But the real cases may be different. So, read this article till the end to understand it thoroughly.

What is CBE?

CBSE stands for competency-based education. The case study questions are part of this CBE. The purpose of CBE is to demonstrate the learning outcomes and attain proficiency in particular competencies.

Questions on Real-life Situations

As discussed the case study questions are based on real-life situations. Especially for grade 10 science, it is very essential to have the practical knowledge to solve such questions. Here on the myCBSEguide app, we have given many such case study paragraphs that are directly related to real-life implications of the knowledge.

Sample Papers with Case Study Questions

Class 10 Science Sample Papers with case study questions are available in the myCBSEguide App . There are 4 such questions (Q.No.17 to 20) in the CBSE model question paper. If you analyze the format, you will find that the MCQs are very easy to answer. So, we suggest you, read the given paragraph carefully and then start answering the questions. In some cases, you will find that the question is not asked directly from the passage but is based on the concept that is discussed there. That’s why it is very much important to understand the background of the case study paragraph.

CBSE Case Study Sample Papers

You can download CBSE case study sample papers from the myCBSEguide App or Student Dashboard. Here is the direct link to access it.

Case Study Question Bank

As we mentioned that case study questions are coming in your exams for the last few years. You can get them in all previous year question papers issued by CBSE for class 1o Science. Here is the direct link to get them too.

Class 10 Science Case Study Question Examples

As you have already gone through the four questions provided in the CBSE model question paper , we are proving you with other examples of the case-based questions in the CBSE class 10 Science. If you wish to get similar questions, you can download the myCBSEguide App and access the Sample question papers with case study-type questions.

Case-based Question -1

Read the following and answer any four questions: Salt of a strong acid and strong base is neutral with a pH value of 7. NaCl common salt is formed by a combination of hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide solution. This is the salt that is used in food. Some salt is called rock salt bed of rack salt was formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. The common salt thus obtained is an important raw material for various materials of daily use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda, washing soda, and bleaching powder.

• Phosphoric acid
• Carbonic acid
• Hydrochloric acid
• Sulphuric acid
• Blue vitriol
• Washing soda
• Baking soda
• Bleaching powder

Case-based Question -2

• V 1  + V 2  + V 3
• V 1  – V 2  +V 2
• None of these
• same at every point of the circuit
• different at every point of the circuit
• can not be determined
• 20 3 Ω 203Ω
• 15 2 Ω 152Ω

Case-based Question -3

• pure strips
• impure copper
• refined copper
• none of these
• insoluble impurities
• soluble impurities
• impure metal
• bottom of cathode
• bottom of anode

How to Attempt the Case-Based Questions in Science?

Before answering this question, let’s read the text given in question number 17 of the CBSE Model Question Paper.

All living cells require energy for various activities. This energy is available by the breakdown of simple carbohydrates either using oxygen or without using oxygen.

See, there are only two sentences and CBSE is asking you 5 questions based on these two sentences. Now let’s check the first questions given there.

Energy in the case of higher plants and animals is obtained by a) Breathing b) Tissue respiration c) Organ respiration d) Digestion of food

Now let us know if you can relate the question to the paragraph directly. The two sentences are about energy and how it is obtained. But neither the question nor the options have any similar text in the paragraph.

So the conclusion is, in most cases, you will not get direct answers from the passage. You will get only an idea about the concept. If you know it, you can answer it but reading the paragraph even 100 times is not going to help you.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapters:.

Why are acquired characters not inheritable?

What do you mean by chromosome, how can we trace evolutionary relationships, what is dna copying, what is the effect of dna copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproduction process, contact form.

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• CBSE- Heredity and Evolution
• Sample Questions

Heredity and Evolution-Sample Questions

• STUDY MATERIAL FOR CBSE CLASS 10 BIOLOGY
• Chapter 1 - Heredity and Evolution
• Chapter 2 - How do organisms reproduce
• Chapter 3 - Management of Natural Resources
• Chapter 4 - Our Environment
• Chapter 5 - Control and Coordination
• Chapter 6 - Life Processes

Extra Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Get extra questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution with PDF. Our subject expert prepared these solutions as per the latest NCERT textbook. These extra questions will be helpful to revise the important topics and concepts. You can easily download all the questions and answers in PDF format from our app.

Heredity And Evolution Class 10 Science Extra Questions with Answers

Question 1: What is a gene?

Answer: Gene is the unit of inheritance. Gene is the part of a chromosome which controls the appearance of a set of hereditary characteristics.

Question 2: What is meant by analogous organs? Taking a suitable example, explain how they support the theory of Organic Evolution.

Answer: Analogous organs are those organs which I have different basic structural design and developmental origin but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

Example: The wings of birds and bats look similar but have different design in their structure. They have a common function of flying but their origins are not common. So, birds and bats are not closely related.

Question 3: What is a sex chromosome?

Answer: Sex chromosome is a chromosome that operates in the sex-determining mechanism of a species. Many animals have two different types of sex chromosomes. For example, in human there is a large X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome.

Question 4: “The sex of the children is determined by what they inherit from their father and not their mother.” Justify.

Answer: It is because a child who inherits an X chromosome from her father will be a girl and one who inherits a Y chromosome from his father will be a boy. But all children inherit a X chromosome from their mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls.

Question 5: Define variation in relation to a species. Why is variation beneficial to the species?

Answer: Variation refers to the differences in the characters or traits among the individuals of a species. Variations are beneficial to the species because:

• They enable the organisms to adapt themselves in changing environment.
• Variations form the basis of heredity.
• They form the raw materials for evolution and development of new species.

Question 6: Describe briefly four ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population.

Answer: The four ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population are as follows:

• Sexual reproduction results into variations.
• The individuals with special traits survive the attack of their predators and multiply while the other
• will perish.
• Genetic drift provides diversity without any adaptation.
• Variations in the species may lead to increased survival of the individuals.

Question 7: What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?

Answer: The remains of dead plants and animals which were buried under the rocks millions of years ago are called fossils.

Fossils tell us about the process of evolution. The fossils of different organisms have some features similar to one species while some features are similar to the other species. In this way, they show the link between two species. They tell us that one species evolves from the other.

Question 8: Give one example each of characters that are inherited and the ones that are acquired in humans. Mention the difference between the inherited and the acquired characters.

Answer: Eye colour or hair colour of a person is an example of inherited character whereas, body weight is an example of acquired character.

The basic difference between inherited and acquired character is that inherited character is passed on from parent to offspring and acquired characters are acquired by an individual during his lifetime depending upon his lifestyle.

Question 9: How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny?

Answer: During sexual reproduction, a female gamete or egg cell fuses with a male gamete or sperm cell which are haploid to form zygote. Zygote is diploid which contains 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 from father. In this way, an equal genetic contribution of male and female parents is ensured in the progeny.

Question 10: What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter?

Answer: Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that existed on early earth. The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide, but no oxygen and kept over water at temperature just below 100°C. Sparks were passed through the mixture of gases. At the end of a week, 15% carbon from methane had been converted to simple compounds of carbon like amino acids which make-up protein molecules. So, life arose afresh on earth.

Question 12: Define ‘evolution’. Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution. [All India]

Answer: Evolution is the sequence of gradual changes which take place in the primitive organisms over millions of years and new species are produced. Since, the evolution is of the living organisms, so it is called ‘Organic Evolution’.

Darwin’s theory of Evolution: Charles Robert Darwin gave the theory of evolution in his famous book, ‘The Origin of Species’. The theory of evolution proposed by Darwin is known as ‘The Theory of Natural Selection’. It is also called ‘Darwinism’.

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution:

• There is natural variation within any population and some individuals have more favourable variations than others.
• Population remains fairly constant even though all species produce a large number of off springs.
• This is due to ‘competition’ or struggle for existence between same and different species.
• The struggle for survival within population eliminates the unfit individuals and those with ‘favourable variations’ survive and pass on these variations to their progeny to continue. This is called natural selection.
• The favourable variations are accumulated over a long time period leading to the origin of a new species.

Question 13: Distinguish between acquired and inherited traits by giving one example of each. Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited?

Answer: Acquired trait is a particular characteristic that is developed during the lifetime of an individual. Such characteristics are not genetically controlled and cannot be passed on to the next generation. Example: Loss of weight due to starvation.

Inherited trait is the transmission of particular characteristics from parents to their off springs, generation to generation. Such traits are genetically determined characteristic that distinguishes a person. Example: Colour of skin.

The acquired traits cannot change the DNA of the germ cells. Therefore, the acquired traits cannot be inherited over generations during the lifetime of an individual.

Question 14: The human beings who look so different from each other in terms of colour, size and looks are said to belong to the same species. Why? Justify your answer.

Answer: Human beings are said to belong to the same species because of the following reasons:

• DNA studies.
• Number of chromosome is same,
• All have a common ancestor.
• They interbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones of their own kind.

Question 15: Explain the mechanism of sex determination in humans. Or With the help of a flow chart explain in brief how the sex of a newborn is genetically determined in human beings. Which of the two parents, the mother or the father, is responsible for determination of sex of a child?

Mechanism of Sex Determination in Human Beings:

In human beings, the sex of the individual is genetically determined.

• Sex determination is the process by which sex of a new born individual can be determined.
• Human beings have 1 unpaired sex chromosome. Sex chromosome of male is XY and of female is XX.
• Sex of a child depends on what happens at fertilisation.

Thus, father is responsible for the determination of the sex of a child.

Question 16: With the help of suitable examples explain natural selection.

Answer: Let us assume that there exist a group of red beetles in some green bushes. Due to variation during sexual reproduction one green beetle evolved among them. This green beetle can pass the colour to its progeny which are green beetles.

Crows cannot see green beetles in green bushes and therefore, cannot eat them. The progeny of green beetles are not eaten while the progeny of red beetles continued to be eaten. As a result there are more and more green beetles in the beetle population. The progeny of green beetles increase due to natural selection which gives survival advantage.

Question 17: Explain the terms: (i) Speciation (ii) Natural selection

Answer: (i) Speciation is the evolution of reproductive isolation among once-interbreeding populations, i.e. the development of one or more species from an existing species.

(ii) Natural selection is the process, according to Darwin, which brings about the evolution of new species of animals and plants.

Question 18: Explain with examples how the following are evidences in favour of evolution in organisms. (i) Homologous organs (ii) Analogous organs (iii) Fossils

Answer: (i) Forelimb of human and bird are homologous organs. They have same structural design and developmental origin but they have different functions and appearance. Homologous organs help us to understand that the organism has evolved from a common ancestor. The more common characteristics the two species have, the more closely they are related.

(ii) Analogous organs are those organs design and developmental origin but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

(iii) Fossils and their study is useful in knowing about the species which are no longer alive. They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution. Thus, fossils have an importance in deciding evolutionary relationship. Archaeopteryx is a fossil bird. It had feathers, fused bones and beak which are exclusively bird structures. It also had some features which are found in reptiles, e.g. teeth in jaw, claws on free fingers and a long tail. This fossil provides a clue that birds have evolved from reptiles.

Question 19: Give an example of body characteristics used to determine how close two species are in terms of evolution and explain it.

Answer: Homologous organs help to identify the relationship between organisms. These characteristics in different organisms would be similar because they have inherited from a common ancestor.

For example, forelimbs of human and wings of birds show closeness between the two species because the organs have similar basic structural design of limbs though it has been modified to perform different functions.

Question 20: What are homologous organs? Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be regarded as homologous? Why?

Answer: Homologous organs are those organs which have the same basic structural design and developmental origin but have different functions and appearance.

Example: The forelimb of a frog, a lizard, a bird and a man seem to be built from the same basic design of bones, but they perform different functions.

No, the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat cannot be considered homologous organs because they have a common function for flying but their origin and structure are not common. So, they are analogous organs.

Question 21: What is meant by the term speciation? List four factors which could lead to speciation.

Answer: Speciation is the evolution of reproductive isolation among once interbreeding population.

Factors which can lead to speciation are:

• Genetic drift: Over generations, genetic drift may accumulate which leads to speciation.
• Natural selection: Natural selection may work differently in different location which may give rise to speciation.
• Severe DNA change.
• A variation may occur which does not allow sexual act between two groups.

Question 22: Distinguish between homologous organs and analogous organs. In which category; would you place wings of a bird and wings of a bat? Justify your answer giving a suitable reason.

Wings of a bird and wings of a bat are analogous organs as they have different basic structural design but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

Question 23: A blue colour flower plant denoted by BB is cross breed with that of white colour flower plant denoted by bb. (a) State the colour of flower you would expect in their F1 generation plants. (b) What must be the percentage of white flower plants in F2 generation if flowers of F1 plants are self-pollinated? (c) State the expected ratio of the genotypes BB and Bb in the F2 progeny. [Delhi]

 Answer:

Question 24: Define the term ‘evolution’. “Evolution cannot be equated with progress”. Justify this statement.

Answer: Evolution is the sequence of gradual change which takes place in primitive organisms over millions of years and new organisms are formed. Evolution cannot be equated to progress from lower forms to higher forms. It seems to have given rise to more complex body designs even while the simpler body designs continue to flourish. For example, human beings have not evolved from chimpanzees, but both have common ancestor.

Question 25: If we cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant we will get pea plants of F1 generation. If we now self-cross the pea plant of F2 generation, then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation. (a) What do the plants of F2 generation look like? (b) State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation. (c) State the type of plants not found in F2 generation but appeared in F2 generation, mentioning the reason for the same.

Answer: (a) All plants of F1 generation will be tall plants. (b) 3:1 (c) Dwarf trait is recessive trait which was not expressed in the F1 generation, the recessive trait gets expressed in the F2 generation after self-pollination.

Question 26: How are fossils formed? Describe, in brief, two methods of determining the age of fossils.

Answer: When organisms die, their bodies decompose due to action of microorganisms. However, sometime the body or at least some parts of the body may be in such an environment that does not let it decompose completely. All such preserved traces of living organisms are called fossils. The age of fossils can be estimated by the following two methods:

• If we dig into the earth and start finding fossils, it can be assumed that the fossils closer to the surface are more recent to those found in deeper layers.
• By detecting the ratios of different isotopes of the same element in the fossil material.

Question 27: State the meaning of inherited traits and acquired traits. Which of the two is not passed on to the next generation? Explain with the help of an example.

Answer: Inherited traits are the characteristics transmitted from parents to their offspring. Acquired traits are characteristics which are developed during the lifetime of an individual. Acquired traits are not passed on to the next generation. For example, if we breed a group of mice, all their progeny will have tails. Now, if the tails of these mice are removed by surgery and allowed to breed, the next generation mice will also have tails. If these tails are also removed and allowed to breed, the progeny of mice will again have tails. Removal of tail by surgery is an acquired trait and do not change the genes of germ cells and hence, are not passed on to the next generation.

Question 28: “An individual cannot pass on to its progeny the experiences of its lifetime.” Justify the statement with the help of an example and also give reason for the same.

Answer: Experience achieved during the lifetime of an individual does not make any change in the gene of the individual.

For example: if a person reads a book on birds, the knowledge he earns by reading the book does not make any change in the gene, hence, this knowledge will not get automatically transmitted to his next generation. Such a trait is called acquired trait.

Severe deviation in protein fold prediction by advanced AI: a case study

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Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning are making groundbreaking strides in protein structure prediction. AlphaFold is remarkable in this arena for its outstanding accuracy in modelling proteins fold based solely on their amino acid sequences. In spite of these significant advances, experimental structure determination remains critical. Here we report severe deviations (>30 angstroms) between the experimental structure of a two-domain protein and its equivalent AI-prediction. Severe divergence between experimental structures and AI-predicted models echoes the presence of unusual conformations, insufficient training data and high complexity in protein folding that can ultimately lead to current limitations in protein structure prediction.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/8OVQ

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