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Basic word elements.
There are three basic word elements: prefix, word root (with a combining vowel), and suffix. Not all medical terms contain all three of these elements and some terms contain more than one of each element. At first, this may seem confusing, but it will make sense as the course progresses.
A prefix is located at the beginning of a word. As mentioned before, some medical terms will not contain a prefix. When there is a prefix, the prefix serves to modify the word in some manner. Prefixes usually signify a number, time, position, direction, or negation (absence of).
Let’s look at some examples:
Perhaps you are familiar with the terms prenatal and postnatal. Nat/o is the main part of the word, or combining form, which means birth. Pre- is a prefix which means before. Post- is a prefix that means after. When you put these meanings together, prenatal means before birth and postnatal means after birth.
Another example is febrile, which means with fever. If you add the prefix, a- to febrile, the meaning of the word is completely changed because a- means without. Therefore, afebrile means without or no fever.
As you can see, the prefix can completely change the meaning of a word. Therefore, it is very important to learn the meanings of prefixes to correctly interpret medical terms.
Both prefixes and suffixes are combined with the other basic element of a medical word – the word root/combining form.
After you learn prefixes, suffixes, and the word roots related to the various body systems, you will be able to roughly define the medical term by defining the various word parts. In general, you will define the word parts in the following order:
Define the suffix or last part of the word first.
Next, define the first part of the word which may be a word root or a prefix.
Finally, define the middle part(s) of the word.
So, let’s put that into other words. Define the words in this order:
As an example, look at the word macro/card/ ia . Define the suffix or last part of the word first. In this case, – ia means a condition. Next, define the first part of the word which in this case is a prefix, macro- . Macro- means large. Next, define the middle part of the word which in this case is a word root, card . Card means heart. When put together, you get the definition for macro/card/ia: a condition of a large heart. The definitions sometimes have to be refined, but you can use the last, first, middle method of defining a medical term to get a good sense of what the word means.
Convention has us follow three rules for building medical words. Those rules are:
A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
A combining form (WR + CV) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.
When combining two word-roots (which makes a compound word), link them together using the combining form (i.e., the first word root will have a combining vowel added to it that links it to the second word-root).
Let’s take the suffix -itis which means inflammation. The suffix begins with a vowel, so the preceding word root does not use a combining vowel to link it. As an example, take the word root gastr – which means stomach. Link the word root and suffix and you get gastritis . Note that the word does not use the combining vowel “o” to link gastr- and -itis. In other words, the word is not gastroitis.
When the suffix begins with a consonant, use a combining form of the word root (which is the WR + CV) to link to the suffix. Take the suffix – dynia which means pain. The suffix begins with a consonant, so the preceding word root must be in its combining form (WR + CV) in order to properly link the two. As an example, for the word root ot- which means ear, you must add a combining vowel (o) linking it to the suffix, – dynia . You get the word otodynia ( ot /o/ dynia ) which means pain in the ear, or earache. Note the word is not otdynia. It is important to note that in most instances, the combining vowel used to make combining forms is the letter o. There are instances, however, where other vowels will be used.
Finally, you often build compound words in your daily life. An example is base+ball, or baseball. Another example is chalk+board, or chalkboard. When building compound words, you are simply putting two words together to make a new word. In medical terminology, you also will build compound words. In most cases, linking the word roots in medical words to make a compound word requires adding a combining vowel. Here is an example: osteoarthritis ( oste /o/ arthr /itis). The word roots oste (bone) and arthr (joint) are linked with the combining vowel “o”. To define the word you just built, define the last part first and then the beginning of the word and subsequent terms in order. Following this guideline, osteoarthritis is defined as inflammation (itis) of the bone (oste) and joint (arthr).
Don’t worry if you are still a little bit confused about this process. As we learn more terms and work through the activities, this will become more clear. Eventually, you should feel confident about your ability to build and define medical terms based on their word parts.
One last word of caution: although knowledge of the various parts of medical terms will give you a general idea of the meaning of the term, a medical dictionary will usually provide more detail and specific information relating to the term. For example, the term “appendicitis” can be defined as inflammation of the appendix by its word parts –itis (inflammation) and appendic/o (appendix). If you look it up in a medical dictionary – in this case, Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 20th edition, the word is defined as “Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, caused by blockage of the lumen of the appendix and following by infection. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic and occasionally is difficult to diagnose because many other illnesses may cause acute abdominal pain.” As you can see, the medical dictionary provides important additional information.
The pronunciation of medical terms can be challenging. Medical dictionaries can be very helpful in providing pronunciation guides. Most dictionaries include phonetic pronunciation in parentheses after the word. The following are some general pronunciation guidelines:
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ae, oe | Pronounce only the ē (long e) |
es | May be pronounced as a separate syllable when located at the end of a word |
g | Pronounce as “j” when located before “e” “i” and “y” Pronounce as “g” when located before other letters |
c | Pronounce as “s” when located before “e” “i” and “y” Pronounce as “k” when located before other letters |
i | When located at the end of a word, it generally indicates a pleural. Pronounce as a long i or long e |
pn | Pronounce only the “n” (the “p” is silent) |
ps | Pronounce only the “s” (the “p” is silent) |
There are also several online resources that can help you with pronunciation. Word of caution: Different providers may pronounce terms differently, depending on where they attended medical school and/or what country they are from.
Medical terminology also has different rules for pleural endings. The following is a list of common pleural endings.
Terms ending with “a” | Add e (ae) |
Terms ending with “is” | Change to “es” |
Terms ending with “ex” or “ix” | Change to “ices” |
Terms ending with “on” | Change to “a” |
Terms ending with “um” | Change to “a” |
Terms ending with “us” | Change to “i” |
Terms ending with “itis” | Change to “idites” |
Terms ending with “nx” | Change to “nges” |
Terms ending with “y” | Change to “ies” |
Terms ending with “x” | Change to “ces” |
What is a prefix?
P = prefix or word element that is added to the beginning of the word root.
Some medical terms have prefixes while others do not. If they are present, they are added before the word root. It is important to note that adding a prefix changes the meaning of the word root. Prefixes usually signify a number, time, position, direction or negation
Note: When writing a prefix, use a hyphen after the prefix to indicate it is a prefix and a word element will follow the prefix. Examples include bi- (which means two), macro- (which means large), and micro- (which means small).
The following is a list of common prefixes. Although different medical terminology books may have slightly different lists and slightly different meanings, the following is a fairly inclusive list.
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a- an- | ā ăn | without, absence of, lack of | afebrile (without fever) |
ab- | ăb | away from | abduction (away from the midline of the body) |
ad- | ăd | toward, near | adductioni (toward the midline of the body) |
ambi- | ăm-bē | both sides | ambidextrous (using both hands) |
ante- | ăn-tē | before, forward, in front of | antemortem (before death) |
anti- | ăn-tē | against | antidote (a therapeutic substance that counteracts the actions of a different substance) |
apo- | ā-pō | off, away from, separated from, derived from | apomorphine (a morphine derivative formed by removing one molecule of water from the morphine molecule) |
auto- | ăw-tō | self | autobiography (an account of someone’s life written by that person) |
bi- | bī | two, both | bilateral (both sides of the body) |
brady- | bră-dē | slow | bradycardia (pertaining to slow heart beat) |
circum- | sĕr-kŭm | around | circumflex (bending around) |
con- | kŏn | together, with | congenital (present at birth, born together) |
contra- | kŏn-trŭh | against, opposite | contraception (the prevention of conception) |
de- | dē | without, down, from | deactivation (process of making something inactive) |
di- | dī | twice, two, double | diacidic (containing two acidic hydrogen ions) |
dia- | dī-ŭh | through, across | diameter (the measure from one point to its opposite point) |
diplo- | dĭ-plō | double | diploia (double vision) |
dys- | dĭs | painful, difficult, abnormal | dysthyroid (abnormal thyroid functioning) |
ec- ecto- | ĕk ĕk-tō | out, outside | ectoderm (the outermost layer of cells of an embryo in the early stages of development) |
en- end- endo- | ĕn ĕnd ĕn-dō | in, within, inner, inside | endobiotic (pertaining to an organism living parasitidcally in the host) |
epi- | ĕ-pē | above, upon | epigastric (pertaining to above the stomach) |
eso- | ĕ-sō | inward | esophoria (tendency of the eyes to deviate inward) |
eu- | ū | good, normal | euphoric (pertaining to good feelings) |
ex- exo- extra- | ĕks ĕk-sō ĕk-stră | away from, outside, outwards, external | extrapleural (pertaining to the outside of the pleura or pleural cavity) |
hemi- | hĕm-ē | half | hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body) |
hetero- | hĕt-ĕr-ō | different | heterosexuality (attraction between persons of the opposite sex) |
homo- | hō-mō | same | homosexuality (attraction between persons of the same sex) |
hyper- | hī-pĕr | excessive, above | hypertension (high blood pressure) |
hypo- | hī-pō | deficient, below | hypotension (low blood pressure) |
in- | ĭn | without, not, absence of, in, within, inner | inhalation (breathing in) |
infra- | ĭn-fră | beneath, below | Inframarginal (pertaining to below any margin or edge) |
inter- | ĭn-tĕr | between | intervertebral (pertaining to between the vertebrae) |
intra- | ĭn-trŭh | in, within, inner | intramuscular (pertaining to within the muscle) |
iso- | ī-sō | same, equal | isoenergetic (pertaining to exerting equal force) |
juxta- | jŭks-tŭh | near | juxtaglomerular (pertaining to close or adjoining a renal glomerulus) |
macro- | mă-krō | large | macroglossia (pertaining to the enlargement of the tongue) |
mal- | măl | bad, abnormal, inadequate | malnourished (inadequately nourished) |
mega- | mā-gŭh | great, large | megacephaly (an abnormally large head) |
meta- | mĕ-tŭh | change, beyond | metachromatism (condition regarding any color change) |
micro- | mī-krō | small | microcolon (small colon) |
mono- | mŏ-nō | one, single | monochromatic (pertaining to having only one color) |
morpho- | mŏr-fō | shape | morphology (study of the configuration or structure of plants and animals) |
multi- | mŭl-tē | many, much | multigravidia (pregnant woman who has been pregnant one or more times previously) |
neo- | nē-ō | new | Neonatal (pertaining to the period of time just after birth; newborn) |
nulli- | nŭl-ĭ | none | nullipara (woman who has never borne a child) |
oligo- | ŏ-lĕ-gō | deficiency, scanty, little | oliguria (condition of abnormally low excretion of urine) |
pan- | păn | all | pantalgia (pain involving the entire body) |
para- | pă-rŭh | beside, near | paracystic (pertaining to alongside or near the urinary bladder) |
peri- | pă-rĭ | beside, near, around, about | periapical (pertaining to at or around the apex of the root of a tooth) |
poly- | pŏ-lē | many, much | polydipsia (extreme thirst) |
post- | pōst | after, following | postpartum (after childbirth) |
pre- | prē | before | precancer (growth or group of cells which is not currently malignant but may become cancerous) |
pseudo- | soo-dō | false, deceptive | pseudodementia (condition of exaggerated indifference to people and surroundings but without any actual mental impairment) |
quadri- | kwă-drĕ | four | quadriplegia (paralysis of all four limbs) |
re- | rē | behind, back, again | reactivate (to render active again) |
retro- | rĕ-trō | behind, back | retrojection (the washing out of a cavity by the backward flow of an injected fluid) |
semi- | sĕ-mē | partial, half | semicomatose (mild coma in which a patient can be awoken) |
sub- | sŭb | below, beneath, under, less than | subcutaneous (under the skin) |
super- | soo-pĕr | excessive, above, in the upper part | superficial (located near the surface of the body) |
supra- | soo-prŭh | excessive, above, upon | supracostal (pertaining to above the ribs) |
syn- | sĭn | with, together | syndrome (a group of symptoms regularly occurring together and constituting a disease) |
tachy- | tă-kē | rapid | tachycardia (condition of a rapid heart beat) |
tetra- | tĕ-trŭh | four | tetrapeptide (a compound of four amino acids) |
tox- | tŏks | poison, toxin | toxicity (the state of being poisonous) |
trans- | trănz | through, across | transurethral (pertaining to across the urethra) |
tri- | trī | three | triad (a collection of three things having something in common) |
ultra- | ŭl-trŭh | beyond, extreme | ultraviolet (denoting the electromagnetic rays beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum) |
un- | ŭn | not, reversal, removal | unconscious (not conscious) |
uni- | ū-nĭ | one | unilateral (pertaining to one side of the body) |
As you study these prefixes, you will find some familiar terms. It can be helpful to associate the prefixes with words you already know to help the learning process. Many prefixes have the same or similar meanings and it can be helpful to make note of those prefixes.
You may also notice that many of the prefixes can be categorized into one of the following groups:
Size, quantity, number
Location, direction, timing
It is highly recommended that you study these terms every day. Using tools, such as flashcards can help you retain the information. An easy way to make flashcards is to use a 3×5 card and write the prefix on one side and the definition on the other side. You may also want to use electronic flashcards via programs such as quizlet.com. The important thing is to find the method that works best for you and practice every day.
Suffixes are word endings. In other words, they are word parts that are added to the end of words. They are added to the end of a medical term. Suffixes are connected or linked to word roots often by a combining vowel. The combining vowel is typically o, but it might also be any one of the other vowels.
When the suffix begins with a vowel, the word root is linked simply by itself ( no combining vowel such as o will be used). An example is gastr/itis. Since –itis begins with a vowel, the combining vowel is not required. When the suffix begins with a consonant, a combining vowel is used to link the word root to the suffix. An example is gastr/o/logy. Since -logy begins with a consonant, a combining vowel is used to connect the two word-parts.
Like prefixes, suffixes convey meaning, so they can alter the meaning of the word root. Suffixes usually denote either a procedure, condition, disease, or a part of speech.
Note: When writing only the suffix, use a dash before it. In the examples used above, the suffix, “itis” would be written as –itis and the suffix “logy” would be written as –logy. The hyphen indicates there is another word element that precedes the suffix.
The following is a list of common suffixes. Although different medical terminology books may have slightly different lists and slightly different meanings, the following is a fairly inclusive list
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-ac | ăk | pertaining to | cardiac (pertaining to the heart) |
-acusia -acusis | a-koo-zē-ŭh a-koo-sĭs | hearing | Anacusis (total loss of hearing) |
-al | ăl | pertaining to | renal (pertaining to the kidneys) |
-algesia -algesic -algia | ăl-jē-zē-ŭh ăl-jē-zē-ĭk ăl-jē-ŭh | pain | neuralgia (a spasm of pain running along a nerve) |
-ar | ăr | pertaining to | ventricular (pertaining to a ventricle) |
-ary | ăr-ē | pertaining to | coronary (pertaining to the heart) |
-cele | sēl | hernia | vesicocele (hernia of the bladder) |
-centesis | sĕn-tē-sĭs | surgical puncture | thoracentesis (surgical puncture into the chest/pleural cavity) |
-cidal -cide | sī-dăl sīd | destroying, killing | bactericide (a substance that kills bacteria)
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-clasis -clast | klăs-ĭs klăst | to break | lithoclast (breaking or crushing a stone)
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-constriction | kŏn-strĭk-shŭn | narrowing | vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) |
-cusis | koo-sĭs | hearing | presbycusis (loss of hearing as part of the aging process) |
-cyte -cytic | sīt sī-tĭk | cell | leukocyte (white blood cell) |
-cytosis | sī-tō-sĭs | an abnormal condition of cells | leukocytosis (an abnormally large number increase of white blood cells) |
-derma | dĕr-mŭh | skin | scleroderma (thickening of the skin with eventual atrophy of the epidermis) |
-desis | dē-sĭs | surgical fixation or binding of bone or joint | arthrodesis (binding together or surgical stiffening of a joint) |
-dipsia | dĭp-sē-ŭh | thirst | polydipsia (excessive thirst) |
-dynia | dĭn-ē-ŭh | pain | urodynia (pain when urinating) |
-eal | ē-ăl | pertaining to | appendiceal (pertaining to an appendix) |
-ectasis | ĕk-tă-sĭs | dilation | bronchiectasis (dilation of the bronchi) |
-ectomy | ĕk-tō-mē | excision, surgical removal | splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) |
-edema | ĕ-dē-mŭh | swelling (usually due to excessive fluid in the tissues) | angioedema (fluid build-up of the vessels under the skin) |
-emesis | ĕ-mĕ-sĭs | vomiting | hematemesis (vomiting of blood) |
-emia | ē-mē-ŭh | a condition of the blood | hypoglycemia (condition of low blood sugar) |
-esthesia | ĕs-thē-zē-ŭh | sensation | anesthesia (a state characterized by loss of feeling either from administration of a chemical agent or disease pathology) |
-gen -genesis -genic -genous
| jĕn jĕn-ĕ-sĭs jēn-ĭk jēn-ŭs | creating, producing, coming to be | ovogenesis (creation of an ovum) |
-gram | grăm | record | angiogram (record of the size, shape, and location of the heart and blood vessels) |
-graph | grăf | recording instrument | radiograph (the sensitized film/plate used to create radiographic images) |
-graphy | gră-fē | process of recording | angiography (diagnostic or therapeutic radiography procedure of the heart and blood vessels) |
-gravida | gră-vĭ-dŭh | pregnant woman | multigravidia (pregnant woman who has been pregnant one or more times previously) |
-ia | ē-ŭh | condition | myasthenia (condition of absence of muscle strength) |
-ial | ē-ăl | pertaining to | intracranial (pertaining to within the cranium or skull) |
-iasis | ī-ŭh-sĭs | pathological condition or state | nephrolithiasis (pathological condition or disease in which stones are present in the kidneys) |
-iatrics | ī-ŭh-trĭks | field of medicine | pediatrics (medical specialty concerned with the development and care of children) |
-iatrist -ist | ī-ŭh-trĭst ĭst | specialist | psychiatrist (specialist in the field of psychiatry) |
-iatry | ī-ŭh-trē | field of medicine | psychiatry (medical specialty concerned with mental disorders and diseases) |
-ic | ĭk | pertaining to | gastric (pertaining to the stomach) |
-ical | ĭ-kăl | pertaining to | cervical (pertaining to the neck or cervix) |
-ician | ĭ-shŭn | specialist | clinician (health professional or specialist engaged in clinical practice) |
-ism | ĭ-zŭm | condition, state of | hypothyroidism (condition in which there are inadequate levels of thyroid hormone) |
-itis | ī-tĭs | inflammation | colitis (inflammation of the colon) |
-kinesia -kinesis | kĭ-nē-zē-ŭh kĭ-nē-sĭs | movement | hypokinesia (decreased motor movement/reaction to stimulus) |
-lepsy -leptic | lĕp-sē lĕp-tĭk | seizure | epileptic (relating to or suffering from epileptic seizures) |
-lith
| lĭth | stone | nephrolith (kidney stone) |
-logist -ologist | lō-jĭst ŏl-ō-jĭst | specialist in the study of | pathologist (specialist who has been trained to examine tissues, cells, and specimens of body fluids for evidence of disease) |
-logy -ology
| lō-jē ŏl-ō-jē
| study of | pathology (the study of the nature and cause of diease) |
-lysis | lī-sĭs | destruction, to break down, to destroy | cytolysis (destruction of living cells) |
-malacia | mŭh-lā-sē-ŭh | softening | tracheomalacia (degeneration of the elasticity and connective tissues of the trachea) |
-megaly | mĕg-ŭh-lē | enlargement | gastromegaly (enlargement of the stomach) |
-meter | mē-tĕr | measuring instrument | oximeter (an electronic device used to measure oxygen saturation) |
-metry | mĕ-trē | measurement | oximetry (the measurement of oxygen saturation) |
-necrosis | nĕ-krō-sĭs | tissue death | osteonecrosis (the death of a segment of bone) |
-oid
| ōĭd | resembling | lipoid (resembling fat) |
-ole | ōl | small | arteriole (small artery) |
-oma | ō-mŭh | tumor | lipoma (non-cancerous fatty tumor) |
-opia -opsis -opsia -opsy
| ō-pē-ŭh ŏp-sĭs ō-sē-ŭh ŏp-sē | vision | dysopsia (defective vision) |
-ory | ōr-ē | pertaining to | respiratory (pertaining to respiration) |
-osis | ō-sĭs | abnormal condition | anthracosis (abnormal condition of carbon in the lungs from inhaling coal dust) |
-osmia | ŏz-mē-ŭh | smell, odor | dysosmia (distortion of normal smells) |
-ous | oos | pertaining to | erythematous (pertaining to redness) |
-oxia | ŏk-sē-ŭh | oxygen | anoxia (no oxygen)
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-paresis | pŭh-rē-sĭs | slight or partial paralysis, weakness | Monoparesis (weakness affecting one limb) |
-partum | părt-ŭm | childbirth, labor | postpartum (after childbirth) |
-pathy | pă-thē | disease | myopathy (disease of the muscle) |
-pause | pawz | stopping | menopause (stopping menses) |
-penia | pē-nē-ŭh | deficiency | leukopenia (abnormal decrease in white blood cells) |
-pepsia | pĕp-sē-ŭh | digestion | hyperpepsia (abnormally rapid digestion) |
-pexy | pĕk-sē | surgical fixation | enteropexy (fixation of a segment of the intestine to the abdominal wall) |
-phage -phagia | fāj fāj-ē-ŭh | eating, swallowing | macrophage (a large white blood cell that “eats” particles, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) |
-phasia | fāz-ē-ŭh | speech | dysphasia (inability to arrange words in an understandable way) |
-phobia | fō-bē-ŭh | fear | aerophobia (abnormal and extreme dread of fresh air or air in motion) |
-plasia -plasm | plā-zē-ŭh plă-zŭm | formation, growth | neoplasm (an abnormal tissue that grows more rapidly than normal) |
-plastic | plăs-tĭk | pertaining to formation, growth | anaplastic (relating to growing without form or structure) |
-plasty | plăs-tē | surgical repair | rhinoplasty (repair of a partial or complete defect of the nose) |
-plegia | plē-jē-ŭh | paralysis | hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body) |
-plegic | plē-jĭk | pertaining to paralysis | hemiplegic (pertaining to hemiplegia) |
-pnea | nē-ŭh | breathing | orthopnea (discomfort when breathing, partially or completely relieved by sitting or standing) |
-pneic | nē-ĭk | pertaining to breathing | hypopneic (breathing that is slower or more shallow than normal) |
-prandial | prăn-dē-ăl | meal | postprandial (after eating a meal) |
-ptosis | tō-sĭs | drooping, prolapse, downward displacement | gastroptosis (downward displacement of the stomach) |
-rrhage -rrhagia | rĭj ră-jē-ŭh | bursting forth | metrorrhagia (any irregular bleeding from the uterus between periods)
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-rrhaphy | ră-fē | suture, suturing | hysterorrhaphy (sutural repair of a lacerated uterus) |
-rrhea | rē-ŭh | flow, discharge | diarrhea (an abnormally frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter from the bowel) |
-rrhexis | rĕk-sĭs | rupture | colporrhexis (rupture or tearing of the abdominal wall) |
-salpinx | săl-pĭnks | tube (fallopian or eustachean) | myosalpinx (the muscular tissue of the fallopian tube) |
-sclerosis | sklĕr-ō-sĭs | abnormal condition of hardening | arteriosclerosis (disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls) |
-scope | skōp | viewing instrument | endoscope (a device used to observe the inside of a hollow organ, cavity or tissue plane) |
-scopy | skō-pē | visual examination | endoscopy (visual examination of body organs or cavities using an endoscope) |
-spasm | spă-zŭm | sudden, involuntary contracture | vasospasm (spasm of a blood vessel) |
-stasis |
| cessation, stopping | homeostasis (the state of dynamic equilibrium) |
-static | stă-tĭk | at rest | hemostatic (arresting or stopping a hemorrhage) |
-stenosis | stĕ-nō-sĭs | narrowing, stricture | urethrostenosis (narrowing of the urethra) |
-stomy | stō-mē | mouthlike opening | colostomy (the opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall) |
-therapy | thĕr-ŭh-pē | treatment | immunotherapy (the use of natural and synthetic substances to stimnulate or suppress the immune response) |
-thorax | thōr-ăks | chest | hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity) |
-tic | tĭk | pertaining to | paracytic (pertaining to cells other than those normally present) |
-tocia | tō-sē-ŭh | childbirth, labor | dystocia (slow or difficult labor) |
-tome | tōm | cutting instrument | dermatome (an instrument use to cut thin slices of skin for transplantation) |
-tomy | tō-mē | cutting into, incision | episiotomy (surgical incision of the vulva to prevent laceration at the time of delivery or to facilitate vaginal surgery) |
-tous | tŭs | pertaining to | epitheliomatous (pertaining to the epithelioma) |
-tripsy | trĭp-sē | crushing | lithotripsy (the process of breaking up kidney or gallbladder stones into small fragments) |
-trophy | trō-fē | nourishment, growth | hypertrophy (an increase in the number or size of cells) |
-ule | ūl | small | macule (a stain, a speck on the surface of the skin – freckle) |
-uresis | ū-rē-sĭs | urination | enuresis (bedwetting – involuntary passage of urine, usually occurring at night or during sleep) |
-uria | ū-rē-ŭh | urine | oliguria (small amount of urine output – less than 400 ml/day) |
Most suffixes fall into one of the following general categories:
Action/movement
Diseases/disorders/conditions
Instruments
Procedures/treatments
Sensory/feelings
Specialties/specialists
There are 12 suffixes that mean “pertaining to.” These include:
Some students have difficulty remembering all of these. Do your best, but be sure NOT to confuse –ia with the 12 suffixes that mean “pertaining to.” The meaning of –ia is condition.
Another area in which students sometimes become confused when learning suffixes are the differences between –graph and –graphy, -meter and –metry, -scope and –scopy, and –tome and –tomy. One way to help you remember is that the words that mean a procedure end with “y” while the words that refer to instruments end with a different letter.
-graph | recording instrument |
-graphy | process of recording |
-meter | measuring instrument |
-metry | measurement |
-scope | viewing instrument |
-scopy | visual examination |
-tome | cutting instrument |
-tomy | cutting into, incision |
Although the “p” is silent in suffixes such as –pnea, -pneic, and –ptosis, it can be helpful to add “pŭh” before the actual pronunciation when you practice memorizing these terms so you don’t forget about the “p.” Just keep in mind that the “p” is actually silent.
As you reviewed the list of suffixes and the examples provided, you may have noticed that some of the examples consisted only of a prefix and suffix while others contained word roots. For now, do not worry about the word roots. You will learn them as we study each body system. The examples were provided to help you recognize how the various word elements work together to build medical terms.
Learning Medical Terminology Copyright © by sheryllehi. All Rights Reserved.
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World activities limited by the early access.
Early acess in a mmorpg is a joke... We already have multiple layers and 2 warmodes and 100% of end game content doesnt take place on the open world, the only time you will see people on the open world is at launch and now the player base is even more split. The game is almost a lobby simulator at this point
So they forgot to turn on level 80 content, but also turned off level 70 content early, GG. Now just to wait for the level 80 Fyrakk mythic raid this weekend getting free mounts and the M55 key a group will do with one level 70 and 4 level 80s and we have bingo.
To be honest, I'm not super used to 'early access' games really limiting what people can do. I've only played a handful, so perhaps this is more common than I realize... but FF14 never 'limits' things like this. I don't see what the big deal is since heroics, m+ and raiding and all that stuff is limited -already-. Who REALLY cares? The people that paid for the full box, like I did, feel kinda shafted. That said. I never bought it for 'early access'. In fact I had no idea that was even going to be a thing until someone brought it to my attention, I just figured the extra 30 days play time was cheaper than what I pay for a month I'd be paying for regardless, so why not just get a month ahead. I'm really disappointed in seeing just how much they reigned in for fear of people crying about it. I hope blizzard learns it's lessons that doing this then limiting it.. after charging people premium for the expac to begin with, is bad for business all around. Just feels so unnecessarily predatory.
Super cool and creative of Blizzard to gimp both sides of the expansion experience and disable critical functions to accommodate unwarranted early access that they sold to players for a significant extra cost. Can't wait for this stupid, predatory practice to ruin expansion launches for years to come.
This IS end-game content, so yes there is in fact open world content at end game. I saw people in the open world all the time in Dragonflight. You didn’t because you clearly only did raid and/or mythic. The joke is your comment. And they didn’t “forget” to turn in anything- they said that certain things wouldn’t be available until the actual launch. Level 70 content is still there, you just can’t use raid finder. And they’re fixing it. So much whining. If you guys don’t like the game then don’t play.
People upset that the early access isn't giving them extra shots at weekly loot. Lol Ya'll got what you paid for. This business practice sucks, and you should not be supporting it by giving them money for these harebrained schemes.
The fact we cant unlock earthern seems to be so silly too. Like we paid money and there is no power related to it. Let me play what I paid for,
People upset that the early access isn't giving them extra shots at weekly loot. Lol Ya'll got what you paid for. This business practice sucks, and you should not be supporting it by giving them money for these harebrained schemes. I dunno. I quite like being able to level a bit ahead. Getting professions up and story being done by the time HC week starts
I find it funny that people are upset at early access from both spectrums. Like, it's only 3 days. It doesn't matter if you don't get a week of extra easily replaceable loot. It also doesn't matter that people who paid get 3 more days to level and do professions. The impact of early access is beyond miniscule and that people are even upset at it from either end is amusing. Maybe go out for the weekend and meet real people instead?
Good, playing double the amount of money for an expansion shouldnt result in an advantage in ilvl for the first few weeks. Even though they get ahead by being able to start earlier
All I can say is thank you to the early access payers for testing stuff before release <3
Super cool and creative of Blizzard to gimp both sides of the expansion experience and disable critical functions to accommodate unwarranted early access that they sold to players for a significant extra cost. Can't wait for this stupid, predatory practice to ruin expansion launches for years to come. it already does, twitch numbers are a quarter of what they have been at DF launch. its a PR desaster
This early access thing has been total bs. If they were gonna limit everything then what even was the point? They did it to placate the players who didn’t want to shell out the extra money and in the process shafted those of us that did. If they were going to do it that way they just shouldn’t have done it at all.
Thank you beta testers for paying to test these things out for us who come later in!
Good, playing double the amount of money for an expansion shouldnt result in an advantage in ilvl for the first few weeks. Even though they get ahead by being able to start earlier I mean i like the mount and mog you get from it and I have work during base launch so i dint mind paying for me and my fiancés extra days
It seems weelky quests of profession trainers and bountiful delves are also disabled before the 26, I can't access neither of them.
Maybe stop calling it "Early Access" and start calling it launch. Those of us not pre-ordering don't get to play until post launch access.
Early acess in a mmorpg is a joke... We already have multiple layers and 2 warmodes and 100% of end game content doesnt take place on the open world, the only time you will see people on the open world is at launch and now the player base is even more split. The game is almost a lobby simulator at this point It doesn't matter if is a joke or not, the early access already accomplish what they wanted it to do, which was earning more money by "forcing" players to choose between playing together or not, among other things. The saddest part of all of this? That extra money is not even going to the World of Warcraft team that made the expansion possible.
you know whats the most cringe and sad thing? people hating on each other in comments, one side calling the other PAYPIGGIES and the other POOR ANDIES. meanwhile blizzard laughts at both side how stupid "we" are. One side gets screwed by playing late, second by not being able to experience everything right away. yup, keep on calling each other names, that for sure helps... this community is full of double digit IQ %^&*!s divide and conquer, human nature never changes
Super cool and creative of Blizzard to gimp both sides of the expansion experience and disable critical functions to accommodate unwarranted early access that they sold to players for a significant extra cost. Can't wait for this stupid, predatory practice to ruin expansion launches for years to come. it already does, twitch numbers are a quarter of what they have been at DF launch. its a PR desaster DF had drops at release. EA for TWW had no drops. starting monday they will give away a rare 1k dollar mount. wow will break the 800k from DF easily.
MLB Trade Rumors
By Steve Adams and Darragh McDonald | August 27, 2024 at 3:50pm CDT
The Twins announced their waiver claim of right-hander Michael Tonkin , which was previously reported . To open a 40-man spot, righty Trevor Richards has been designated for assignment. To take the active spot of Richards, the club has selected the contract of righty Caleb Boushley . To open a 40-man spot for Boushley, righty Joe Ryan has been transferred to the 60-day injured list.
Richards was the Twins’ lone deadline pickup a month ago, coming over from Toronto in exchange for minor league infielder Jay Harry . The right-hander had scoreless outings in seven of his ten appearances with Minnesota but also had three shakier outings, leading to a 4.15 ERA in 13 innings overall.
That may not seem particularly poor at first glance, but Richards walked a massive 18.6% of his opponents during his time with the Twins and even more incredibly uncorked seven wild pitches during those 13 frames. He also hit two batters. Overall, the lack of command he showed proved too alarming for the team to continue on with the right-hander.
Richards has had some big league success in the past, both as a starter (261 2/3 innings of 4.22 ERA ball in 2018-19) and a reliever (3.50 ERA, 31.1 K% in 64 1/3 innings in 2021). However, even though he’s shown a consistent ability to miss bats and regularly flummoxed lefties with a plus changeup, he’s struggled with command and been far too hittable against fellow righties.
Richards came to the Twins as a rental who’d been struggling with his former team, so the cost of acquisition to acquire him was quite low. Still, the Twins surely hoped for better results, particularly given their lack of other deadline additions. Instead, he’ll give way to Tonkin, who’s back for a second 2024 stint with the team that originally drafted him in the 30th round back in 2008. Richards will now hit waivers and presumably clear, as a team would need to be willing to pay the remaining $358K on his $2.15MM salary in order to place a claim.
As for the 30-year-old Boushley, this’ll be his second stint with the Twins this year as well. He pitched two innings and allowed two runs a few months back, but has spent the rest of the season in Triple-A, where he has a 4.97 ERA in 116 innings. That earned run average is skewed in part by a calamitous nine-run shellacking at the hands of the Braves’ Triple-A affiliate back on July 3, but Boushley has been struggling in general as of late. Even setting aside that nine-run bonanza, he’s been tagged for a 6.55 ERA in his past seven starts with the Saints.
Darn looks like Ryan is definitely done for the year
It’s sad because he has ace stuff but just always falls off during the 2nd half of the season
Failed trade #3 for pitching depth this year
jays will claim Richards. he was one of their better bullpen pieces.
I’m just glad the Twins made multiple moves to bolster their pitching staff for a playoff run………
What MLB needs is some sort of incentive program to encourage teams to go for it. Like, extra revenue for playing more games beyond the regular season, bonuses for players that win multiple rounds, maybe even like a trophy for winning the most playoff games!
I like your trophy idea. I also wonder if playoff success might excite the fan base to the point where season ticket and merch sales would increase year-over-year.
I feel like it’s as simple as a Salary Floor. There’s a reason why, in the other 3 main pro leagues, there’s consistent parity & offseason transactions of note regardless of “market”. To me the MLBPA’s insistence on not having a cap is slowly killing the game year by year. The average player salary has increased in the other sports at a higher rate than baseball…and they (gasp!) Have salary caps tied to the revenue. There is NO WAY that teams like Oakland, Cinci, Pitt and yes my Detroit Tigers are spending “51% of Revenue” on player salaries like the other leagues.
The problem with the floor is, you’ll never get it without a salary cap as well. All 30 teams are against one without the other. If the Pirates are bidding on mid level guys,and the big market teams want then, the result is the big market team just pays more. That leaves small market clubs overpaying guys no one else really wants just to hit the floor. Baby Giraffe would be getting 10 million from Pittsburgh, Tim Anderson would’ve gotten 8 million instead of 2. Nothing changes that much with just a floor from a fan perspective, and no owner wants the change it would create
Perhaps some sort of tax applied to teams that are consistently bottom dwellers. In other terms, if a team’s overall average is less than .500 for a rolling 5 years in a row, they are hit with a fine. There has to be some incentive to develop and field a competitive team. A team can be competitive constructed of young guns not making a bunch of money. This shouldn’t be discouraged.
How about a reduction of the luxury tax, relative to the number of extra games played. Conversely, if a team is headed for paying the luxury tax and doesn’t make the post season…the tax increases….
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Orioles claim former marlins outfielder.
The Baltimore Orioles have claimed Miami Marlins outfielder Forrest Wall and designated veteran reliever Dillon Tate for assignment. In 2022, Tate was recognized as a solid reliever for the Orioles. But since landing on the IL, he hasn’t been able to pitch as much at the big-league level. On August 26th, the Marlins decided to designate Wall for assignment. Wall has also played for the Atlanta Braves. The Orioles have claimed him off waivers and added a player whose strong suit is his speed.
#Orioles get a guy with 93rd percentile sprint speed… https://t.co/gya5pQVYOy — MLB Trade Rumors (@mlbtraderumors) August 28, 2024
What wall brings to the table.
The Orioles, who are in second place in the AL East, one game behind the New York Yankees, have boosted their roster. They have added a lefty bat and a player ranked in the 93rd percentile regarding sprint speed. The 28-year-old is also a former first-round pick drafted by the Colorado Rockies in 2014. The Orioles knew what they were doing when they claimed him off waivers. The Winter Park, Florida-born outfielder has showcased impressive numbers in Triple-A. The speedster has stolen 16 bases, along with a .380 on-base percentage.
With the Orioles claiming him off waivers, they can utilize his speed in the postseason. The Orioles want to make use of Wall’s healthy status with Heston Kjerstad , who is still recovering from a concussion. They have done their homework with their lack of speed on their roster; Wall is a solid pickup that will provide them with the much-needed boost of speed that they require. The Orioles have optioned Wall to Triple-A Norfolk, the only outfielder not injured. With his speed, Wall could also be put in as a pinch runner in critical situations. Wall is also an excellent player to put in against right-handed pitchers, as he has showcased success against them. Wall hasn’t only played in the outfield, but he also has experience playing as an infielder at second base.
Main Photo Credits: Brett Davis-USA TODAY Sports
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The former president is focusing his most vicious attacks on domestic political opponents, setting off fresh worries among autocracy experts.
By Michael C. Bender and Michael Gold
Donald J. Trump rose to power with political campaigns that largely attacked external targets, including immigration from predominantly Muslim countries and from south of the United States-Mexico border.
But now, in his third presidential bid, some of his most vicious and debasing attacks have been leveled at domestic opponents.
During a Veterans Day speech, Mr. Trump used language that echoed authoritarian leaders who rose to power in Germany and Italy in the 1930s, degrading his political adversaries as “vermin” who needed to be “rooted out.”
“The threat from outside forces,” Mr. Trump said, “is far less sinister, dangerous and grave than the threat from within.”
This turn inward has sounded new alarms among experts on autocracy who have long worried about Mr. Trump’s praise for foreign dictators and disdain for democratic ideals. They said the former president’s increasingly intensive focus on perceived internal enemies was a hallmark of dangerous totalitarian leaders.
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One worksheet asks students to circle the root words found within larger words. The straightforward method for learning about word contrasts with the more difficult lessons that prompt your kids to search for mistakes within long paragraphs. The printable worksheets make ideal teaching tools at home. This concept does not have to be a difficult ...
These exact prefixes have been used at a wide grade level range on several national assessments. Adding Prefixes - dis-, non-, and super-. These prefixes either lower, level, or heighten things. We work with words that we add one of three prefixes to. The prefix will either heighten or lower the root word.
meter. Based on the list of word roots, what is the meaning of the word chronometer? a device for measuring time. Based on the list of word roots, what is the meaning of the word monochromatic? consisting of only one color. Refer to the list of words parts on the left to answer the questions.
A root word is the primary form of a word. While root words may contain the core meaning of the word, they cannot stand alone. For example, "bene" is the root in the word "beneficial." ... A Teacher's Guide to More Meaningful Assignments for Secondary ELA June 22, 2024; 10 Engaging End-of-Year Reflection Ideas for Secondary ELA June ...
Identify the root words. Many words are formed from a root word and a suffix. In these vocabulary worksheets, students deconstruct each word into its suffix and root word. Students write the suffix and root/base word in separate columns. Worksheet #1 Worksheet #2 Worksheet #3 Worksheet #4. Worksheet #5 Worksheet #6.
Building Vocabulary Foundations. and. Building Vocabulary from Word Roots. Levels 1-11. By Dr. Tim Rasinski, Nancy Padak, Rick M. Newton, and Evangeline Newton. Respected Research & LiteratureTeacher Created Materials This document may be reproduce. for educational purposes only. The reproduction of this document for any other.
12. Identify the Root Word. This game helps identify suffixes, prefixes, and root words. After a few weeks of "the root word of the week", construct a paragraph and have students mark the root terms. They can also compete in teams to define all the terms correctly! Learn More: Snippets By Sarah. 13. Root Word Flip Books
One strategy to help students determine the meanings of new words and phrases is recognizing prefixes, suffixes, and root words. When readers identify an affix in a new word they read, it can help them infer the word's meaning. This is a great vocabulary skill to teach to help students read more independently. And bonus, it will help with ...
Use word roots and context clues to determine which word best completes each sentence. Plagiarism is the act of copying a writer's words and claiming them as one's own. I had a sense of when I saw the girl who looked just like her mother used to. I trust you completely. You have complete to arrange the party. -verbatim. -deja vu. -carte blanche.
Finding Root Words. Help your students review root words so they can analyze unfamiliar words and figure out the meaning without using a dictionary. In this worksheet, students will identify the root of each word containing suffixes and prefixes. Then, they will circle the root words in the word search. Download Free Worksheet. View answer key.
Root Word, Suffix, and Prefix Review #1. Learners identify and define word parts in this fifth- and sixth-grade grammar worksheet. 5th grade. Reading & Writing. Worksheet. Latin Root Words #1. Interactive Worksheet. Latin Root Words #1. Explore the meaning of Latin roots like "scribe" and "spect" with this matching activity!
Instant Vocabulary by Ida Ehrlich -- Organized around259 keys to word building, this book is an amazing resource if you want to teach root words to your students. Each key is a root, prefix, or suffix for which Ehrlich provides 20 examples showing how the key is used in word building. @Amazon. Check out Neo below:
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like *Which word roots are used in the word chronometer? Check all that apply.* chron chrom meta meter mono, *Based on the list of word roots, what is the meaning of the word chronometer?* a device for measuring time something that changes color a tool for measuring color a single time period, *Based on the list of word roots, what is ...
Closure: A homework assignment that can be given after this lesson could be to have students write down the prefixes and suffixes that were used and to have them research the meanings of each one. The following activity will help your students understand how words are made. They will be able to match a root word to the correct prefix or suffix.
Take a look at the standards you need teach below: These RF units are complete and will help you teach prefixes, suffixes, and root words. Your students will be able to master the word attack and decoding skills th ey need to improve their reading fluency and accuracy. RF.2.3.d. RF.3.3.a&b.
Each group is assigned one root word to use. On a large piece of paper, they draw a tree shape, or cut out a shape from construction paper, and write words that contain the root on the tree. Under the tree, students write the root word and its meaning. The second chart could also easily be assigned as a small group project.
Click here for the Word Roots, Beginning curriculum Word Roots Beginning introduces children to the concept of root words and shows students how roots are meaningful parts of many multi-syllabic words in English. The first three activities are designed to illustrate how roots, prefixes, and suffixes work together, with activities becoming progressively more difficult as students work through ...
Basic Word Elements. There are three basic word elements: prefix, word root (with a combining vowel), and suffix. Not all medical terms contain all three of these elements and some terms contain more than one of each element. At first, this may seem confusing, but it will make sense as the course progresses.
Greek and Latin root words, the meanings, and sample words. 13. Put the transparency of Appendix D: Greek and Latin Root Words, Word Web Example, on the overhead. ... complete assignment, (five root words) is worth 15 points, with three points for each word web. One point for a sentence, one point for new found words, and ...
Root Words. Upgrade to Premium membership to assign worksheets, games, and more to your child. Students will understand just where their vocabulary words come from with this root words exercise. Based on your interest in Root Words . Explore more common root words and their meanings in this eighth-grade grammar game!
amphi-. on both sides, of both kinds. amphibian - an organism capable of living in water and on land. ana-. apart, up, again. anaphase of mitosis - when the chromosomes separate. This flashcard set contains word roots, prefixes, and suffixes from "Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th edition" by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn.
Tiffany Maxwell 2/3/24 Unit 4 assignment 1.Dysuria=dys/ur/ia= painful urination Root word=Ur =urine Prefix=DYS=painful Suffix=IA=a condition 2. Myaliga= mya/liga= pain in the muscle Root word none Prefix my (o)= meaning muscle The suffix= algie=pain 3.orthostatic=ortho/stat/sis= upright postural Root word= ortho=straight up Prefix=none Suffix-=pertaining to 4. splenectomy=spleen/ectomy ...
Special Assignments: Special Assignments are somewhat similar to World Emissaries in Battle for Azeroth - Complete three World Quests in an area you have a Special Assignment for, and a special Elite quest will unlock, awarding Seasoned Adventurer's Cache. As of the time of this post, there are two Special Assignments available - One in Isle of ...
To open a 40-man spot, righty Trevor Richards has been designated for assignment. To take the active spot of Richards, the club has selected the contract of righty Caleb Boushley .
The Baltimore Orioles have claimed Miami Marlins outfielder Forrest Wall and designated veteran reliever Dillon Tate for assignment. In 2022, Tate was recognized as a solid reliever for the Orioles. But since landing on the IL, he hasn't been able to pitch as much at the big-league level.
Read the meanings of the word fold, then read the sentence. Definition 1. n., a crease in fabric or a piece of paper. Definition 2. v., to bend. Definition 3. n., a group of people with common beliefs. Definition 4. v., to incorporate one food ingredient into another.
LIVE WITH JULIE GREEN PROPHETIC WORD AUG 20, 2024 #juliegreen #propheticword
These ambitions include using the Justice Department to take vengeance on his political rivals, plotting a vast expansion of presidential power and installing ideologically aligned lawyers in key ...
On Veterans Day, the former president vowed to "root out" his liberal opponents, drawing backlash from historians who say his rhetoric is reminiscent of authoritarians. 4 min.
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which word roots are used in the word chronometer? Check all that apply., chron = "time" chrom = "color" meta = "change, beyond" meter = "measure" mono = "one" Based on the list of word roots, what is the meaning of the word chronometer?, chron = "time" chrom = "color" meta = "change, beyond" meter = "measure" mono = "one" Based ...