engineering physics presentation ppt

Physics 1425 PowerPoint Slides

Michael Fowler, UVa

These are the slides I created for Physics 1425 (Physics I for Engineers) in the Spring of 2010. They were supplemented with some clicker questions supplied with the textbook (Giancoli), but most of the slides used are here (in PDF format).

To get the .pptx files, click to open the pdf, then type pptx in place of pdf.

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Kinematics
• 3. Falling Motion
• 4. Two-Dimensional Motion
• 5. Projectile Motion
• 6. Newton's Laws
• 7. Using Newton's Laws
• 8. Friction
• 9. Circular Motion
• 10. More Circular Motion
• 11. Gravitation
• 12. Work and Energy
• 13. Kinetic Energy
• 14. More About Energy
• 15. Momentum
• 16. More Momentum
• 17. Center of Mass
• 18. More Circular Motion
• 19. Rotational Dynamics
• 20. More Rotational Dynamics
• 21. Angular Momentum
• 22. More Angular Momentum
• 23. Statics
• 24. More Statics
• 25. Hydrostatics
• 26. More Hydrostatics
• 27. Hydrodynamics
• 28. Simple Harmonic Motion
• 29. Damped Driven Oscillators
• 30. Temperature, Expansion, Ideal Gas Law
• 31. Kinetic Theory Gases
• 32. More Kinetic Theory
• 33. Heat and Energy
• 34. Gas Processes and Heat Transport
• 35. Second Law and heat Engines
• 36. Entropy

Ch.10.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

• Recall the definition/formula for work. If you are performing work on an object, what must you be doing to the object?
• Can work W be used to create heat Q ? Give an example.
• Can heat Q be used to create work W ? Give another example.

Heat and Work

Work can be used to create heat

The opposite is also true: heat can be used to create work

→ As the heat boils the water, it will do work on the balloon, making it expand

Heat and Work – �Combustion Engines

Fuel is ignited, creating heat which expands the fuel into gas, and raises the piston

As the gas cools/escapes, the piston lowers again

[piston animation]

Work done by system

Work done on system

Energy added as heat

Energy lost as heat

[table on pg. 343]

Check for Understanding

Is heat being added (Q>0) or removed (Q<0) from system?

Is work being done by system (W>0) or on system (W<0)?

Baking bread in the oven

Q>0, W>0

Using sandpaper on wood

Q<0, W<0

Putting coal in a steam engine

Internal Energy

Heat added to system, Q

Work done by system, W

Change in internal energy of system: ∆U (Joules)

First Law of Thermodynamics

The change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system minus the amount of work done on its surroundings

First Law of Thermodynamics for Special Processes

• Isovolumetric – volume doesn’t change

→ no work done (W = 0)

• Isothermal – temperature doesn’t change

→ no change in internal energy (∆U = 0)

• Adiabatic – thermally insulated

→ no energy transferred as heat (Q = 0)

• Isolated System

→ no energy transferred as heat, no work done by system, no change in internal energy (W = ∆U = Q = 0)

The first law of thermodynamics is a form of conservation of energy which takes into account a system’s internal energy

A total of 135 J of work is done on a gaseous refrigerant as it undergoes compression. If the internal energy of the gas increases by 114 J during the process, what is the total amount of energy transformed as heat? Has energy been added to or removed from the refrigerant as heat?

Textbook Example pg.345

Q = 114 J – 135 J

Since Q<0, energy has been removed from the system

Pg.346 #1-5

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Physics powerpoint presentations Free to download

Physics powerpoint presentations free to download and use for teaching.

Using PowerPoint for teaching physics can be an effective way to engage your students and present complex concepts visually. Here are some tips on how to use PowerPoint effectively for teaching physics:

Start with an outline: Plan your presentation by creating an outline that outlines the main topics and subtopics you want to cover. This will help you organize your content and ensure a logical flow.

Use visuals: Physics often involves abstract concepts that can be challenging for students to grasp. Incorporate relevant visuals such as diagrams, graphs, images, or videos to make the concepts more tangible and easier to understand.

Simplify complex ideas: Break down complex physics concepts into smaller, more digestible pieces. Use step-by-step explanations and visual representations to help students follow along and grasp the core principles.

Use animations and transitions: PowerPoint offers animation and transition features that can be used to demonstrate processes or show how variables change over time. For example, you can use animations to illustrate the motion of objects or the behavior of waves

Below are a list of physics powerpoint presentations.

These have been submitted by teachers to help other teachers. They can be used freely and modified to your own preferred format.

Physics powerpoint presentations- Please submit any powerpoints you have made at the bottom of this page

Please submit any of your own physics powerpoints using the form below. It is very much appreciated.

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Other hints and tips for making physics powerpoint presentations

Incorporate real-world examples: Relate physics concepts to real-life examples and applications. Show how these concepts are used in everyday situations or in specific fields like engineering or astronomy. This can help students connect theory to practical applications.

Encourage active learning: Design interactive slides that encourage student participation. Include questions, quizzes, or problem-solving activities within your presentation. This promotes active engagement and helps students apply their knowledge.

Provide clear explanations: Use concise and clear explanations to convey information. Break down complex equations or formulas into smaller parts and explain each component separately. Use bullet points, charts, or diagrams to support your explanations.

Include practice problems: Dedicate slides to practice problems that allow students to apply the concepts they have learned. Walk them through the problem-solving process step by step and provide explanations for each step.

Allow for discussion and questions: Allocate time for students to ask questions or engage in discussions related to the presented material. Encourage active participation and create a supportive learning environment.

Keep it visually appealing: Use a consistent and visually appealing design throughout your presentation. Choose an appropriate font, color scheme, and layout that is easy to read and visually appealing. Avoid cluttered slides that may distract or confuse students.

Use multimedia elements: Consider incorporating videos, simulations, or interactive online resources to enhance student understanding and engagement. These can provide visual demonstrations or virtual experiments that supplement your teaching.

Review and summarize: End your presentation with a summary slide that recaps the main points covered. Reinforce key concepts and encourage students to review the material on their own.

Remember to adapt your presentation style to suit the needs of your students and adjust the pace of your presentation accordingly. Be prepared to answer questions and provide further clarification as needed.

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Engineering Presentation Templates

Enhance your engineering presentations with our modern powerpoint templates and google slides themes our user-friendly designs offer captivating hd visuals with seamless editing features. choose from various engineering themes and professional layouts. designed for engineers, architects, and students to present the portfolio or projects..

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To sum it up, being an engineer isn’t just about having great ideas; it’s about sharing them in the best way possible. And when it comes to presenting, Slide Egg’s engineering Google Slides themes and PowerPoint templates  are your best mates. With them, your ideas won’t just be shared; they’ll be loved and remembered!

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Engineering Presentation Templates are capable of helping you to explain the principles and concepts of engineering. There are many aspects of engineering. Civil engineering, software engineering, and telecommunications engineering are a few. All these aspects of engineering are based on complex theories. It is always challenging to explain these complex engineering principles to another person. This is where these engineering PowerPoint templates will assist you.

Where can we use these Engineering Slides?

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200 Interesting Physics Seminar and Powerpoint Presentation Topics

Interesting topics for Powerpoint Presentation in Physics

• Special Relativity and General Relativity
• Quantum Computing
• Time dilation
• Physics of Babies
• Nikola Tesla Inventions  ( PPT2 )
• Greatest Physicists and their contribution
• Physics-Chemistry-Biology Relation
• Physics in Sports   Link 2
• Physics in our everyday life
• Newtonian and Non-newtonian fluid
• Anti-Gravity
• Thermodynamics in Everyday Life
• Airborne Wind Energy / Flying Windmills
• Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
• Compressed air energy storage  ( PDF )
• Magnetoresistance
• Fusion Power Generation
• Fluid Flow Continuity and Bernoulli’s Equation
• Archimedes' Principle  and Its Applications
• Physics of Touch Screens Technology  ( Article )
• Exoplanets / Extra-Solar Planets
• Space Telescopes ( Hubble / James Webb Space Telescope )
• Carbon Nanotubes
• The Physics of the Egyptian Pyramids
• Magnus effect and its applications
• Sustainable energy  ( PPT 2 )
• The Physics of Fire  ( PPT )
• The Motion of the Planets
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Our Everyday Life
• The String theory: A theory of Everything
• Electromagnetism  and Its applications in daily life
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic Spectrum  / Electromagnetic Radiation
• Transformers
• Force sensor
• Friction in our everyday life and Its types  ( PPT 2 ) ( PDF )
• Magnetorheological fluid
• Magnetic field due to currents in wires  ( PPT 2 )
• Magnetic field patterns
• Earth's Magnetic Field
• Searching for Magnetic Monopoles
• Electricity and Magnetism
• Maglev Trains: Transrapid magnetic lift trains
• Magnetic Levitation
• Microwave Oven: How it works? ( PDF Report )
• Physics Behind the Climate Change ( PDF Report )
• Electromagnets and their uses
• Fresnel's Equations
• Electric Potential
• Working of Motors
• Working of Generators
• Bioelectromagnetism
• Kinematics in our daily lives
• Real-Life Examples of Newton’s First Law (Inertia)
• Zero Energy Buildings
• Lightning Bolt Physics
• Lightning Protection System  (Static Electricity)
• Electromagnetic Railguns
• LASERS 
• Physics behind fidget spinner
• Hoverboard (Self-balancing scooter)
• Physics of roller coasters
• Physics behind musical instruments
• Physics Behind Bruce Lee's One-Inch Punch!
• Electric Cars
• Gauss’ Law
• Working with simple electrical components
• Current and charge
• Ohm's law and resistance
• Oscilloscope
• String theory
• Resistance effects
• Electrical conduction through gases
• Electrostatic charges
• Van de Graaff generator
• Energy conversion
• Components of motion
• Circular motion
• Weightlessness
• Forced vibrations and resonance
• Momentum in two dimensions
• Simple harmonic motion
• Fiction and Its types
• Friction at the atomic level
• Coulomb model
• Superfluidity
• Transmission Lines
• Peso Electricity
• Atmospheric Optics
• Wireless Electricity
• Models of electric circuits
• Wind Energy
• Solar Power
• Geothermal Energy
• Wave Energy
• Concentrated Solar Energy
• Nuclear Power Generation
• Physics behind the Aurora Borealis
• Plasma Physics
• Particle Detectors, Drift Chambers
• Exponential decay and half-life
• Nuclear Fission
• Nuclear Fusion
• Biogas Plant
• Biomass Energy
• First models of the atom
• Cloud chambers
• Particle Accelerators
• Synchrotron
• Model of the atom
• Light behaving like a particle
• Electrons behaving as waves
• Evidence for the hollow atom
• Nature of ionizing radiations
• Radioactive sources: isotopes and availability
• Acceleration due to gravity
• Radio Waves
• Antenna Theory and Design
• How do Mobile networks work?
• Solar System
• Asteroid Belt Formation
• Satellite Communication
• Possibility of life on Mars
• Mangalyaan (India's Mars Mission)
• Chandrayaan-I (India's Lunar Mission)
• Rocket Technology
• Satellite Launch Vehicles
• SpaceX: Falcon Heavy
• Reusable Rockets
• Space Organisations and their achievements
• Global Navigation Satellite System 
• Gravitational force and free fall
• Radar Technologies
• Newtonian fluid
• Pinhole camera and lens camera
• Diffraction of light
• Reflection of light
• Refraction of light
• Radio Telescope
• Formation of Galaxies
• Hubble's Law (Evidence)
• Gravity waves
• Kepler’s laws
• The Copernican revolution
• Magnetic sail
• Planetary motion and gravity
• Big Bang (The Origin)
• Beyond Solar System
• Constellations
• Life on Mars
• Mars Exploration
• Why is Venus So Hot?
• Trans-Neptunian region
• Space-Time Fabric
• Journey of Photons
• Atmospheric pressure
• Einstein's Theory of Relativity
• How do airplanes fly?
• Aerodynamics
• Types of waves
• Young's slits
• Superconductivity
• LED | OLED | MicroLED
• Thermal radiation from the human body
• Thermal expansion of Solid and Liquid
• Concept of density
• Evidence for atoms
• Molecular speed
• Higgs boson
• Chandrashekar limit
• Nuclear Reactors
• Large Hadron Collider
• Quantum Mechanics (Introduction)
• Young's double-slit experiment
• Doppler effect in Sound
• Doppler effect in Light
• Integrated Circuits
• Microprocessors
• Display Technology
• 3D Printing
• Virtual Reality
• Biosensors and Bioelectronics
• Ambient intelligence
• Storage Devices
• Semiconductors
• Fiber-optic communication
• Three Phase Circuit
• Home's electrical system
• Types of Gear and working
• Electric Bill Calculation
• Impulse, Momentum, and Collisions
• Dark Energy (Quantum Vacuum Energy) 
• Dark Matter
• Acoustic Levitator
• Electrometer
• Hydroelectricity
• Optical instruments

Interesting Questions for Physics Powerpoint Presentation Ideas

• Why do things move?
• Does everything that goes up come down?
• Why does a bicycle stay upright when it's moving but fall when it stops?
• Why do we wear seatbelts?
• Why doesn’t the moon fall into the earth?
• Why is it tough to walk on ice?
• Why does ice melt?
• Why doesn’t the moon fall?
• What is sound?
• What is light?
• What is lightning?
• What makes rainbows?
• How can a boat make of steel float?
• Why can’t we see air, how do we know that it's there?
• Why are some turns on roads banked?  
• What keeps me from falling on the Silly  Silo at Adventureland?
• Why do my socks sometimes stick together in the clothes dryer?
• Why do I get a shock after I walk across the carpet room and touch something in winter? 
• What’s the deal with magnets? Why do they stick on refrigerators?
• By the way, how do refrigerators and air conditioners work?
• Why can’t I cool my room by keeping the refrigerator door opened?
• Why is it a bad idea to plug my TV,  stereo, computer, radio, and hairdryer into the same outlet?
• Where does electricity come from?
• Why doesn’t the electricity leak out of the outlet?
• What do airplanes and curveballs have in common?
• Why do my ears pop when I’m on a  plane?
• Why can I see all of myself in a mirror that is half as tall as I am?
• what is the Greenhouse effect?
• what’s the deal with the ozone layer?
• Is climate change real? Are we causing it? 
• How do(es) x-rays, microwaves, ultrasound, MRIs, LASERS, and cable TV work.?
• By the way, how does TV work?
• Why does the water in my tub spin in a circle as it goes down the drain? Why does it always spin in the same direction? 
• How does soap work?
• Why is the sky blue during the day but red at sunset?
• Are nuclear power plants safe?
• How do they take my temperature by sticking that gadget into my ear?
• Why does the cue ball stop dead when it hits another ball head-on?
• What is a day, month, or year?
• Why does a year on Jupiter last 12 years?
• Are hydrogen fuel cells or hybrid cars the answer to the energy crisis?
• What does it take to make an atomic bomb?

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Engineering Physics

Dec 01, 2014

470 likes | 1.07k Views

Engineering Physics. Physics :- الفيـــــــــــــــــــــــزياء 1: What is Physics? It is the most basic science . It concerns the behavior and structure of matter. هو أكثر العلوم الأساسية ويتعلق بسلوك وتركيب الماده Importance of physics:- أهمية الفيزياء

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• physical quantity
• physical quantities
• fundamental physical quantities
• called derived physical quantity

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Engineering Physics Physics:- الفيـــــــــــــــــــــــزياء 1: What is Physics? It is the most basic science. It concerns the behavior and structure of matter. هو أكثر العلوم الأساسية ويتعلق بسلوك وتركيب الماده Importance of physics:- أهمية الفيزياء Physics is a wide branch and has many application in all other branches as computer science, medicine, engineering, pharmacy, etc…

Classes of Physics:اقسام الفيزياء 1-Classical physics: It concerns motion, fluids, heat, sound light, electricity and magnetism. الفيزياء الكلاسكية وتشمل الحركة - الموائع- الحرارة - الكهرباء- المغناطيسية 2-Modern physics : It includes relativity, atomic, nuclear physics. الفيزياء الحديثة وتشمل النسبية – الذرية- الفيزياء النووية

2-Units and dimensionsالوحدات والأبعاد • Units: Any physical quantity is represented by two quantities, value and unit.The value of the physical quantity depends on its unit. For example the velocity of a car is 90 km/h. The velocity of the car is 25 m/s. أي كمية فيزيائية يعبر عنها بكميتين هما 1- القيمة 2- الوحدة القيمة لأي كمية فيزيائية تعتمد علي وحدتها(أي الوحدة المقاسة بها) مثال سرعة سيارة 20 كم/ساعة أو سرعة سيارة 25 متر/ثانية

System of units:نظام الوحدات 1- French units (cgs) a) Length (L) يقاس بالسنتيمتر c النظام الفرنسي وفيه يقاس الطول ورمزه L بالسنتيمترورمزه c b) Mass(M) يقاس بالجرام g الكتله c) Time (T)يقاس بالثانية s الزمن 2- British units (fbs) a) Length (L) يقاس بالقدم f النظام الانجليزي وفيه يقاس الطول ورمزه L بالقدم ورمزه f b) Mass(M) يقاس بالباوند b الكتله c) Time (T)يقاس بالثانية s الزمن

3- International units (SI) OR (MKS) في النظام العالمي او الدولي او نظام MKS • Length (L) يقاس بالمتر M • Mass(M) يقاس بالكيلو جرام kg • Time(T) يقاس بالثانية S Sometimes the international units SI is called (MKS). The SI units are commonly used , the other systems are still in use for some limited cases.

Types of Physical quantities:انواع الكيات الفيزيائيةThe physical quantities can be classified into two classes:الكميات الفيزيائية تقسم الي نوعين 1- Basic or fundamental physical quantity 1- كميات اساسية 2- derived physical quantity. 2- كميات مشتقه أي يمكن الحصول عليها بضرب او قسمة او جمع او طرح الكميات الأساسية The fundamental physical quantities are onlyseven physical quantities listed as: • 1-Length 2- Mass 3- Time 4-Temperature 5- Electric current 6- quantity of material 7-Luminous.

The symbols of these fundamental physical quantities are: 1- Length (l) 2-Mass (m) 3- Time (s) 4-Temperature(k). 5- Current (i) 6- Quantity of Material (o) 7-Liuminous (c). Any other physical quantity not included in the above seven quantities is called derived physical quantity رموز الكميات الأساسية هي 1- الطول 2- الكتله 3- الزمن 4- درجة الحرارة 5-التيار الكهربي 6- كمية الماده 7- شدة الاضاءة أي كميه أخري غير الكميات السابقة تسميكميات مشتقة

Force, velocity, acceleration, density, ….. are all derived physical quantities. القوة و السرعة والتسارع او العجلة و الكثافة .......الخ جميعها كميات مشتقة أي يمكن الحصول عليها من الكميات الأساسية It should be noted that the derived physical quantities are composed of fundamental physical quantities. ملحوظة:- الكميات الفيزيائية المشتقة تتكون من الكميات الفيزيائية الأساسية For example density (ρ) can be written as: ρ = mass / volume = mass / (length)**3

As shown the density is expressed in terms of the fundamental physical quantities mass and length. Every derived physical quantities can be similarly expressed in terms of its fundamental physical quantities كما يتضح الكثافة يعبر عنها بدلالة الكميات الأساسية وهي الكتلة والطول كل كمية مشتقة يعبر عنها بدلالة الكميات الأساسية كما بالمثال السابق

-Write the following derived physical quantitiesin terms of fundamental physical quantities: Work, Energy, Electric charge, Power. أكتب الكميات المشتقة التالية بدلالة الكميات الأساسية الشغل - الطاقة - الشحنة الكهربية - القدرة As the fundamental physical quantities has units (cgs, fbs or SI), the derived physical quantities have also the same units الكميات المشتقة يكون لها نفس وحدات الكميات الأساسية

in the three unit systems (cgs, fbs or SI). For example the units of Force is dyne in the cgs boundal in the fbs andnewton in the SI or MKS. في نظام الوحدات الثلاث علي سبيل المثال وحدة القوة هي الداين في النظام الفرنسي وهي الباوندال في النظام الانجليزي وهي النيوتن في نظام العالمي او الدولي Theory of Dimensions In the theory of dimension the fundamental physical quantities have certain symbols and notations as follow: 1-Length [L]. 2- Mass [M]. 3- Time [T]. 4-Temperature [K]. 5- Electric current [I]. 6- quantity of material [O]. 7-Luminous [C].

Thus any fundamental physical quantity is represented by a capital letter between two square brackets. These notations are called the dimensions of fundamental physical quantities. أي كمية اساسية يعبر عنها بحرف كبير بين قوسين مربعين وهذا الترقيم يسمي أبعاد الكميات الفيزيائية الأساسية Now to write the dimension of any derived physical quantity one should do the following steps: الأن لكي نكتب أبعاد أي كمية مشتقة سوف نتبع الخطوات التالية

a- Write the derived physical quantity. b- Change the derived physical quantity into its fundamental physical quantities. c- Replace each fundamental physical quantity by its notation of dimension. d- Resultant expression is the dimension of the derived physical quantity. الخطوات 1-أكتب الكمية المشتقة 2- حول الكمية المشتقة الي ما يساويها من كمية اساسية 3-استبدل كل كمية اساسية برمزها أي رمز العناصر المكونة لهاا 4-التعبير الناتج هو ابعاد الكمية المشتقة

For example to write the dimension of acceleration a. a- Acceleration a is rate of velocity change i.e. a = velocity / time. b- Since velocity is not fundamental physical quantity then velocity is written in terms of the fundamental physical quantities velocity = distance / time. c- Then acceleration is expressed by its fundamental physical quantities as: a = distance / ( time * time ) = distance / time** 2 d- Finally the dimensions of acceleration are a = [L] / [T]**2 = [L] [T]**-2

Importance of the theory of Dimensions:اهمية نظرية الأبعاد The study of the theory of dimensions is very important for students, scientists, and even for science. Following are the importance of the theory of dimensions ان دراسة نظرية الأبعاد هام جدا للطلاب والعلماء وأيضا للعلم والتالي هي أهمية نظرية الأبعاد 1- Convert between different units. 1- التحويل بين الوحدات المختلفة For example one can find the relation between feet and meter. تستطيع ان توجد العلاقة بين القدم والمتر علي سبيل المثال

To find the relation between feet and meter consider the acceleration of gravity g in the cgs and in the fbs. g (cgs) = 9.8 m / s**2 while g (fbs) =32 f / s**2 the dimensions of g is distance / time2 for the two systems, then the two values are equal. Thus 9.8 m / s**2 = 32 f / s**2 9.8 m = 32 f 1 m = 32 / 9.8 f = 3.265 f

2- Check any physical expression. اختبار أي تعبير فيزيائي او معادلةهل صح أم خطأ Any physical expression can be checked out whether it is correct or not using the theory of dimension. أي تعبير فيزيائي يمكن اختبار صحته باستخدام نظريةالأبعاد This can be done by:

a- Write the expression. b- Write the left hand side of the expression (lhs). Write the dimension of the left hand side. c- Write the right hand side of the expression (rhs). Write the dimension of the right hand side. d- If the expression is correct the dimensions of the two sides should be equal. If not the expression is not correct. You then can correct it.

Example: Check the following expression v**2 = v0**2+0.5*a* t**2 Where v and v0 are the final and initial velocity, a is the acceleration and t is time. Solution: Following the above steps: a- The expression is V**2 = v0**2 +0.5 *a* t**2 b- Left hand side of the expression is v**2 Dimensions are [L]**2*[T]**-2

c- Right hand side of the expression is V0**2 +0.5*a* t**2 . 1- The first term is v0**2 has dimensions [L]**2*[T]**-2 2- The second term is 0.5* a* t**2 has dimensions of acceleration * time**2 = [L]* [T]**-2* [T]** 2 Thus the dimensions of the right hand side of the expression are [L]**2*[T]**-2 + [L] *[T]**-2 * [T]** 2 d- Compare the dimensions of the left and right hand sides indicates that the expression is not correct.

3- Deriving new expression. In the following an expression for the periodic time of a simple pendulum will be derived using the theoryof dimensions. Steps are as follow: a- Assumptions: Assume the periodic time of the pendulum is giving by t b- Assume t depends on many factors as: the length of the pendulum l, the mass of the ball m and the acceleration of gravity g. c- Assume that t depends on ( l )a, on ( m )b and on ( g )c.

d- Put the expression as t = ( l )**a * ( m )**b * ( g )**c where a, b and c are constants to be determined.. e- From the dimensions of both sides of the above expression the constant a, b and c can be determined. f- The dimensions of the lhs can be written as: [L]**0[M]**0 [T]**1. g-The dimensions of the rhs can be written as: [L]**a*[M]**b*[L]**C[T]**-2c =[L]**(a+c) [M]**b *[T]**(-2c)

h- Compare between the dimensions of each physical quantity lhs with rhs. i- [L]**0 = [L]**( a+c) Thus a = -c [M]**0 = [M]**b then b=0 and [T] = [T]-2c Then c= -1/2 and a = 1/2 Finally the expression for the periodic time of a simple pendulum can be written as: t α ( l )** ½* ( m )**0 *( g )**( -1/2) or t = 2 π √(l / g ) where 2π is the proportionality constant and it can be determined experimentally.

4-Determination of the units of the physical constants. There is a common mistake that any physical constant is a dimensionless quantity. This is not generally correct. There are some constants have no dimension but most of other constants have Dimension For example the gravitational force between two masses M1 and M2 and the distance between them is d is represented as

F α M1 F α M2 F α 1 / d2 F = G* (M1 x M2 / d2) where G is the proportionality constant andcalled gravitational constant. To find units of G one should find the dimensions of the lhs which is force as given before the dimensions of force is[M][L][T]-2. The dimensions of the rhs are [M]2[L]-2. It is clear that the dimensions are not the same. Thus G has dimensions [M][L][T]**-2 / [M]**2[L]**-2. Finally the units of G is Newton meter** 2 /kg**2.

It should be noted that : 1- Physical quantities of different dimensions as ( kg + m + sec ) can not be added 2- Any physical quantity of different formula have the same dimensions as area ( of square or triangle or circle ) has Dimensions [L]2. 3- The power of any exponential is dimensionless as :- e** ( ab/cd ) where ab/cd has no dimensions. 4-Numerical quantities and values are dimensionless.

Mass It measure the quantity of matter on an object Inertia It is the resistance of any object to change its state of motion or rest. Inertial Mass Quantitatve measure of an object’s resistance to acceleration Weight It is the force on an object due to gravity

Motion It is a change in position of an object with respect to time Newton In SI unit of force kg.m/s2 or The amount of net force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kg at a rate of 1m/s2 Dyne French system unit of force g.cm/s2 or

The force required to accelerate a mass of 1 gm at a rate of 1cm/s2 g=9.81 m/s2 &g=32 ft/s2 1N = 10**5 Dyne 1m= 3.265 f 1kg = 2.2Ib mass 1 Ibf =4.45 N 1 Slug = 32.2 ib Mass

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