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Cutting-Edge Research in Sports Biomechanics: From Basic Science to Applied Technology

Wei-hsun tai.

1 Graduate School, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610000, China

2 School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China

3 Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; nc.ude.ulj.sliam@12oahzll

Liangliang Zhao

1. introduction.

Sports biomechanics is the study of the mechanical principles of human movement and how they apply to sports performance [ 1 ]. It involves the analysis of motion, force, and energy during sports activities and aims to understand the biomechanical factors that influence performance and injury risk [ 2 ]. Sports biomechanics is an interdisciplinary field that combines elements of engineering, physics, anatomy, and physiology to help athletes optimize their performance and reduce the risk of injury [ 3 ]. Understanding the biomechanics of sports is important because it can provide athletes with insights into how to improve their technique and training methods and develop new training methods and equipment that can help them perform at their best [ 4 ]. In addition to helping athletes improve their performance, sports biomechanics can also play a critical role in reducing the risk of injury [ 5 ]. By understanding the biomechanical factors that contribute to sports injuries, such as overuse or poor technique, coaches and trainers can develop injury prevention strategies that are tailored to the specific needs of individual athletes [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].

This Special Issue contains 11 studies that present new knowledge in the fields of sports biomechanics and bionic engineering. Our aim is to encourage the dissemination of this new knowledge and provide guidance to potential authors who are interested in submitting their manuscripts to our bioengineering journal. For this Special Issue, the editors, editorial board members, and editorial staff have sought highly valued research that advances scientific knowledge and will have a positive impact on sports biomechanics and bionic applications in sports. The authors cover a wide variety of important, innovative, and timely topics in the field. The themes include sports technology analysis [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], the mechanics of human motion [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], bionic applications and equipment design [ 16 ], and the mechanisms of sports injuries [ 12 , 13 ]. In this editorial, we will discuss the current state of sports biomechanics and the direction it is headed.

As mentioned above, sports biomechanics is crucial to athletes’ success as it offers insights that allow athletes to optimize their performance, reduce the risk of injury, and develop new training methods and equipment [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Biomechanics and bionics have transformed the field by focusing on injury prevention and rehabilitation, developing personalized equipment, and utilizing computational modeling and artificial intelligence to optimize training regimens [ 20 ]. Continued investment in research is necessary to advance sports science further, develop new technologies and methodologies, and enhance athlete performance and safety. It is essential to support research in this area to ensure that the future generations of athletes can access the latest advancements in sports science and reach their full potential.

2. Application of Scientific Principles in Sports Biomechanics

Sports biomechanics is an interdisciplinary field that combines fundamental scientific principles with advanced technological tools to study the mechanics of human movement and its application in sports performance [ 1 , 2 ]. Basic scientific research in sports biomechanics involves the analysis of human movement, muscle and joint mechanics, neuromuscular control, the kinematics and kinetics of sports movements, and biomechanical modeling and simulation [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. By understanding these biomechanical principles, researchers can identify the most efficient and effective techniques for athletes to use in their training and competition.

Applied technology is an essential component of sports biomechanics research, allowing the development and use of tools and equipment to measure and analyze human movement during sports activities [ 5 ]. Wearable sensors, motion capture systems, force plates, 3D printing, and virtual reality are just a few examples of applied technologies used in sports biomechanics. These tools provide precise measurements and data that are used to analyze and optimize human movement [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Furthermore, they enable the development of custom-fit equipment, training programs, and injury prevention strategies that are tailored to athletes’ individual needs.

The significance of sports biomechanics research lies in its ability to optimize sports performance while reducing the risk of injury [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Athletes and coaches can, thus, apply biomechanics to identify the most effective training methods and equipment to use with this goal in mind [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The integration of basic science and applied technology in sports biomechanics research has led to the development of new training methods, equipment, and injury prevention strategies and has contributed to a better understanding of the biomechanical response to sports activities.

In conclusion, sports biomechanics is an interdisciplinary field that combines fundamental scientific principles with advanced technological tools to study the mechanics of human movement during sports activities. Applied technology plays a crucial role in sports science research by enabling the development and utilization of tools and equipment to measure and analyze human movement during sports activities. Via continued research and development, the field of sports biomechanics has the potential to revolutionize the way athletes train and compete, leading to optimized performance and a reduced risk of injury.

3. Application of Bionic Engineering Technology to Sports

Bionics is an interdisciplinary field that draws inspiration from nature to design and optimize artificial systems and devices [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. It combines biology, engineering, and materials science to imitate the structure, function, and movement of living organisms [ 29 , 30 ]. This innovative and forward-looking approach produces new technologies that integrate the empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge of biological origins [ 29 , 31 , 32 ].

Modern sports have become extremely competitive, and athletes’ performance depends not only on their personal abilities and training but also on high-quality equipment and clothing to help them succeed in competitions [ 32 ]. Bionics has a wide range of research areas in sports, including biomimetic protective/assisted sportswear, biomimetic protective/assisted sports footwear, and biomimetic/assisted sports equipment. Among them, the application and development of sports footwear is the most in-depth research area [ 26 , 33 ]. In terms of biomimetic protective/assisted sports apparel, bionics mainly studies how to design and optimize sports apparel by imitating the materials and tissue structures of living organisms in nature to better adapt to the characteristics and needs of human movement [ 32 ].

The significance of bionics research lies in its ability to improve performance and the efficiency of sports equipment, reduce sports injuries, and enhance the sports experience. By conducting research in bionics, we can better understand the principles and adaptability of biological movement and apply them to the design of sports equipment, creating sports equipment that better fits human movement characteristics and needs [ 16 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 ]. The application of bionics in sports can have a profound impact beyond the field of athletics. It not only enhances athletes’ performance and provides new ideas for related disciplines but also promotes the development and innovation of sports equipment, ultimately improving enterprises’ competitiveness and market share. Additionally, bionics research can deepen our understanding of the mysteries of nature and life, driving the progress of science, technology, and human civilization.

In summary, the application of bionics covers various aspects of sports equipment, from design, materials, and structure to function and control, and has extensive and in-depth research. These applications not only improve performance and the user’s experience but also offer new ideas and methods for the research and promotion of sports equipment.

4. Future Perspectives

The integration of sports biomechanics and bionics has the potential to transform sports and athletics by optimizing performance, reducing the risk of injury, and providing personalized training recommendations. For example, biomechanical analyses can help identify and correct flawed movement patterns that may lead to injury [ 12 , 13 , 25 ]. Bionic technologies can also provide support and protection to the musculoskeletal system, reducing the risk of injury during training and competition. Furthermore, the integration of advanced technologies into sports equipment and clothing can provide athletes with real-time data on their performance, allowing for more precise training and competition strategies [ 16 , 32 , 33 ]. However, as with any new technology, ethical considerations must be taken into account to ensure fairness and equality among athletes. Overall, the integration of sports biomechanics and bionics has the potential to significantly enhance human physical capabilities and transform the way we approach sports and physical activity.

5. Conclusions

Cutting-edge research in sports biomechanics is advancing our understanding of human movement and improving sports performance. The research provides insights into the fundamental principles of human movement and how they apply to sports performance. Applied technologies are developing new tools and techniques for measuring and analyzing sports movements, while bionic technologies are pushing the boundaries of what is possible for human performance. Together, these areas of research are shaping the future of sports biomechanics and opening up new possibilities for athletes to reach their full potential.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.-H.T.; writing—original draft preparation; L.Z. and W.-H.T.; writing—review and editing, W.-H.T. and R.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Collection  10 May 2022

Sports engineering and biomechanics

As for other aspects of life, technology and innovation play a pivotal role in sport. From optimizing the material and design of swimwear in order to reduce water resistance, to developing immersive virtual reality experiences capable of simulating the competitive environment, technology has changed how sports are coached, played, and experienced. As sports systems become more complex and technology-driven, a relatively new but rapidly expanding, multidisciplinary field – one that aims to identify and solve problems associated with sport, health, and exercise – is emerging: sports engineering.

This Collection is dedicated to research in sports engineering and biomechanics with a focus on the design of human-centred solutions to improve the performance, health, and safety of players and athletes. We will consider advances in equipment design, sports surface design, wearable technologies, athlete performance analysis, sports injury prevention solutions, and novel coaching tools.

Simon Choppin

Sheffield Hallam University, UK

• Steph Forrester

Loughborough University, UK

Andrew Post

University of Ottawa, Canada

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• DOI: 10.47197/retos.v54.102682
• Corpus ID: 268402607

Sports Biomechanics Research on the Hammer Throw: Systematic Review

• Muchamad Arif Al Ardha , Nurhasan Nurhasan , +10 authors Adi Wijayanto
• Published in Retos 28 February 2024

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A special issue of Biomechanics (ISSN 2673-7078). This special issue belongs to the section " Sports Biomechanics ".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 11635

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Dear Colleagues,

Sports biomechanics is an integral part of sports science. It is an interdisciplinary subject that deals with the causes and manifestations of movements in sports, taking into account the biological conditions, in particular the anatomical and physiological conditions, of the human musculoskeletal system. The findings of sports biomechanics are often used to improve athletic performance in competitive sports under individual anthropometric conditions. However, biomechanical investigations and modeling help to develop and optimize sports equipment and sports gear by better understanding the interactions of humans with equipment and other objects. This results in the following tasks of sports biomechanics: Quantitative description of movement from a mechanical point of view, development and application of suitable examination methods, and contribution to movement optimization and performance diagnostics. On this basis, the following topics were chosen for the planned Special Issue: biomechanical characteristics of movement sequences in high-performance sport, application of modern technologies for the diagnostics of movement techniques, biomechanical diagnostics in rehabilitation, and stress on the musculoskeletal system during athletic movements.

In line with the objectives of the journal, the planned issue will focus on the health aspects of biomechanics in sport. The areas of sport to be included are popular sport, rehabilitation, and competitive sport.

This is the joint Special Issue both in  IJERPH and Biomechanics.

Prof. Dr. Kerstin Witte Prof. Dr. Arnold Baca Guest Editors

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Health and Human Physiology

A legacy of leadership.

The enormity of Warren Darling’s impact during his more than 35 years at the University of Iowa is impossible to measure. He began his academic career at the University of Iowa in 1987 as an assistant professor and worked his way up the ranks to professor in 2007, and was then named Department Executive Officer (Chair) of the Department of Health and Human Physiology in 2016. 

Gary Pierce, Ph.D, professor, and current DEO of the department, says he appreciates Darling's many contributions. 

“I am truly grateful for Professor Darling’s service to HHP as DEO from 2016-2022. Warren led the department through some of the most challenging times, including exponential growth in the number of undergraduate majors to become the largest department on campus, changes in college leadership multiple times, lack of administrative staff in the department, significant facilities and space constraints, and all the challenges that came with the COVID-19 pandemic. I know Warren spent countless hours advocating for HHP faculty and students to the college and university throughout these challenges, which I now more fully appreciate as I near the completion of my second year as DEO. Thank you again, Warren.” 

Anyone who has worked with Darling can attest that he has worn many hats beyond those listed on his official Curriculum Vitae, including mentor, collaborator, supporter, 

and friend.

"I would describe Warren as solid, level, and steadfast, and someone you can absolutely count on personally and professionally."  -Dr. Kelly Cole, former DEO and Professor Health and Human Physiology 

Darling discovered his love for the study of movement in high school when he was involved in sports and took a physiology of exercise class. He majored in kinesiology at the University of Waterloo with a focus on biomechanics. During his last year, he took neural control of movement, in which some time was spent focusing on movement disorders. With encouragement from the professor of that course, Darling entered graduate school at the University of Waterloo where he earned a master’s degree in biomechanics, followed by the University of Western Ontario where he earned a Ph.D in physiology, with a focus on neural control of movement. He completed a post-doctorate at the University of Wisconsin Madison in the speech and motor control laboratories, where he first met Kelly Cole, a fellow postdoctoral student. As fate would have it, Darling and Cole both accepted faculty positions at the University of Iowa, where they remained colleagues for almost 30 years. 

When asked to reflect on his time working with Darling, Kelly, who is currently the Chair of the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachia State University, responded, “He has been a close friend, faculty colleague, and scientific collaborator. I would describe Warren as solid, level, and steadfast, and someone you can absolutely count on personally and professionally. Warren also possesses a quick, critical scientific mind, and is always on point. It has been a joy to know him and his family for all this time, and to work closely with him as scientists and educators.”

During his time at the University of Iowa, Darling has mentored over 25 graduate and doctoral candidates, and served on over 40 dissertation committees and more than 50 comprehensive examination committees. In this role, he has inspired many future researchers and healthcare providers. 

Andrew Butler, who was Darling's inaugural PhD student and is now the Dean of the School of Health Professions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham said, “Warren was an incredible mentor who shaped my entire professional trajectory. I began my journey full of curiosity but lacking the skills of a scientist. Dr. Darling patiently taught me how to think critically, analyze and interpret data, and present my work with clarity. His guidance extended beyond the scientific realm, instilling a strong sense of professionalism. I am eternally grateful for the opportunity to have worked with Dr. Warren Darling; he fundamentally changed my career and my life.”

Marc Pizzimenti, PhD, and associate professor of anatomy and cell biology at the University of Iowa, appreciates Darling's approach to mentorship as Darling has offered continuous support throughout his career. 

“Warren has always encouraged his students to explore the underlying theories and anatomy most relevant to their research or teaching. Under his guidance, I was challenged to test hypotheses using multiple approaches. This often meant re-designing equipment or procedures to more fully probe the research questions. His kindness and gentle persuasion were most impactful.” Pizzimenti said.  

He added his appreciation for Warren goes beyond the classroom and laboratory walls. “Moreover, his prowess on the badminton court had me rapidly exploring all areas of the court on my side of the net," he noted. 

Babita Bisht, PhD, and physical therapist in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Iowa, said, “Warren gave me the greatest opportunity of my life when he took me in as his graduate student. He showed us how to be caring, supportive, respectful, and really, really smart. Warren was always there in the lab starting early in the morning, with his office door open, to answer any questions we had. He never micromanaged my work but was always there to guide and support me whenever I needed it. I feel so grateful to have a mentor and colleague like him.”

Jan Hondzinski, PhD, and current professor at the Louisiana State University School of Kinesiology, feels indebted to Darling.

“I consider Dr. Darling an excellent researcher, mentor, and humble academic. As my PhD advisor, he made me feel important by encouraging my ideas and redirecting them as needed. His trust in my skills as a researcher, even when I questioned them, gave me the confidence I needed to achieve many goals in academia. I will consider this extraordinary human my primary academic mentor for life and thank him for his encouragement throughout the years.”

Sara Hussain, PhD, and current assistant professor in Kinesiology and Health Education at the University of Texas at Austin, was first an undergraduate student in Darling's skeletal muscle physiology course and then benefitted from his informal advice as she pursued her PhD. She said, “He is an incredibly detailed and mechanistically-grounded thinker, and always has excellent insights on how I can improve the work. Warren is far more than a mentor and college – he is a friend and one of the absolute best people I know. He is a fixture of Iowa movement neuroscience and an excellent example of the type of person and scientist I strive to be.”

Darling’s research, which focuses on neural control of upper limb movement, has resulted in 96 publications in refereed journals such as the Journal of Comparative Neurology , Experimental Brain Research , and Experimental Neurology , and is nothing sort of brilliant. He is especially proud of collaborations with Drs. Ergun UC, Terry Wahls, and Robert Morecraft. Ergun UC, MD, who is the Director of the Movement Disorders Division in the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, is grateful for his time spent working with Darling. 

“It has been a pleasure and privilege to collaborate with Warren. He has been instrumental on a key aspect of my research career: Exercise in Parkinson’s disease. Warren is a very kind, honest, intelligent, knowledgeable, and trustworthy person. You can always count on him for support and friendship.” 

Terry Wahls, MD at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, emphasizes that “Warren Darling has been a key mentor for me as I began doing clinical trials testing the efficacy of diet and lifestyle in the setting of MS. He has been a wonderful teacher, mentor, and friend. He is a huge part of why our research has been successful and impactful.”

Darling's collaboration with Robert Morecraft, PhD, who is a professor in the School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota and earned his MS and PhD from Iowa, has been particularly productive, with the potential to have a lasting impact on the treatment of strokes. 

Morecraft explained, “Dr. Darling and I initiated our longstanding collaboration in 2002 where we started a research program studying the recovery of hand and finger movements following injury to the cerebral cortex in non-human primates. We combined different and unique backgrounds and skills that resulted in receiving 8 major external research grants (6 from the National Institutes of Health; and Division of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) and published over 20 major research papers spanning 22 years. Our work highlighted the importance and contribution of spared motor areas of the cerebral cortex in the recovery of upper extremity movements following stroke. We were very fortunate to have professional and compatible research teams that worked well together and will always fondly remember the group gatherings and cookouts we enjoyed.”

Darling’s engagement and productivity in research have been dedicated, thorough, and impactful in every sense of the word. It must also be noted that he has been an exceptionally effective teacher in the classroom. During his years at Iowa, he taught human anatomy lecture and lab, skeletal muscle physiology, physiology of aging, advanced physiology of aging, and seminar in motor control. 

Former graduate student and current faculty member, Clay Peterson, PhD, remembers his experience in Darling's class, “He always wanted the best for his students and mentees. He was great at challenging your thought processes with insightful questions. He let students find their own way as opposed to holding their hand through the entire process.”

It will surprise no one that Darling plans to stay busy during retirement. He will continue to do research, working toward additional publications with his long-time collaborator, Dr. Robert Morecraft, and will remain a faculty advisor of the Sailing Club (a role he has held since 2004). He is also looking forward to spending time gardening, traveling, and enjoying his family. 

When asked what he would like his legacy to be, Darling responded that he hopes people think he has been fair and that his research will continue to be impactful. Looking to the passionate words of colleagues, collaborators, students, and friends, it is clear that he has spent his career going beyond requirements and expectations. Each day of steadfast, patient work has led to an ever-growing community of individuals whose lives, careers, and fields of study are on a better path because of Darling.