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Copy assignment operator.







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A copy assignment operator is a non-template non-static member function with the name operator = that can be called with an argument of the same class type and copies the content of the argument without mutating the argument.

Syntax Explanation Implicitly-declared copy assignment operator Implicitly-defined copy assignment operator Deleted copy assignment operator Trivial copy assignment operator Eligible copy assignment operator Notes Example Defect reports See also

[ edit ] Syntax

For the formal copy assignment operator syntax, see function declaration . The syntax list below only demonstrates a subset of all valid copy assignment operator syntaxes.


return-type parameter-list	(1)

return-type parameter-list function-body	(2)

return-type parameter-list-no-default	(3)	(since C++11)

return-type parameter-list	(4)	(since C++11)

return-type class-name parameter-list function-body	(5)

return-type class-name parameter-list-no-default	(6)	(since C++11)

class-name	-	the class whose copy assignment operator is being declared, the class type is given as in the descriptions below
parameter-list	-	a of only one parameter, which is of type , , const T&, volatile T& or const volatile T&
parameter-list-no-default	-	a of only one parameter, which is of type , , const T&, volatile T& or const volatile T& and does not have a default argument
function-body	-	the of the copy assignment operator
return-type	-	any type, but is favored in order to allow chaining asssignments

[ edit ] Explanation

The copy assignment operator is called whenever selected by overload resolution , e.g. when an object appears on the left side of an assignment expression.

[ edit ] Implicitly-declared copy assignment operator

If no user-defined copy assignment operators are provided for a class type, the compiler will always declare one as an inline public member of the class. This implicitly-declared copy assignment operator has the form T & T :: operator = ( const T & ) if all of the following is true:

each direct base B of T has a copy assignment operator whose parameters are B or const B & or const volatile B & ;
each non-static data member M of T of class type or array of class type has a copy assignment operator whose parameters are M or const M & or const volatile M & .

Otherwise the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is declared as T & T :: operator = ( T & ) .

Due to these rules, the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator cannot bind to a volatile lvalue argument.

A class can have multiple copy assignment operators, e.g. both T & T :: operator = ( T & ) and T & T :: operator = ( T ) . If some user-defined copy assignment operators are present, the user may still force the generation of the implicitly declared copy assignment operator with the keyword default . (since C++11)

The implicitly-declared (or defaulted on its first declaration) copy assignment operator has an exception specification as described in dynamic exception specification (until C++17) noexcept specification (since C++17)

Because the copy assignment operator is always declared for any class, the base class assignment operator is always hidden. If a using-declaration is used to bring in the assignment operator from the base class, and its argument type could be the same as the argument type of the implicit assignment operator of the derived class, the using-declaration is also hidden by the implicit declaration.

[ edit ] Implicitly-defined copy assignment operator

If the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is neither deleted nor trivial, it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used or needed for constant evaluation (since C++14) . For union types, the implicitly-defined copy assignment copies the object representation (as by std::memmove ). For non-union class types, the operator performs member-wise copy assignment of the object's direct bases and non-static data members, in their initialization order, using built-in assignment for the scalars, memberwise copy-assignment for arrays, and copy assignment operator for class types (called non-virtually).

The implicitly-defined copy assignment operator for a class is if is a , and that is of class type (or array thereof), the assignment operator selected to copy that member is a constexpr function.	(since C++14) (until C++23)
The implicitly-defined copy assignment operator for a class is .	(since C++23)

The generation of the implicitly-defined copy assignment operator is deprecated if has a user-declared destructor or user-declared copy constructor.

(since C++11)

[ edit ] Deleted copy assignment operator

An implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted (since C++11) copy assignment operator for class T is undefined (until C++11) defined as deleted (since C++11) if any of the following conditions is satisfied:

T has a non-static data member of a const-qualified non-class type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof).
T has a non-static data member of a reference type.
T has a potentially constructed subobject of class type M (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) such that the overload resolution as applied to find M 's copy assignment operator
does not result in a usable candidate, or
in the case of the subobject being a variant member , selects a non-trivial function.

The implicitly-declared copy assignment operator for class is defined as deleted if declares a or .

(since C++11)

[ edit ] Trivial copy assignment operator

The copy assignment operator for class T is trivial if all of the following is true:

it is not user-provided (meaning, it is implicitly-defined or defaulted);
T has no virtual member functions;
T has no virtual base classes;
the copy assignment operator selected for every direct base of T is trivial;
the copy assignment operator selected for every non-static class type (or array of class type) member of T is trivial.

A trivial copy assignment operator makes a copy of the object representation as if by std::memmove . All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially copy-assignable.

[ edit ] Eligible copy assignment operator

A copy assignment operator is eligible if it is either user-declared or both implicitly-declared and definable.	(until C++11)
A copy assignment operator is eligible if it is not deleted.	(since C++11) (until C++20)
A copy assignment operator is eligible if all following conditions are satisfied: (if any) are satisfied. than any other copy assignment operator.	(since C++20)

Triviality of eligible copy assignment operators determines whether the class is a trivially copyable type .

[ edit ] Notes

If both copy and move assignment operators are provided, overload resolution selects the move assignment if the argument is an rvalue (either a prvalue such as a nameless temporary or an xvalue such as the result of std::move ), and selects the copy assignment if the argument is an lvalue (named object or a function/operator returning lvalue reference). If only the copy assignment is provided, all argument categories select it (as long as it takes its argument by value or as reference to const, since rvalues can bind to const references), which makes copy assignment the fallback for move assignment, when move is unavailable.

It is unspecified whether virtual base class subobjects that are accessible through more than one path in the inheritance lattice, are assigned more than once by the implicitly-defined copy assignment operator (same applies to move assignment ).

See assignment operator overloading for additional detail on the expected behavior of a user-defined copy-assignment operator.

[ edit ] Example

[ edit ] defect reports.

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
C++98	the conditions where implicitly-declared copy assignment operators are undefined did not consider multi-dimensional array types	consider these types
C++11	a volatile subobject made defaulted copy assignment operators non-trivial ( )	triviality not affected
C++11	operator=(X&) = default was non-trivial	made trivial
C++11	a defaulted copy assignment operator for class was not defined as deleted if is abstract and has non-copy-assignable direct virtual base classes	the operator is defined as deleted in this case
C++20	a copy assignment operator was not eligible if there is another copy assignment operator which is more constrained but does not satisfy its associated constraints	it can be eligible in this case

[ edit ] See also

converting constructor
copy constructor
copy elision
default constructor
aggregate initialization
constant initialization
copy initialization
default initialization
direct initialization
initializer list
list initialization
reference initialization
value initialization
zero initialization
move assignment
move constructor
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Copy constructors and copy assignment operators (C++)

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Starting in C++11, two kinds of assignment are supported in the language: copy assignment and move assignment . In this article "assignment" means copy assignment unless explicitly stated otherwise. For information about move assignment, see Move Constructors and Move Assignment Operators (C++) .

Both the assignment operation and the initialization operation cause objects to be copied.

Assignment : When one object's value is assigned to another object, the first object is copied to the second object. So, this code copies the value of b into a :

Initialization : Initialization occurs when you declare a new object, when you pass function arguments by value, or when you return by value from a function.

You can define the semantics of "copy" for objects of class type. For example, consider this code:

The preceding code could mean "copy the contents of FILE1.DAT to FILE2.DAT" or it could mean "ignore FILE2.DAT and make b a second handle to FILE1.DAT." You must attach appropriate copying semantics to each class, as follows:

Use an assignment operator operator= that returns a reference to the class type and takes one parameter that's passed by const reference—for example ClassName& operator=(const ClassName& x); .

Use the copy constructor.

If you don't declare a copy constructor, the compiler generates a member-wise copy constructor for you. Similarly, if you don't declare a copy assignment operator, the compiler generates a member-wise copy assignment operator for you. Declaring a copy constructor doesn't suppress the compiler-generated copy assignment operator, and vice-versa. If you implement either one, we recommend that you implement the other one, too. When you implement both, the meaning of the code is clear.

The copy constructor takes an argument of type ClassName& , where ClassName is the name of the class. For example:

Make the type of the copy constructor's argument const ClassName& whenever possible. This prevents the copy constructor from accidentally changing the copied object. It also lets you copy from const objects.

Compiler generated copy constructors

Compiler-generated copy constructors, like user-defined copy constructors, have a single argument of type "reference to class-name ." An exception is when all base classes and member classes have copy constructors declared as taking a single argument of type const class-name & . In such a case, the compiler-generated copy constructor's argument is also const .

When the argument type to the copy constructor isn't const , initialization by copying a const object generates an error. The reverse isn't true: If the argument is const , you can initialize by copying an object that's not const .

Compiler-generated assignment operators follow the same pattern for const . They take a single argument of type ClassName& unless the assignment operators in all base and member classes take arguments of type const ClassName& . In this case, the generated assignment operator for the class takes a const argument.

When virtual base classes are initialized by copy constructors, whether compiler-generated or user-defined, they're initialized only once: at the point when they are constructed.

The implications are similar to the copy constructor. When the argument type isn't const , assignment from a const object generates an error. The reverse isn't true: If a const value is assigned to a value that's not const , the assignment succeeds.

For more information about overloaded assignment operators, see Assignment .

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Copy constructors, assignment operators,

Copy constructors, assignment operators, and exception safe assignment

MyClass& other ); MyClass( MyClass& other ); MyClass( MyClass& other ); MyClass( MyClass& other );

MyClass* other );

MyClass { x; c; std::string s; };

MyClass& other ) : x( other.x ), c( other.c ), s( other.s ) {}

);

print_me_bad( std::string& s ) { std::cout << s << std::endl; } print_me_good( std::string& s ) { std::cout << s << std::endl; } std::string hello( ); print_me_bad( hello ); print_me_bad( std::string( ) ); print_me_bad( ); print_me_good( hello ); print_me_good( std::string( ) ); print_me_good( );

, );

=( MyClass& other ) { x = other.x; c = other.c; s = other.s; * ; }

< T > MyArray { size_t numElements; T* pElements; : size_t count() { numElements; } MyArray& =( MyArray& rhs ); };

<> MyArray<T>:: =( MyArray& rhs ) { ( != &rhs ) { [] pElements; pElements = T[ rhs.numElements ]; ( size_t i = 0; i < rhs.numElements; ++i ) pElements[ i ] = rhs.pElements[ i ]; numElements = rhs.numElements; } * ; }

<> MyArray<T>:: =( MyArray& rhs ) { MyArray tmp( rhs ); std::swap( numElements, tmp.numElements ); std::swap( pElements, tmp.pElements ); * ; }

< T > swap( T& one, T& two ) { T tmp( one ); one = two; two = tmp; }

<> MyArray<T>:: =( MyArray tmp ) { std::swap( numElements, tmp.numElements ); std::swap( pElements, tmp.pElements ); * ; }

22.3 — Move constructors and move assignment

Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++

Copy constructor and Assignment operator are similar as they are both used to initialize one object using another object. But, there are some basic differences between them:

Copy constructor	Assignment operator
It is called when a new object is created from an existing object, as a copy of the existing object	This operator is called when an already initialized object is assigned a new value from another existing object.
It creates a separate memory block for the new object.	It does not automatically create a separate memory block or new memory space. However, if the class involves dynamic memory management, the assignment operator must first release the existing memory on the left-hand side and then allocate new memory as needed to copy the data from the right-hand side.
It is an overloaded constructor.	It is a bitwise operator.
C++ compiler implicitly provides a copy constructor, if no copy constructor is defined in the class.	A bitwise copy gets created, if the Assignment operator is not overloaded.
className(const className &obj) { // body }	className obj1, obj2; obj2 = obj1;

Consider the following C++ program.

Explanation: Here, t2 = t1; calls the assignment operator , same as t2.operator=(t1); and Test t3 = t1; calls the copy constructor , same as Test t3(t1);

Must Read: When is a Copy Constructor Called in C++?

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How to Make a Copyable Object Assignable in C++

Some types in C++ have a copy constructor that doesn’t have the same semantics as their assignment operator ( operator= ).

Take references, for example. References can be copied:

But it doesn’t do the same thing as assigning to them:

With the copy, r2 points to the same thing as r1 , but with the assignment r2 still points to the same object it was pointing to before.

Or take the example of copying a lambda:

The above code compiles fine.

Now if we add the following line:

It doesn’t compile. As the compiler (clang) says:

Lambdas don’t even have an operator= to begin with (except in C++20 where they do if they don’t capture anything).

Right. But is any of this a problem?

Why we need operator=

After all, the behaviour of the references makes some sense, and why on earth would we like to assign on a lambda we’ve just created?

However, there is a case when the absence of operator= becomes a problem: when the object that doesn’t have an operator= is a member of a class. It makes it difficult for that class to have an operator= itself. For one thing, the compiler is not going to write it for you.

Even for references, the compiler won’t generate an operator= for a class if one of its members is a reference. It assumes that you’d better write it yourself to choose what to do with the reference member.

This problem came up in a project I’ve been working on, the pipes library . This library has classes that have lambdas as data members, and passes objects of those classes as output iterators of STL algorithms. And in Visual Studio, the STL in debug mode calls the operator= on output iterators in the _Recheck function. So the class that contains a lambda needs an operator= .

Haven’t you ever faced too the situation where the compiler couldn’t write the operator= you needed because of a problematic data member?

The standard has us covered for references

In C++11, and equivalently in Boost long before that, std::reference_wrapper<T> has the same behaviour as a reference (you initialize it with a reference, and it even has a operator T& ) with one exception: it has an operator= that rebinds the reference.

This means that after calling operator= between two std::reference_wrapper s, they point to the same object:

The fact that std::reference_wrapper<T> has an operator= allows the compiler to generate an operator= for the classes that contains it. And the fact that it rebinds gives the operator= of the containing class a natural behaviour.

Why is this behaviour natural? Because it is consistent with the copy of the reference: in both case, the two reference(_wrapper)s point to the same object after the operation.

The general case

Even if the case of references is solved with std::reference_wrapper , the case of the lambda remains unsolved, along with all the types that have a copy constructor and no operator= .

Let’s design a component, inspired from std::reference_wrapper , that would add to any type an operator= which is consistent with its copy constructor.

If you have an idea on how to name this component, just leave a comment below at the bottom of the post. For the time being, let’s call it assignable .

assignable needs an operator= that relies on the copy constructor of its underlying type. Fortunately, we know how to implement that with a std::optional , like we saw in How to Implement operator= When a Data Member Is a Lambda :

But now that we’ve written the copy assignment operator, the compiler is going to refrain from generating the move constructor and the move assignment operator. It’s a shame, so let’s add them back:

Now that we’ve written all this, we might as well write the copy constructor too. The compiler would have generated it for us, but I think it looks odd to write everything except this one:

Finally, in order to hide from its users the fact that assignable contains an optional , let’s add constructors that accepts a T :

Giving access to the underlying value

Like optional , assignable wraps a type to add an extra feature, but its goal is not to mimic the interface of the underlying object. So we should give access to the underlying object of assignable . We will define a get() member function, because operator* and operator-> could suggest that there is an indirection (like for pointers and iterators).

The underlying object of the assignable happens to to be the underlying object of the optional inside of the assignable :

We don’t check for the nullity of the optional, because the interface of assignable is such that all the paths leading to those dereferencing operators guarantee that the optional has been initialized.

Which gives us food for thought: optional is not the optimal solution here. It contains a piece of information that we never use: whether the optional is null or not.

A better solution would be to create a component that does placement news like optional, but without the possibility to be null.

Lets keep this as food for thought for the moment. Maybe we’ll come back to it in a later article. Please leave a comment if you have thoughts on that.

Making the assignable callable

std::reference_wrapper has a little known feature that we explored in How to Pass a Polymorphic Object to an STL Algorithm : it has an operator() that calls its underlying reference when it’s callable.

This is all the more relevant for assignable since our motivating case was a lambda.

If we don’t implement operator() , we’d have to write code like this:

Whereas with an operator() , calling code becomes more natural, resembling the one of a lambda:

Let’s do it then!

We rely on C++14 decltype(auto) . Note that we could also implement this in C++11 the following way:

The case of assignable references

Now we have implemented an assignable<T> that works when T is a lambda.

But what if T is a reference?

It can happen in the case of a function reference. In that case, we need exactly the same features as the ones we needed with the lambda.

However, assignable<T> doesn’t even compile when T is a reference. Why? Because it uses an std::optional<T> and optional references didn’t make it in the C++ standard .

Luckily, implementing assignable for references is not difficult. In fact, it’s a problem already solved by… std::reference_wrapper !

So we need to create a specialization of assignable<T> when T is a reference. It would be great if we could just write this:

But this is not possible in C++.

Instead we have to implement a type that wraps std::reference_wrapper and relies on its behaviour:

This way, we can use assignable on reference types.

Putting it all together

In summary, here is all the code of assignable all put together:

And classes can use it as a data member this way:

For such as class, the compiler would be able to generate a operator= as long as Function has a copy constructor, which many classes–including lambdas–do.

Thanks to Eric Niebler for the inspiration, as assignable was inspired from techniques I’ve seen in range-v3 , which is my go-to model for library implementation.

If you have any piece of feedback on assignable , I’d love to hear it in a comment below!

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Fact check: Walz retired from Army National Guard after 24 years to run for Congress

Gop vice presidential candidate jd vance claims that the minnesota governor and democratic vice presidential candidate bailed as his unit headed to iraq, but walz retired before his unit was called up..

By Rochelle Olson

Star Tribune

Republican vice presidential nominee JD Vance has renewed an attack on Gov. Tim Walz’s military record that his GOP opponent wielded against him during the 2022 gubernatorial campaign, accusing Walz of “stolen valor” for retiring from the military before his regiment deployed to Iraq.

The Ohio senator pitted his service against the governor’s on Wednesday in Michigan, saying that he had served honorably in Iraq with the U.S. Marine Corps. Vance, former President Donald Trump’s running mate, was deployed in public affairs as a correspondent. Neither Vance nor Walz saw combat.

“When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him, a fact that he’s been criticized for aggressively by a lot of the people he served. I think it’s shameful,” said Vance , who was on active duty from 2003 to 2007, including deployment to Iraq in 2005 and 2006.

The second-term Minnesota governor and running mate to Vice President Kamala Harris retired from the Army National Guard as a command sergeant major in May 2005 to run for Congress in the First District in southeastern Minnesotan. Walz defeated GOP incumbent Rep. Gil Gutknecht in November 2006.

When Walz retired

Here’s the timeline: Walz’s congressional campaign issued a statement in March 2005 saying he still planned to run despite a possible mobilization of Minnesota National Guard soldiers to Iraq. Walz submitted his Guard retirement papers in May 2005. The unit’s first call-up notice came in July 2005, and the regiment deployed in March 2006.

Walz’s Guard service began when he enlisted in 1981, the day after he turned 17, military records show. The governor recently retold the story of driving with his dad, a Korean War-era veteran, to sign up in his native Nebraska. Like his father, Walz said he expected to go to college on the G.I. Bill and that’s what he eventually did.

Walz re-upped in the Guard multiple times, including signing on for another six-year stint in 2001.

In the years after the Sept. 11, 2001, attack, Walz was a senior enlisted member and a master sergeant, according to military records. He lived in Mankato and served with the southern Minnesota-based First Battalion, 125th Field Artillery. The battalion was deployed to Italy in 2003 to protect against potential threats in Europe while active military forces were deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, according to Walz.

After the units returned to Minnesota in early 2004, Walz was promoted to command sergeant major.

Walz’s critics say the governor inflated his credentials because he retired as a master sergeant, not at the higher rank of command sergeant major. Walz served at the higher rank but left before completing all the extra training necessary for the rank.

Military records

In response to a Star Tribune request, Walz’s 2022 campaign provided a two-page military record confirming the dates and his ranks. The Minnesota National Guard also confirmed the outlines of his tenure, saying that Walz served from April 8, 1981, until May 16, 2005.

Related Coverage

“Walz attained the rank of command sergeant major and served in that role but retired as a master sergeant in 2005 for benefit purposes due to not completing additional coursework,” according to the statement from Army public affairs officer Lt. Col. Kristen Augé.

Walz critics

In the 2022 gubernatorial race, Walz’s Republican opponent, former state Sen. Scott Jensen, stood with a few veterans to accuse Walz of leaving the National Guard shortly before the battalion he led was deployed to Iraq.

Jensen, a physician who narrowly avoided the Vietnam-era draft, said in 2022 that Walz’s departure from the Guard fits a pattern and “is just one of a long line of instances … where Tim Walz failed to lead and ran from his duty.”

During the gubernatorial campaign, Walz made no apologies for the timing of his departure, saying his life has been about public service, including his time in the military.

“We all do what we can. I’m proud I did 24 years,” Walz said. “I have an honorable record.”

In his Minnesota campaigns and during his tenure as governor, Walz hasn’t spent much time talking about his time in the National Guard, more often touting his background as a high school teacher and football coach.

Joseph Eustice, a 32-year veteran of the Guard who led the same battalion as Walz, said the governor fulfilled his duty.

“He was a great soldier,” Eustice said. “When he chose to leave, he had every right to leave.”

Eustice said claims to the contrary are ill-informed and possibly sour grapes by a soldier who was passed over for the promotion to command sergeant major that went to Walz.

That man, Thomas Behrends, was among those standing with Jensen to criticize the governor. Jensen and Behrends, a longtime critic of the governor, argue that Walz bailed on his troops when the going was about to get tough.

Walz defenders

Eustice, an Ortonville, Minn., teacher who describes himself as nonpartisan, said he unequivocally supports the governor’s version of events.

Eustice said he recalled talking to Walz in 2005 when they were at Camp Ripley. He said Walz told him he was thinking about resigning from the Guard and running for Congress.

“The man did nothing wrong with when he chose to leave the service; he didn’t break any rules,” he said.

Like Walz, Eustice said that he also left in the middle of a six-year re-enrollment because members are free to leave at any time after their initial six-year stint.

“If you choose to re-up, you can walk in any day and be done,” Eustice said.

Jumping to Walz’s defense in light of the Vance criticism was U.S. Sen. Mark Kelly of Arizona, a Navy combat veteran. He asked Vance if he’d forgotten what the Marines taught about respect.

“Tim Walz spent DECADES in uniform. You both deserve to be thanked for your service. Don’t become Donald Trump. He calls veterans suckers and losers and that is beneath those of us who have actually served,” Kelly wrote on X, formerly Twitter, on Wednesday.

Former U.S. Rep. Adam Kinzinger, R-Ill. and an Air National Guard pilot, also defended Walz, saying the GOP is trying to “swiftboat” Walz. Swiftboat is a reference to the attacks questioning the Vietnam combat service of U.S. Sen. John Kerry when he was the Democratic presidential nominee in 2004.

“Tim Walz joined the Army Guard and served honorably for 24 years, achieving the highest enlisted rank offered. That is quite an accomplishment. The nation should be proud, and JD Vance should be respectful of his fellow warrior,” Kinzinger wrote on his Substack .

In 2022, Walz responded to the criticism from Jensen and Behrends at a Medal of Honor Memorial dedication on the State Capitol grounds, saying he was proud of his tenure in the Guard.

“I don’t know if Tom just disagrees with my politics or whatever, but my record speaks for itself and my accomplishments in uniform speak for itself, and there’s many people in this crowd, too, that I served with,” Walz said. “It’s just unfortunate.”

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Rochelle Olson

Rochelle Olson is a reporter on the politics and government team.

More from Elections

Tim walz agrees to an oct. 1 vice presidential debate on cbs. jd vance hasn’t responded.

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Understanding and using a copy assignment constructor

I'm trying to understand how the copy assignment constructor works in c++. I've only worked with java so i'm really out of my waters here. I've read and seen that it's a good practice to return a reference but i don't get how i should do that. I wrote this small program to test the concept:

I can't seem to understand what i should be putting inside operator=() . I've seen people returning *this but that from what i read is just a reference to the object itself (on the left of the = ), right? I then thought about returning a copy of the const Test& t object but then there would be no point to using this constructor right? What do i return and why?

copy-assignment

7 Test::operator=(const Test&) is not a constructor. It's a copy assignment operator. A constructor creates a new object; an assignment operator modifies an existing object. – Pete Becker Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:14
4 @SteliosPapamichail Seems your teacher is not too familiar with C++ concepts. – john Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:17
2 Sidenote: Give the Copy and Swap Idiom a read-through. Not only does it make for a bulletproof (assuming the copy constructor is correct) assignment operator, but it's simple to write and very hard to get wrong. It's also a bit heavyweight, so it's not always the right solution, but it's almost always a great place to start and stay until profiling proves otherwise. – user4581301 Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:17
2 See also: stackoverflow.com/questions/4421706/… – Richard Critten Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:26
2 Test t3 = t1; and Test t3(t1); are not really the same. E.g., if the copy constructor is marked as explicit , only the second alternative will compile. – Evg Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:27

3 Answers 3

I've read and seen that it's a good practice to return a reference but i don't get how i should do that.

as the last line in the function.

As to the question of why you should return *this , the answer is that it is idiomatic.

For fundamental types, you can use things like:

You can use them in a chain operation.

You can use them in a conditional.

You can use them in a function call.

They work because i = ... evaluates to a reference to i . It's idiomatic to keep that semantic even for user defined types. You should be able to use:

More importantly, you should avoid writing a destructor, a copy constructor, and a copy assignment operator for the posted class. The compiler created implementations will be sufficient for Test .

3 " I've seen people returning *this but that from what i read is just a reference to the object itself (on the left of the =), right? " It sounds like OP knows that this is something they should do. Maybe you could add some explanation for why this is correct (as that seems to be what they're missing). – scohe001 Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:16
3 @scohe001 I don't know if it's a good idea to suggest writing the copy constructor and then calling the assignment operator within the copy constructor. It would be better for the copy constructor to live on its own, and then simply implement the assignment operator in terms of the copy constructor using copy / swap. – PaulMcKenzie Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:29
3 @SteliosPapamichail, may I suggest stackoverflow.com/questions/4172722/what-is-the-rule-of-three and stackoverflow.com/questions/3279543/… – R Sahu Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:32
3 @Stelios -- If resources need to be allocted, the assignment operator has an additional step of deallocating the current resources, while the copy constructor does not do this. Moving all the code from the copy constructor to the assignment operator sort of confuses this difference. You need to make sure that the copy constructor has "null" resources, else the assignment operator will attempt to deallocate junk. That's the danger IMO. I have seen many times a programmer forget to null the pointers to the resources out, and then call the assignment operator, only to have a seg fault occur. – PaulMcKenzie Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:36
2 Definitely read the link for the Rule of Three. You cannot write robust, non-trivial C++ code without a good handle on the Rule of Three. Writing the assignment operator based on copy constructor rather than the other way around eliminates some code (self assignment becomes impossible), resource release is automated by the destruction of the copy, and move assignment comes free-of -charge. – user4581301 Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:38

Returning reference to the original object is needed for support of nested operations. Consider

We return a reference from the assignment operator so we can do some cool tricks like @SomeWittyUsername shows .

The object we want to return a reference to is the one who the operator is being called on, or this . So--like you've heard--you'll want to return *this .

So your assignment operator will probably look like:

You may note that this looks strikingly similar to your copy-constructor. In more complicated classes, the assignment operator will do all the work of the copy-constructor, but in addition it'll have to safely remove any values the class was already storing.

Since this is a pretty simple class, we have nothing we need to safely remove. We can just re-assign both of the members. So this will be almost exactly the same as the copy-constructor.

Which means that we can actually simplify your constructor to just use the operator!

Again, while this works for your simple class, in production code with more complicated classes, we'll usually want to use initialization lists for our constructors (read here for more):

funny thing is i actually wrote the initialization list variation at first but wasn't sure if it was correct. So in more complicated classes i should use that variation as is? I mean without doing anything inside {} or should i add the remove values that the class already has stored part in there? – Stelios Papamichail Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:37
@SteliosPapamichail since this is the constructor, it'll get called once (and only once!) when our object is first created. So we haven't actually stored anything yet! Even in a more complicated class, the only job of the constructor is to actually build up the object (and maybe allocate stuff if it needs it). In your case, there's no additional work that needs doing outside of assigning those two values, so leaving the body empty is fine. I added a link to my answer about why initialization lists are preferred. – scohe001 Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 21:38
As discussed in the comments of R Sahu's answer, prefer to write the assignment operator to use the copy constructor rather than writing the copy constructor using the assignment operator. It won't matter a bit here, but when the classes get more complex and management of resources becomes important, the Copy and Swap approach better manages the disposal of the resources and provides guarantees of correct exception handling (assuming the copy constructor and destructor are implemented correctly). – user4581301 Commented Jun 7, 2019 at 22:23

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Watch CBS News

Tim Walz's military record under scrutiny as he joins Kamala Harris on Democratic ticket

By James LaPorta

Updated on: August 9, 2024 / 12:40 AM EDT / CBS News

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz 's military record has come under renewed scrutiny following Vice President Kamala Harris' announcement of Walz as her running mate on the Democratic ticket.

On Wednesday, former President Donald Trump's running mate, Sen. JD Vance of Ohio, who is an Iraq War veteran, seized the opportunity to target his opponent's military record, resurfacing claims about his deployments and his retirement from the guard.

Walz served honorably in both the Nebraska and Minnesota Army National Guards, earning medals and deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. But his final days of service have been called into question, centering on his rank and if he retired to avoid a 2005 deployment to Iraq.

A CBS News review of Walz's military record and statements from the Minnesota Army National Guard show Walz achieved the rank of command sergeant major but was reduced in rank to master sergeant after retirement since he had not completed coursework for the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy.

On Iraq, records show Walz had retired before his battalion was mobilized and deployed to Iraq. A 2005 statement from his website indicates Walz was initially prepared to deploy to Iraq amid his bid for Congress. CBS News has asked Walz for comment on when he decided to retire.

A snapshot of Walz in the military

Walz retired from the Minnesota Army National Guard's 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery in 2005 after more than 24 years in service, the Minnesota Army National Guard told CBS News.

Walz first enlisted in the Nebraska Army National Guard in April 1981, serving as an infantry senior sergeant and administrative specialist. In 1996, Walz transferred to the Minnesota Army National Guard, where he first worked as a cannon crewmember and field artillery senior sergeant.

Minnesota National Guard spokesperson Lt. Col. Kristen Augé told CBS News that Walz "held multiple positions within field artillery such as firing battery chief, operations sergeant, first sergeant, and culminated his career serving as the command sergeant major for the battalion."

Walz earned several Army commendation and achievement medals during his more than 24 years of service.

Walz deployed in August 2003 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The Minnesota National Guard told CBS News the battalion supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey. Walz was stationed at Vicenza, Italy, at the time and returned to Minnesota in April 2004.

Controversy over a 2005 Iraq deployment

On Wednesday, Vance resurfaced claims that Walz retired from the National Guard to avoid deploying to Iraq.

"When the United States Marine Corps, when the United States of America, asked me to go to Iraq to serve my country I did it. I did what they asked me to do, and I did it honorably and I'm very proud of that service," said Vance.

He added: "When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him — a fact that he's been criticized for aggressively by a lot of the people he served with."

The Harris-Walz campaign responded with a statement saying: "After 24 years of military service, Governor Walz retired in 2005 and ran for Congress, where he [served as the ranking member] of Veterans Affairs and was a tireless advocate for our men and women in uniform — and as Vice President of the United States he will continue to be a relentless champion for our veterans and military families." The statement incorrectly stated Walz chaired the Veterans Affairs committee.

The campaign also said, "In his 24 years of service, the Governor carried, fired and trained others to use weapons of war innumerable times. Governor Walz would never insult or undermine any American's service to this country -- in fact, he thanks Senator Vance for putting his life on the line for our country. It's the American way."

The claims raised by Vance first gained prominence when Walz ran for governor of Minnesota in 2018. At the time, retired Army veterans Thomas Behrends and Paul Herr, who both served as command sergeant majors, posted on Facebook a lengthy letter accusing Walz of "embellishing" his military career and abandoning his Army National Guard battalion ahead of a 2005 deployment to Iraq.

In the letter, Behrends and Herr write that in early 2005, Walz's unit — 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery — was slated to deploy to Iraq. At the time, Walz was serving as the unit's command sergeant major.

Behrends and Herr claimed that from the time the unit was told to prepare for an Iraq deployment and when Walz retired, he told other Army leaders he would be going to Iraq but later resigned his position before the deployment to avoid going to a combat zone.

Walz has said he left the guard to run for Congress, according to the Star Tribune . In 2006, Walz won his election to Congress against a six-term Republican incumbent.

Records show Walz officially filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission on Feb. 10, 2005.

In March 2005, the National Guard announced a possible partial mobilization of roughly 2,000 troops from the Minnesota National Guard, according to an archived press release from Tim Walz for U.S. Congress.

"I do not yet know if my artillery unit will be part of this mobilization and I am unable to comment further on the specifics of the deployment," said Walz in the March 2005 statement .

The statement continued: "As Command Sergeant Major I have a responsibility not only to ready my battalion for Iraq, but also to serve if called on. I am dedicated to serving my country to the best of my ability, whether that is in Washington DC or Iraq," said Walz, who indicated at the time he had no plans to drop out of the race. "I am fortunate to have a strong group of enthusiastic support and a very dedicated and intelligent wife. Both will be a major part of my campaign, whether I am in Minnesota or Iraq."

The Minnesota Army National Guard told CBS News that Walz retired on May 16, 2005. CBS News has asked Walz to clarify when he submitted his retirement papers.

The Minnesota National Guard told CBS News that Walz's unit — 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery — received an alert order for mobilization to Iraq on July 14, 2005 – two months after Walz retired, according to Lt. Col. Ryan Rossman, who serves as the Minnesota National Guard's director of operations. The official mobilization order was received on August 14 of the same year, and the unit mobilized in October.

CBS News reviewed the deployment history for the Minnesota Army National Guard which shows that in the fall of 2005, 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery was mobilized in preparation for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion trained at Camp Shelby in Mississippi and deployed to Iraq as a motorized security task force.

In 2018, Tom Hagen, a military reservist who served in Iraq, wrote a letter to The Winona Daily News claiming Walz was not being candid about his service record and wanted people to know that the future Minnesota governor did not serve in Iraq or Afghanistan.

Walz responded in the same newspaper and criticized Hagan as dishonoring a fellow veteran, according to MPR News. Walz wrote: "There's a code of honor among those who've served, and normally this type of partisan political attack only comes from one who's never worn a uniform."

Joseph Eustice, a 32-year veteran of the guard who also led Walz's battalion, told CBS Minnesota that while he doesn't agree with Walz's politics, he does believe Walz's record in the military is sound.

"Tim Walz as a soldier, he was a good soldier. I don't think anyone can honestly say that he wasn't," Eustice said. "...He was a good leader in those 24 years that he served."

Walz's rank as a command sergeant major

Official biographies on the Minnesota government website and Vice President Kamala Harris' website have described Walz as a "retired Command Sergeant Major." However, documents reviewed by CBS News show this is not accurate; while Walz served at one point as a command sergeant major, he retired at a lower rank.

Army veteran Anthony Anderson, who routinely obtains military records from the Defense Department using the Freedom of Information Act and has worked with CBS News on similar stories, provided Walz's records for review. CBS News has also requested the documents from the National Guard.

One of the documents shows Walz reverted back to master sergeant from command sergeant major when he retired from the Minnesota National Guard in May 2005.

Army soldiers promoted to the rank of sergeant major or command sergeant major are required to attend the Sergeants Major Course, or what was formerly known as the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy.

Lt. Col. Augé, the Minnesota National Guard spokesperson, told CBS News that Walz retired as a master sergeant in 2005 for "benefit purposes" because he did not complete additional coursework at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy.

While Walz can say he served as a command sergeant major in the Minnesota Army National Guard, his official biographies are incorrect in referring to him as a "retired Command Sergeant Major."

On Aug. 8, the campaign website updated its description of his service. It omits his rank upon retirement and now reads, "The son of an Army veteran who served as a command sergeant major, Walz was the ranking member on the House Veterans Affairs Committee, where he passed legislation to help stem veterans' suicides."

Editor's Note: This story has been updated to address an error in the statement from the Harris-Walz campaign.

Caroline Cummings contributed to this report.

Minnesota National Guard

James LaPorta is a verification producer with CBS News Confirmed. He is a former U.S. Marine infantryman and veteran of the Afghanistan war.

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IMAGES

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How to make assignment in MS Word
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Copy a Turnitin assignment

COMMENTS

Copy assignment operator
Triviality of eligible copy assignment operators determines whether the class is a trivially copyable type. [] NoteIf both copy and move assignment operators are provided, overload resolution selects the move assignment if the argument is an rvalue (either a prvalue such as a nameless temporary or an xvalue such as the result of std::move), and selects the copy assignment if the argument is an ...
Copy constructors and copy assignment operators (C++)
Use an assignment operator operator= that returns a reference to the class type and takes one parameter that's passed by const reference—for example ClassName& operator=(const ClassName& x);. Use the copy constructor. If you don't declare a copy constructor, the compiler generates a member-wise copy constructor for you.
c++
A user-declared copy assignment operator X::operator= is a non-static non-template member function of class X with exactly one parameter of type X, X&, const X&, volatile X& or const volatile X&. So for example: struct X {. int a; // an assignment operator which is not a copy assignment operator. X &operator=(int rhs) { a = rhs; return *this ...
Everything You Need To Know About The Copy Assignment Operator In C++
The Copy Assignment Operator in a class is a non-template non-static member function that is declared with the operator=. When you create a class or a type that is copy assignable (that you can copy with the = operator symbol), it must have a public copy assignment operator. Here is a simple syntax for the typical declaration of a copy ...
21.12
Copy assignment vs Copy constructor. The purpose of the copy constructor and the copy assignment operator are almost equivalent -- both copy one object to another. However, the copy constructor initializes new objects, whereas the assignment operator replaces the contents of existing objects.
Copy constructors, assignment operators,
The first line runs the copy constructor of T, which can throw; the remaining lines are assignment operators which can also throw. HOWEVER, if you have a type T for which the default std::swap() may result in either T's copy constructor or assignment operator throwing, you are
22.3
Copy assignment is used to copy one class object to another existing class object. By default, C++ will provide a copy constructor and copy assignment operator if one is not explicitly provided. These compiler-provided functions do shallow copies, which may cause problems for classes that allocate dynamic memory. So classes that deal with ...
Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++
But, there are some basic differences between them: Copy constructor. Assignment operator. It is called when a new object is created from an existing object, as a copy of the existing object. This operator is called when an already initialized object is assigned a new value from another existing object. It creates a separate memory block for ...
How to Make a Copyable Object Assignable in C++
With the copy, r2 points to the same thing as r1, but with the assignment r2 still points to the same object it was pointing to before. Or take the example of copying a lambda: auto lambda1 = [i](){ std::cout << i << '\n'; }; auto lambda2 = lambda1; The above code compiles fine. Now if we add the following line: lambda2 = lambda1; It doesn't ...
CopyAssignment
Python Internship for college students and freshers: Apply Here. Yogesh Kumar October 12, 2023. About the Internship: Type Work from office Place Noida, India Company W3Dev Role Python Development Intern Last date to apply 2023-10-15 23:59:59 Experience College students…. Continue Reading.
Copy assignment operators (C++ only)
Copy assignment operators (C++ only) The copy assignment operator lets you create a new object from an existing one by initialization. A copy assignment operator of a class A is a nonstatic non-template member function that has one of the following forms: A::operator= (A) A::operator= (A&) A::operator= (const A&)
How do I copy an assignment to another course?
Select Location. If you wish, you can copy the assignment into a specific module and location within a course. Click or type a module name in the Select a Module field [1]. Then select the module for the copied assignment. To select a location within the module, click the Place drop-down menu [2]. You can select to copy the assignment to the ...
PDF COPYING AN ASSIGNMENT
one class and copy it to all others. First, you will need to create and save the assignment, then follow the steps below. 1. Select the class to which you want to copy the assignment from the Class drop-down menu. 2. Hover over Assignments and select Assignments. 3. Click + New Assignment and select Duplicate from Another Class from the drop ...
Copy Assignment
Copy Assignment. Click the assignment name from the Assignment List. From the Assignment Preview. Click the Create a Copy button. The Copy Assignment menu appears. Connect provides three methods of copying an assignment. A key feature is the ability to link your assignment to your other course sections. This provides an easy way of updating an ...
Copying std::vector: prefer assignment or std::copy?
If v1 is about to expire (and you use C++11) you can easily modify it to move the contents. Performancewise assignment is unlikely to be slower then std::copy, since the implementers would probably use std::copy internally, if it gave a performance benefit. In conclusion, std::copy is less expressive, might do the wrong thing and isn't even faster.
How can I copy an assignment from one class to another? What little
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Copy an Assignment
Find the assignment you want to copy. Duplicate the assignment. If shown, click duplicate beside the assignment. Otherwise, click edit beside the assignment. In the Assignment Editor, click ⋯ > Duplicate. Your new assignment copy opens in the Assignment Editor. If needed, make changes to your new assignment. Click Save.
Copy assignments
Open the course into which you want to copy the assignments. Choose whether to copy assignments from one of your courses or copy pre-built assignments from the publisher (if available). : Select the course to copy the assignment (s) from. : Select the book or source (if applicable) and the assignment type. [Optional] Preview an assignment by ...
[Assignments] Copy Assign To when duplicating assignments
Problem statement: Teachers are finding it cumbersome to enter specific Assign To and Available From and Until for each class period. Proposed solution: It would save teachers a lot of time if, when duplicating an assignment, the Assign to options duplicated as well. User role(s): instructor
Share assignments with students
Copy the assignment link and share it to your LMS. Instruct your students to access your class in Adobe Express and then go to the assignment. Make sure they have already been added to your class. Before you begin: Create an assignment in Adobe Express and create a share link.
How to export object properties to IFC in Civil 3D
To transfer specific properties when exporting a file to IFC follow the methods: For exporting to IFC 4, 2x3, (exporting IFC from program menu>Export>IFC (or with _AECIFCEXPORT command): Use custom property set. See: Civil 3D Help - To Define and Assign Property Sets Create a custom property set. Add desired manual properties (text)
c++
Overview Why do we need the copy-and-swap idiom? Any class that manages a resource (a wrapper, like a smart pointer) needs to implement The Big Three.While the goals and implementation of the copy-constructor and destructor are straightforward, the copy-assignment operator is arguably the most nuanced and difficult.
Want to write a college essay that sets you apart? Three tips to give
Online courses & class assignments. Guide to Registration. A holistic guide to keep you on track for graduation. University Catalog. Full degree requirements & policies. Admissions. Admissions. Whether you're a first-year student or looking to transfer colleges, CU Boulder is where you can turn your goals into reality. Request Undergraduate ...
What you need to know about Tim Walz's military service
GOP vice presidential candidate JD Vance claims that the Minnesota governor and Democratic vice presidential candidate bailed as his unit headed to Iraq, but Walz retired before his unit was ...
c++
The move assignment operator takes an r-value reference only e.g. CLASSA a1, a2, a3; a1 = a2 + a3; In the copy assignment operator, other can be constructor using a copy constructor or a move constructor (if other is initialized with an rvalue, it could be move-constructed --if move-constructor defined--). If it is copy-constructed, we will be ...
Using the UniFi Talk Application
To assign a phone to a user on the Devices page: Navigate to Assignments > Devices. Select the phone you'd like to assign, and click Assign Device. Select the user from the pop-up window's drop-down field, then select Assign. To assign a phone to a user via their profile panel: Navigate to Assignments > Users.
Understanding and using a copy assignment constructor
7. Test::operator=(const Test&) is not a constructor. It's a copy assignment operator. A constructor creates a new object; an assignment operator modifies an existing object. - Pete Becker. Jun 7, 2019 at 21:14. 4. @SteliosPapamichail Seems your teacher is not too familiar with C++ concepts. - john.
Tim Walz's military record under scrutiny as he joins Kamala Harris on
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz's military record has come under renewed scrutiny following Vice President Kamala Harris' announcement of Walz as her running mate.