Published
Instructor First and Last Name, “Title of Notes in Title Case” (class notes for Class, Institution, Location of Institution, Full date), DOI URL.
S: Last Name, “Title of Notes in Title Case.”
Instructor Last Name, Instructor First Name. “Title of Notes in Title Case.” Class notes for Class, Institution, Location of Institution, Full date. DOI URL.
Justin Johnson, "Python NumPy Tutorial" (class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 2017), https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/.
S: Johnson, "Python NumPy Tutorial."
Johnson, Justin. "Python NumPy Tutorial." Class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 2017. https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/.
Lecture
Published
(online)
Speaker First and Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case” (lecture, Venue, Location of Venue, Full date), DOI URL.
S: Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case.”
Speaker Last Name, Speaker First Name. “Title of Lecture in Title Case.” Lecture at Venue, Location of Venue, Full date. DOI URL.
Belmont B. Horse, “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades: On the Joys of Approximation” (lecture, Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY, May 5, 2017), https://horse.com/.
S: Horse, “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades.”
Horse, Belmont B. “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades: On the Joys of Approximation.” Lecture at Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY, May 5, 2017. https://horse.com/.
Lecture
Unpublished
Instructor First and Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case” (lecture, Venue, Location of Venue, Full date).
S: Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case.”
None
Don K. Bray, “Formatting a Thesis” (lecture, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, March 26, 2017).
S: Bray, “Formatting a Thesis.”
None
Presentation or Workshop
Presenter First and Last Name, “Title of Presentation in Title Case” (type of presentation, Venue, Location of Venue, Full date), DOI URL.
S: Last Name, “Title of Presentation in Title Case.”
Presenter Last Name, Presenter First Name. “Title of Presentation in Title Case.” Type of presentation at Venue, Location of Venue, Full date. DOI URL.
Lisa Randall, “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography” (presentation, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, July 19, 2002), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaH1FP-4ix4.
S: Randall, “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography.”
Randall, Lisa. “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography.” Presentation at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, July 19, 2002. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaH1FP-4ix4.
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
B = See also | ||
Computer Program / Software
| Company Creator First and Last Name, Title of Software in Title Case, version number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), accessed Full date, DOI URL. S: Creator Last Name, Title of Software in Title Case. Company Creator Last Name, Creator First Name. Title of Software in Title Case, version number. Place of Publication, year published. Accessed Full date. DOI URL. | Matthew Borenstein et al., Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2 (Englewood, NJ: Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, 2005), accessed February 3, 2016, http://www.meta-analysis.com. S: Borenstein et al., Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Borenstein, Matthew, Lion Hedges, Jonah Higgins, and Hy Rothstein. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2. Englewood, NJ: Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, 2005. Accessed February 3, 2016. http://www.meta-analysis.com. |
, "A paper included in the published proceedings of a meeting may be treated like a chapter in a book (see ). If published in a journal, it is treated as an article (see )." . | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Conference Proceedings (online)
| Author 1 First and Last Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . and Author N First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” in (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI URL. S: Author 1 Last Name et al., “Title of Article in Title Case.” Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . and Author N First and Last Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” In , starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI URL. | James W. Morentz et al., “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security Initiative in Information Sharing,” in (Boston: IEEE, 2009), 182, https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032. S: Morentz et al., “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support,” 183. Morentz, James W., Christopher Doyle, Lawrence Skelly, and Nabil Adam. “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security Initiative in Information Sharing.” In , 182–87. Boston: IEEE, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032. |
Conference Proceedings (print)
| First1 Last1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” in ed. Editor1 et al., Series Name in Title Case, vol. xxx (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s]. S: Last Names, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” page[s]. Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. “Title of Chapter in Title Case.” In , edited by Editor1, Editor2, Editor3, and Editor4, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Series Name in Title Case, vol. xxx. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. | Itai Katz, Kevin Gabayan, and Hamid Aghajan, “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras,” in ed. Jacques Blanc-Talon et al., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4678 (Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007), 98. S: Katz, Gabayan, and Aghajan, “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras,” 106. Katz, Itai, Kevin Gabayan, and Hamid Aghajan. “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras.” In , edited by Jacques Blanc-Talon, Wilfried Philips, Dan Popescu, and Paul Scheunders, 97–108. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4678. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007. |
Paper Presented at Conference Unpublished
| First1 Last1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4, “Title of Paper in Title Case” (paper presented at Name of Conference, Location of Conference, Full date). S: Last Names, “Title of Paper in Title Case.” Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. “Title of Paper in Title Case.” Paper presented at Name of Conference, Location of Conference, Full date. | Linda A. Teplin et al., “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005). S: Teplin et al., “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth.” Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005. |
and therefore not cited in references. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Data Set Published
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Data Set in Title Case,” Organization, Full date, DOI URL. S Last Name, “Title of Data Set in Title Case.” Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Data Set in Title Case.” Organization, Month and day published, year. DOI URL. | Roberto Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media,” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. S: Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture.” Suro, Roberto. “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media.” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. |
Data Set Unpublished | Author First and Last Name, unpublished data, Month and day of correspondence, year. Last Name, unpublished data, Full date. None | Rebecca Kanteen, unpublished data, May 11, 1993. Kanteen, unpublished data, May 11, 1993. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Database
| Name of Database in Title Case (record locator; accessed Full date), DOI URL. : Name of Database in Title Case. Name of Database in Title Case (record locator; accessed Full date). DOI URL. | NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name IRAS F00400+4059; accessed October 6, 2009), http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/. : NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name IRAS F00400+4059; accessed October 6, 2009). http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/. |
Dictionary / Encyclopedia | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Dictionary / Encyclopedia Author given
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Entry in Title Case,” in , ed. Editor (Publisher, year), page[s] if present, DOI URL. : Last Name, “Title of Entry in Title Case,” page[s] if present. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Entry in Title Case." In , edited by Editor, starting page of entry–ending page of entry if present. Publisher, year. DOI URL. | Buck Buckbuck, "Butter Chicken," in , ed. Brooke Bagahk (Eleven Spice Culinary Institute, 2023), https://wallcrust.com/fowl/butterchicken/rice. Buckbuck, "Butter Chicken." Buckbuck, Buck. "Butter Chicken." In , edited by Brooke Bagahk. Eleven Spice Culinary Institute, 2023. https://wallcrust.com/fowl/butterchicken/rice. |
Dictionary / Encyclopedia Organization as author | s.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun,” accessed or modified date, URL. : “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” None | s.v. “metamorphosis,” accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis. “metamorphosis.” None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
B = See also | ||
Fact Sheet | Follow source type. : Follow source type. Follow source type. | Follow source type. : Follow source type. Follow source type. |
. | ||
Directive | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Directive
| Department, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), DOI URL. Department, Department. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year published. DOI URL. | Department of Defense, DOD Directive 8570.01-M (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2005), 21, http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/ Department of Defense, 23. Department of Defense. DOD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2005. http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/ |
Doctrine | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Doctrine
| Department, , document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), DOI URL. Department, . Department. . Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year. DOI URL. | Joint Chiefs of Staff, JP 1 (Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2017), I-7, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf. Joint Chiefs of Staff, , I-9. Joint Chiefs of Staff. JP 1. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2017. https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf. |
Field Manual / Military Regulation | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Field Manual / Military Regulation
| Department, , document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), DOI URL. : Department, Department. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year of issuance. DOI URL. | Department of the Army, FM 23-10 (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1995), 5-11, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf. : Department of the Army, , 4-7. Department of the Army. FM 23-10. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1995. http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf. |
Government Report | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Government Report | CRS Report
Author First and Last Name, document identification number (Place of Publication: Congressional Research Service, year published), DOI URL. Last Name, Author Last Name, Author First Name. . Document identification number. Place of Publication: Congressional Research Service, year published. DOI URL. |
Marshall C. Erwin, CRS Report No. RL33539 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2013), 49, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf. Erwin, , 32. Erwin, Marshall C. CRS Report No. RL33539. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2013. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf. |
GAO Report
Author First Name Author Last Name, , document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year published), page[s]. Last Name, , page[s]. Author Last Name, Author First Name. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year published. |
Cathleen A. Berrick, GAO-10-106 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2009), 7–9. Berrick, , 8. Berrick, Cathleen A. GAO-10-106. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2009. | |
Author First and Last Name Department, (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), DOI URL. Author Last Name or Department, . Author Last Name, Author First Name Department. . Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI URL. | Strategy Document / Other Government Report Joseph R. Biden Jr., (Washington, DC: White House, 2022), 4–6, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf. Biden Jr., , 22. Biden Jr., Joseph R. Washington, DC: White House, 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf. Joint Chiefs of Staff, (Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2015), 11, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/National_Military_Strategy_2015.pdf.Joint Chiefs of Staff, , 16–17. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2015. https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/National_Military_Strategy_2015.pdf. Department of Defense, (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2018), 7, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.Department of Defense, , 10. Department of Defense. . Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2018. https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf. | |
Instruction | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Instruction
| Department, Document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), page[s]. Department, , page[s]. Department. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year. | Department of Defense, DOD Instruction 1000.01 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012), 36. Department of Defense, , 4. Department of Defense. DOD Instruction 1000.01. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012. |
Memorandum | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Memorandum
|
Author First and Last Name, “Title of Memo in Title Case” (official memorandum, Place of Issuance: Department, year), DOI URL. Last Name, “Title of Memo in Title Case.” Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Memo in Title Case.” Official memorandum. Place of Issuance: Department, year. DOI URL. | Teresa M. Takai, “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model within the Department of Defense” (official memorandum, Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2013), http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf. Takai, “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model." Takai, Teresa M. “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model within the Department of Defense.” Official memorandum. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2013. http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20 |
. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Online
| Name of Company, (Location of Company, State: Name of Company, year), page[s], DOI URL. : Name of Company, Name of Company. Location of Company, State: Name of Company, year. DOI URL. | Western Spud, 168th ed. (Kinston-Slalom, ID: Western Spud, 1972), 169, http://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html. : Western Spud, , 186 Western Spud. 168th ed. Kinston-Slalom, ID: Western Spud, 1972. http://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html. |
| Name of Company, (Location of Company, State: Name of Company, year), page[s]. : Name of Company, , page[s]. Name of Company. Location of Company, State: Name of Company, year. | Western Electric, 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC: Western Electric, 1985), 77. Western Electric, , 77. Western Electric. 3rd ed. Winston-Salem, NC: Western Electric, 1985. |
in notes when available. journal references, use a DOI. If no DOI is present, use the name of database. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Online
| Author 1 First and Last Name and Author 2 First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” volume number, no. xxx (Month and year): page[s], DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. : Last Names, “Title of Article in Title Case," page[s]. Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” volume number, no. xxx (Month and year): starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI Name of Database in Title Case. | DOI or URL Grace F. Sanico and Makoto Kakinaka, “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy with Transnational Support,” 19, no. 2 (April 2008): 156, https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. : Sanico and Kakinaka, “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy," 158. Sanico, Grace F., and Makoto Kakinaka. “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy with Transnational Support.” 19, no. 2 (April 2008): 153–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. William W. Newmann, “Reorganizing for National Security and Homeland Security,” 62, no. 1 (September 2002): 128, ProQuest. Newmann, “Reorganizing for National Security," 130. Newmann, William W. “Reorganizing for National Security and Homeland Security.” 62, no. 1 (September 2002): 126–37. ProQuest. |
| N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” volume number, no. xxx (Month and year): page[s]. S: Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case.” B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” volume number, no. xxx (Month and year published): starting page of article–ending page of article. | N: Ged Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications,” 3, no. 4 (August 2009): 325. S: Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications.” B: Griffin, Ged. “Managing Peacekeeping Communications.” 3, no. 4 (August 2009): 317–27. |
14.269–305. | ||
Bill / Resolution | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Bill / Resolution
| Title of Bill or Resolution in Title Case, Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong. (year). Title of Bill or Resolution in Title Case. None | Every Vote Counts Amendment, H.J. Res. 4, 110th Cong. (2007). Every Vote Counts Amendment. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Code of Federal Regulations | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Code of Federal Regulations | Title of Act in Title Case, title number C.F.R. part § section number (year), DOI URL. Title of Act in Title Case. None | Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 10 C.F.R. 451 (2006), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2006-title10-vol3/xml/CFR-2006-title10-vol3-part451.xml. Renewable Energy Production Incentives. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Congressional Hearing | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Full Hearing | N: xxx Cong. (year), DOI URL. Abbreviated Chamber, None
| 111th Cong. 1 (2009), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg47035/pdf/CHRG-111hhrg47035.pdf. H.R., None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Testimony within a Hearing | N: xxx Cong. (year of hearing) (statement of Testifier, title). Testifier, testimony on None | 113th Cong. 25 (2013) (statement of Paul K. Martin, NASA lead scientist). Martin, testimony on None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Court Case Decision | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Court Case Decision Lower Court | Page cited Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable)] opening page of the decision, page[s] cited, (the abbreviated name of the court (if not indicated by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses), DOI URL. Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable)] at page[s] cited. None |
United States v. Christmas, 222 F.3d 141, 145 (4th Cir. 2000), https://wallcrust/whosueschristmas/onlypotatoes. 222 F.3d at 145. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Whole decision Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable), first page of the decision, the abbreviated name of the court (if not indicated by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses], DOI URL Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable), first page of the decision]. None |
Profit Sharing Plan v. Mbank Dallas, N.A., 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988), https://wallcrust/bigbank. 683 F. Supp. 592. None | |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Court Case Decision Supreme Court | Page cited Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision, actual page[s] cited] (year). Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter] at page[s] cited. None |
Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 365, 370 (2008). (page cited): 129 S. Ct. at 370. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Whole decision Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision] (year). Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision]. None Preferably cite to the (abbreviated U.S.). If case is not yet published, you may cite to the (S. Ct.). 14.277 |
Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). : , 558 U.S. 310. None | |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Executive Order | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Executive Order Code of Federal Regulations Basic format | N: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. page number (year compiled), DOI URL. : Exec. Order No. xxxxx. None | Exec. Order No. 13655, 3 C.F.R. 339 (2014), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2014-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title3-vol1.pdf. Exec. Order No. 13655. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Executive Order Code of Federal Regulations
| N: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. page number (year compiled), title number U.S.C. § section number app. at starting page of order–ending page of order (year reprinted). : Exec. Order No. xxxxx. None | Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971–1975), 3 U.S.C. § 301 app. at 404–407 (1994). : Exec. Order No. 11609. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Executive Order Federal Register | Exec. Order No. xxxxx, volume Fed. Reg. page number (year), DOI URL. : Exec. Order No. xxxxx. None | Exec. Order No. 14074, 87 Fed. Reg. 32945 (2022), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/05/31/2022-11810/advancing-effective-accountable-policing-and-criminal-justice-practices-to-enhance-public-trust-and. Exec. Order No. 14074. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Public Law | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Public Law Published in the | N: Title of Act in Title Case, Pub. L. No. xxx, volume Source page number (year published). DOI URL. Title of Act. None | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336 § 2, 104 Stat. 328 (1991). http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_101_336_AmericansWithDisabilities.pdf. : Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Public Law Published in the | N: Title of Act in Title Case, title number U.S.C. § section (year published). : Title of Act. None | National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4331 (1969). National Environmental Policy Act. None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Online
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” Full date, page[s], DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. : Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case.” Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Full date. DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. |
Geronimo Preposterous, "Mai Tais and Milkshakes: A Fast Ride to the ER," , February 1, 2017, 18, http://pollock.trashcan.com/2017/02/22/mtmer. Preposterous, "Mai Tais and Milkshakes," 45. Preposterous, Geronimo. "Mai Tais and Milkshakes: A Fast Ride to the ER." , February 1, 2017. http://pollock.trashcan.com/2017/02/22/mtmer. Geronimo Preposterous, "Mojitos and Mussels: New Frontiers in Smoothie Formulation," January 1, 2020, 623, EBSCO. Preposterous, "Mojitos and Mussels," 608. Preposterous, Geronimo. "Mojitos and Mussels: New Frontiers in Smoothie Formulation." , January 1, 2020. EBSCO. |
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case," Full date, page[s]. Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case.” Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Full date. | Geronimo Preposterous, "Martinis and Mackerel: From Seafood to See Food," , March 1, 2017, 223. Preposterous, "Martinis and Mackerel," 266. Preposterous, Geronimo. "Martinis and Mackerel: From Seafood to See Food." , March 1, 2017. |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
B = See also | ||
Cartographer
| N: , Map Source or Maker in Title Case, accessed Full date, DOI or URL. : Map Source or Maker in Title Case, Map Source or Maker in Title Case. Accessed Full date. DOI URL. | , Lewis County Geographic Information Services, accessed January 4, 2014, http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf. Lewis County Geographic Information Services, . Lewis County Geographic Information Services. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf. |
Google Map
| N: Title of page/search in sentence case, Google Maps, accessed Full date, URL. Title of page/search in sentence case. Google Maps. Title of page/search in sentence case. Accessed Full date. URL. | Monterey Bay map, Google Maps, accessed January 4, 2014, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,- Monterey Bay map. Google Maps. Monterey Bay map. Accessed January 4, 2014. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,- |
14.267 for more examples. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Film
| N: directed by Director (year originally released; Place of Publication: Publisher, year published of the copy you are using), medium DOI URL.
Director Last Name, Director First Name, dir. Year originally released; Place of Publication: Publisher, year published of the copy you are using. Medium DOI URL. | directed by Kirby Dick (2012; Los Angeles, CA: Docurama, 2012), http://www.netflix.com. : Dick, Kirby, dir. 2012; Los Angeles, CA: Docurama, 2012. http://www.netflix.com. |
Podcast
| N: Speaker First Name and Last Name, “Title of Podcast in Title Case,” date, in produced by Producer First and Last Name, podcast, medium, length of podcast, URL, in URL. Speaker Last Name, “Title of Online Podcast in Title Case.” Speaker First Name and Last Name. “Title of Podcast in Title Case.” Full date. In Produced by Producer First and Last Name. Podcast. Medium, length of podcast. URL. | Mattecca Piekton and Rebeka Norken, “Taking the Sigh Out of Citation,” February 15, 2019, in , produced by Dragon McBracket, podcast, audio, 2:47:11, https://www.knps.org/podcasts/ Piekton and Norken, “Taking the Sigh Out of Citation.” Piekton, Mattecca, and Rebeka Norken. “Taking the Sigh Out of Citation.” Produced by Dragon McBracket. In , February 15, 2019. Podcast, audio, 2:47:11. https://www.knps.org/podcasts/10486/ |
Video News, YouTube, or
| N: Creator or Screen Name or Organization, “Title of Video in Title Case,” video, length of video, Website or Platform [if different from author], full date of posting, URL. S: Last Name or Screen Name or Organization, “Title of Video in Title Case.” B: Creator Last Name, Creator First Name or Screen Name or Organization. “Title of Video in Title Case.” Video, length of video, Website or Platform [if different from author], full date of posting. URL. | N: CNN, "US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas,” video, 1:31, August 31, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/. S: CNN, “US Military Sends Warships.” B: CNN. “US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas.” Video, 1:31, August 31, 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/ Associated Press, "Biden-Zelenskyy Hold Joint News Conference in Washington," video, 36:30, YouTube, December 21, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGJI2A2-G4A.Associated Press, "Biden-Zelenskyy Hold Joint News Conference." Associated Press. "Biden-Zelenskyy Hold Joint News Conference in Washington." Video, 36:30, YouTube, December 21, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGJI2A2-G4A. |
, not ). . | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Online Author given | N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” , Full date, page[s] Section Name, DOI URL or Name of Database in Title Case. Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” page[s]. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” , Full date. DOI URL or Name of Database in Title Case. | From a library database N: Michael R. Gordon, “Shifting Fronts, Rising Danger: The Afghanistan War Evolves,” , December 9, 2001, A1, ProQuest. S: Gordon, “Shifting Fronts," A1. B: Gordon, Michael R. “Shifting Fronts, Rising Danger: The Afghanistan War Evolves.” , December 9, 2001. ProQuest. |
| “Title of Article in Title Case,” Full date, page[s] Section Name, DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. : “Title of Article in Title Case.” . “Title of Article in Title Case.” Full date. DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. | DOI N: “CMU Scientists Identify Spread of Invasive Species,” , November 30, 2014,12, https://doi.org/10.1233/45678. S: "CMU Scientists,” 14. B: “CMU Scientists Identify Spread of Invasive Species.” November 30, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1233/45678. “Toxic Algae in San Luis Reservoir Prompts Warning from State,” , June 30, 2017, 4, http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-warning-from-state. Toxic Algae,” 6. . “Toxic Algae in San Luis Reservoir Prompts Warning from State.” June 30, 2017. http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-warning-from-state. |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
B = See also | ||
Patent
| Rightsholder First and Last Name, Title of patent in sentence case, U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, filed Month and day of filing, year of filing, and issued Month and day of issuance, year, DOI URL. Last Name, Title of patent in sentence case. Rightsholder Last Name, Rightsholder First Name. Title of patent in sentence case. U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, filed Month and day of filing, year of filing, and issued Month and day of issuance, year. DOI URL. | Seroun Kesh, Dust cover for dog, U.S. Patent 3150641, filed September 4, 1963, and issued September 29, 1964, https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/3150641. Kesh, Dust cover for dog. Kesh, Seroun. Dust cover for dog. U.S. Patent 3150641, filed September 4, 1963, and issued September 29, 1964. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/3150641. |
Lieutenant commander, USN, personal communication, April 11, 2022. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Including attachments such as presentation slides, data sets, internal documents | N: Sender, email message to author, Full date of communication. None None | Quentina Grumbupple, email message to author, October 22, 1994. None None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Interview | In your text: Include name and title of interviewee as well as full date of interview. None | On August 9, 2017, the author/the team/we spoke with Paul Shapiro (professor of potato behavioral science) regarding the effects of gamma rays on chip crispiness. None |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Personal Communication | N: Interlocutor Name, type of communication, Full date of communication. None None | Flo Katz, personal communication, September 8, 2009. None None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
B = See also | ||
Secondary / Indirect Source
| Include primary and indirect source information for clarity. To cite a source from a indirect source (“quoted in . . . ”) is generally to be discouraged, since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is unavailable, however, both the original and the indirect source must be listed. : Use quoted source for shortened citation. List the that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.) | In this example, Costello is quoting Zukofsky’s poem. We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Zukofsky’s poem, quoted in Costello: " . . . " Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78. : Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification," 78. Costello, Bonnie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. |
should have publisher and/or copyright information. If it does not meet these criteria, then format it as a . Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including . | ||
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper (online) | Author 1 First and Last Name et al., , document identification number Series Title in Title Case (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI URL. Last Name et al., , page[s] Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . Author 7 First and Last Name et al. Document identification number Series Title in Title Case. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI URL. Note: If you have a DOI or URL, you may omit the series title. |
Lloyd Dixon et al., RR 1776-NYCEDC (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017), 29, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html. Dixon et al., , 29. Dixon, Lloyd, Noreen Clancy, Benjamin M. Miller, Sue Hoegberg, Michael M. Lewis, Bruce Bender, and Samara Ebinger. RR 1776-NYCEDC. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html. Report in a seriesAlan De Brauw, , IFAD Research Series 55 (Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2019), 60, https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.301820. De Brauw, , 40. De Brauw, Alan. . IFAD Research Series 55. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.301820.
|
Technical Report | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Author given (online)
| Author First and Last Name, , document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI URL. : Last Name, , page[s] Author Last Name, Author First Name. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI URL. | K. Linda Tang and Daniel R. Eignor, Report Numbers RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17 (Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2001), 10, https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/publications/report/2001/hsfb. : Tang and Eignor, 11 Tang, K. Linda, and Daniel R. Eignor. Report Numbers RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2001. https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/publications/report/2001/hsfb. |
Agency as author Organization as publisher (online)
| Agency Name, , document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI URL. : Agency Name, Agency Name. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Organization as Publisher, year. DOI URL. | N: National Toxicology Program, Report No. TR-576 (Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 2012), 22, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385646/. : National Toxicology Program, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate, 44. National Toxicology Program. Report No. TR-576. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385646/. |
Author given (print)
| Author First and Last Name, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s]. Last Name, Author Last Name, Author First Name. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. | N: Toussaint Ratsifandrihamanana and Pradeep Sharma, E. coli Report No. 17-59 (Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies, 2015), 18. Ratsifandrihamanana and Sharma, E. coli in Cats, 88. Ratsifandrihamanana, Toussaint, and Pradeep Sharma. E. coli Report No. 17-59. Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies, 2015. |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example | |
---|---|---|---|
B = See also | |||
Social Media Facebook, | Author Organization (handle if not Facebook), "Title of post or shortened tweet text in sentence case," Platform, full date, timestamp for tweets only, URL. Author or Organization, "Title of post shortened tweet." None | Babygiraffe (@babygiraffehaslastlaugh), "My tongue is longer than my face," Twitter, December 11, 2019, 3:34 a.m., https://twitter.com/babygiraffehaslastlaugh/status/4983572308457410. Babygiraffe, "My tongue is longer." None | |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Speech
| In your text: Include name of speaker. N: Follow source type. S: Follow source type. B: List the source that quotes or reprints the speech you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.) | In your text: Martin Luther King, Jr., declared, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed.”1 N: Jacob Smith, ed. (Washington, DC: E & K Publishing. 2009), 27. S: Smith, , 33. B: Smith, Jacob, ed. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing. 2009. |
. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
From a commercial database
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case” (master’s thesis PhD diss., Institution, year published), page[s], Database. : Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case," page[s]. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Master’s thesis PhD diss., Institution, year published. Database. | Mihwa Choi, “Contesting in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008), 89–99, ProQuest. Choi, “Contesting ” 89. Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest. |
From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun | Author First and Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case” (master’s thesis PhD diss., Institution, year published), page[s], DOI URL. : Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case,” page[s]. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Master’s thesis PhD diss., Institution, year published. DOI URL. | Dissertation Joey Rivera, “Software System Architecture Modeling Methodology for Naval Gun Weapon Systems” (PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School, 2010), 112, https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/10504. : Rivera, “Software System Architecture,” 153. Rivera, Joey. “Software System Architecture Modeling Methodology for Naval Gun Weapon Systems.” PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/10504. ThesisThomas D. Moon, “Rising Dragon: Infrastructure Development and Chinese Influence in Vietnam” (master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2009), 48–56, https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694. : Moon, “Rising Dragon,” 55. Moon, Thomas D. “Rising Dragon: Infrastructure Development and Chinese Influence in Vietnam.” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694. |
. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Unpublished Work Accepted for publication (online)
| Follow style for source type. Follow style for source type. Follow style for source type. | Robert Briscoe, “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception,” (forthcoming), 23, http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf. : Briscoe, “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception,” 24. Briscoe, Robert. “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception.” (forthcoming). http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf. |
Unpublished Work (online)
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case” (unpublished [type of work], Full date of modification), page[s], DOI URL. Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case,” page[s]. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished [type of work], last modified Full date modified. DOI URL. | Belmont B. Horse, “Back in the Saddle 2: Back in the Saddle” (unpublished screenplay, last modified December 24, 1996), 25, https://horse.com/bits2bits. Horse, “Back in the Saddle 2,” 44. Horse, Belmont B. “Back in the Saddle 2: Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished screenplay, last modified December 24, 1996. https://horse.com/bits2bits. |
Unpublished Work (print)
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case” (unpublished [type of work], Full date viewed), page[s]. Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case,” page[s]. Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished [type of work], Full date viewed. | Belmont B. Horse, “Back in the Saddle” (unpublished memoir, May 3, 1995), 995. Horse, “Back in the Saddle,” 995. Horse, Belmont B. “Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished memoir, May 3, 1995. |
, not Reuters, Bloomberg, CNN, etc. These news organizations only have an online presence, whereas the has both an online and print counterpart. . | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Author and publication date given
| Author First and Last Name, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Organization, full date, URL. Name, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Organization. Full date. URL. | Richard Roth, “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History,” CNN, last modified April 18, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html. Roth, “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History.” Roth, Richard. “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History.” CNN. Last modified April 18, 2017. http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/ |
No author given Organization as author
| N: “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Organization, full date given on page, URL. Organization, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Organization. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date given on page. URL. | “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, April 6, 2017, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art.” Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art.” April 6, 2017. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. |
No author given No date given Organization as author
| N: “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Organization, accessed date, URL. Organization, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Organization. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Accessed date. URL. | “About the Department of Defense (DOD),” Department of Defense, accessed April 18, 2017, https://www.defense.gov/About/. Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Department of Defense. “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed April 18, 2017. https://www.defense.gov/About/. |
Janes example
| “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Janes, full date given on page full date of access, URL. Janes, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Janes. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date given on page full date of access. URL. | “Mali: Country Overview,” Janes, last updated October 30, 2023, https://customer.janes.com/CountryIntelligence/Countries/Country_986. Janes, “Mali: Country Overview.” Janes. “Mali: Country Overview.” Last updated October 30, 2023. https://customer.janes.com/CountryIntelligence/Countries/Country_986. |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
B = See also | ||
Wikipedia | Wikipedia s.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun,” accessed modified date, URL. Wikipedia “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” None | Wikipedia, s.v. “psychology,” last modified July 8, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. Wikipedia, “psychology.” None |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
B = See also | ||
Working Paper / Occasional Paper
| Author First and Last Name, “Title of Working Paper Occasional Paper in Title Case” (paper type, Institution Company, year), page[s], DOI URL. Last Name, “Title of Working Paper Occasional Paper in Title Case.” Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Working Paper Occasional Paper in Title Case.” Paper type, Institution Company, year. DOI URL. | Lila Linguine, “Anteaters and Aardvarks: Power Critters” (working paper, Animal Rights Institute, 2014), 22, https://www.aanda.power/careers.html. Linguine, “Anteaters and Aardvarks,” 8. Linguine, Lila. “Anteaters and Aardvarks: Power Critters.” Working paper, Animal Rights Institute, 2014. https://www.aanda.power/careers.html. |
Accessed dates.
Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.
Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.
For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.
For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.
In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:
Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:
What is the difference between them.
The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following:
For papers, check with your professors for their preference.
Capitalize everything | Capitalize |
Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.
When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style 1
Footnote Examples
1 Source: Ged Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications,” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 3, no. 4 (2009): 325.
1 Adapted from Ged Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications,” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 3, no. 4 (2009): 325.
Where in the sentence does my footnote go .
When citing more than one source in a single sentence, there are two options :
Never place more than one footnote at the end of a sentence. CMOS 14.28
In the paragraph below, the reference numbers are highlighted in yellow and the signal phrases are highlighted in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence does not need a citation because it is the opinion of the author. (See " How Often to Cite? ")
In a Journal of Restaurant Marketing article, restaurateur Shawna Jackson contends that a restaurant’s color scheme influences how hungry its patrons are. 1 Consider popular fast-food restaurants, which often use red and yellow in their advertising and décor. According to a study by Roberta Chen and David Lopez , restaurant customers feel energized in red and yellow environments, which encourages them to order more food. 2 The same stud y indicates that patrons felt relaxed in blue and purple environments, which causes them to “spend more time considering the menu options and eat at a slower pace.” 3 Although blue décor can give a restaurant a casual, laid-back feel, industry experts believe this color can negatively affect profit. 4 Accordingly, it is difficult to identify a popular restaurant chain that decorates with calmer hues.
* Note: no page number is necessary in footnote 1 because the sentence describes the source’s general argument rather than data or analysis from a specific location in the source.
1 Shawna Jackson, “Color’s Effect on Restaurant Patrons,” Journal of Restaurant Marketing 13, no. 4 (April 1999).
2 Roberta Chen and David Lopez, Color Me Hungry: How to Decorate Your Restaurant to Increase Profit and Patronage (New York: Routledge, 2009), 3.
3 Chen and Lopez, 29.
4 Jackson, “Color’s Effect on Restaurant Patrons,” 18; Chen and Lopez, Color Me Hungry , 74–76.
The Chicago Manual of Style advises that “footnotes should be placed where you need them. . . . Whenever you can imagine the reader asking ‘Says who’ you should add a note.” Clarity is your goal as a writer, and what constitutes clear attribution in any given context will depend to some extent on the particulars of your text. Nevertheless, the following are some reliable rules of thumb:
Chicago prefers shorter citations, but ibid. is still allowed when the footnote is identical to the one right before it. See CMOS 14.34 . Be consistent. Use either ibid. or shorter citations.
Toni Morrison, (New York: Vintage, 2004), 3. | full citation on first appearance |
Morrison, 18. | shorter citation indicating continued use of |
Morrison, 18. | shorter citation indicating continued use of |
Toni Morrison, (New York: Vintage, 2004), 45. | full citation on first appearance |
Morrison, 47. | shorter citation indicating continued use of |
Morrison, , 52. | short citation reintroducing , a source already cited in full |
Morrison, 55. | shorter citation indicating continued use of |
Morrison, , 324–25. | short citation reintroducing , a source already cited in full |
Morrison, 238. | shorter citation indicating continued use of |
Morrison, 239. | shorter citation indicating continued use of |
Morrison, , 240; , 32. | short citation indicating that the information comes from sources already cited in full (a short citation, which leaves out the title(s), would be ambiguous and therefore insufficient) |
Morrison, , 33. | short citation indicating which of the two Morrison sources the information is from |
Morrison, 34. | shorter citation continuing to refer only to |
FBI, “Stolen Memories.” | short citation reintroducing an online source already cited in full (not shown here) |
FBI. | shorter citation indicating continued use of the FBI source |
Hawthorne and Nekeip, "A Shortening of Citations," 23. | short citation reintroducing a source already cited in full (not shown here) |
Hawthorne and Nekeip, 564. | shorter citation indicating continued use of Hawthorne and Nekeip |
If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information. For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest.
When citing an online document (for example, a thesis, report, or journal article) in a full note or listing it in the references, if possible, provide a DOI. If the source does not have a DOI, link to the document itself (PDF, etc.) or to the landing page that directs the reader to the full text.
Do not insert a hard or soft return within the URL string: doing so breaks the link.
In footnotes , the page number(s) is needed when
N: Michael Pollan and Daisy Potatohead, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
S: Pollan and Potatohead, The Omnivore’s Dilemma , 100.
If the source does not contain page numbers, often with electronic formats , include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. In citations especially of shorter electronic works presented as a single, searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.
Locator Options | Examples |
---|---|
chapter number | chap. 2 |
paragraph number | para. 3 |
section heading | sec. 24 |
descriptive phrase | under "The Battleground" |
location numbers | loc. 444 of 3023, Kindle |
page numbers | check against—and cite to—the printed version if possible |
table, figure, or slide number | table 1.4 fig. 3 slide 5 |
See CMOS 14.22: Page numbers and other locators . See also 14.160: Page or location numbers in electronic formats .
In the list of references/bibliography For portions of larger documents, such as journal articles and book chapters , include the page range.
B: Haynes, Peter. “Al-Qaeda, Oil Dependence, and U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management , edited by Daniel Moran and James A. Russell, 62–74. New York: Routledge, 2009.
When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.
Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.
An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.
Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.
The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.
Walker describes Miguel Roig’s 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. 1 Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that “students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text.” 2
Note: Footnotes for indirect sources must cite both the primary and the indirect source ; in the references list, include only the indirect source (the source you consulted—see example ).
See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.
Table 1. A Table with a Citation in Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style 1
1 Source: Roberto Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media,” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004, https://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.
1 Adapted from Roberto Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media,” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004, https://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.
For works with a translator, follow the format for edited books but substitute "trans." for "ed." in the notes and "translated" for "edited" in the references:
N: Maxence Manqué, Old and Rejected Poems, trans. Pemily Hickinson (Scituate, MA: Narrow Fellow Press, 1989), 472.
S: Manqué, Old and Rejected Poems , 889.
B: Manqué, Maxence. Old and Rejected Poems. Translated by Pemily Hickinson. Scituate, MA: Narrow Fellow Press, 1989.
If you provide the translation to a non-English work, format the original title in sentence case , then give your translated title, also in sentence case, in square brackets immediately following. Note that the other formatting rules for titles—italics and quotation marks—remain the same:
N: Maxence Manqué, "L'esthétique de l'échec" [The aesthetics of failure], in É viter les clichés et des autres clichés [Avoiding clichés and other clichés], ed. Hamish Sweeney (New Brunswick: Stew & Offspring, 1992), 5.
S: Manqué, "L'esthétique de l'échec," 11.
B: Manqué, Maxence. "L'esthétique de l'échec" [The aesthetics of failure]. In Éviter les clichés et des autres clichés [Avoiding clichés and other clichés], edited by Hamish Sweeney, 3–44. New Brunswick: Stew & Offspring, 1992.
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All you need to know about citations
To cite an undergraduate thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an undergraduate thesis in Chicago style 17th edition:
Author(s) of the thesis . " Title of the thesis ." Degree , University , Year of publication .
Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Chicago style guidelines in action:
A bachelor thesis with two authors
Parekh, Pooja, and Vitalina Pishchenko . " Factors Influencing the Choice of Bank – An International Student Perspective ." Bachelor's thesis , Dalarna University , 2013 .
An undergraduate thesis with one author
Baslow, Wadim . " The applicability of the Qualitative System Analysis as decision-making tool in public administration by the example of the municipality Ludwigsburg ." Undergraduate thesis , Leuphana University of Lüneburg , 2015 .
This citation style guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition).
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Alternative to.
The Chicago Manual of Style citation style provides guidelines for "Author-Date" or in text citation as well as for using footnotes or endnotes along with the bibliography. Images can be cited using captions or in a bibliography. Check with your instructor for the correct format.
For information on specific guidelines for images visit the online site , and use the table of contents to find:
Chapter 14: Notes and Bibliography Section: 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture Chapter Contents / Special Types of References / Artwork and Illustrations
The Manual states, "Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography. If a note or bibliography entry is needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by information about the medium and the location of the work. For works consulted online, add a URL."
https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/psec235.html
Footnote/endnote (general) 18 Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night , 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Caption (general)*note: captions can be done as figure, fig., illustration, or ill. Fig. 1: Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Bibliographic entry, online (websites or databases) Duveneck, Frank.Whistling Boy, 1872. Oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati. <http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>, accessed 12 Aug. 2007.
Footnote/endnote, online (websites or databases) 4 Henri Matisse, The Woman with the Hat , 1905, oil on canvas, 81.3 cm x 60.3 cm, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.
Caption, online (websites or databases) Ill. 1: Frank Duveneck, Whistling Boy , 1872, oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati,<http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>
Credit lines Images with copyright restrictions: Reproduced with permission from Jan Newstrom Thompson, Duveneck: Last Paintings Found (Santa Clara, CA: Triton Museum of Art, 1987), 55, © 1987 by Triton Museum of Art.
Images without copyright restrictions: Man and boy fishing in Ohio River, September 14, 1929. Courtesy of Rosemary Bart
Photograph courtesy of Cincinnati Art Museum
When all or part of an image source is unknown or unknowable, use these points to guide your MLA image caption:
An image without a title if an image is not titled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns., undated sources use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. when this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("n.d.")., for more information ....
Boxes on this page were copied from the " Cite Images " page on the Penn Libraries guide for Finding images , developed by Patty Guardiola, Director of the Fisher Fine Arts Library. Please visit the full page for more information on working with images.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Theses & Dissertations. CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations. Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics. This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books. The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these ...
This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. Guide Overview. Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database; Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web; Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation
Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses. Important Elements: 1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp. 1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . .
Chicago Citation Style, 18th Edition. A University of Lethbridge Library guide to Chicago Manual of Style citations. Help Guides Home; Home; ... 1939-1959" (master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006), 58. B: Bingley, Lindsey. "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959." Master's thesis ...
To cite a dissertation thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:. Author(s) of the dissertation: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson).
In author-date Chicago referencing, you cite a thesis or dissertation by giving the author's surname and the date of completion in brackets. For instance, we could cite a source by "Carter" from 2001 like this: Citing your sources is very important (Carter 2001). If you're quoting a thesis or dissertation, meanwhile, you should ...
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) contains guidelines for two styles of citation: notes and bibliography and author-date.. Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes, with a Chicago style bibliography listing your sources in full at the end.
Dissertation. | 17th Edition. The first entry is a sample footnote/endnote as it would appear the first time that a work is cited. Remember, while our examples begin with "1.", notes should be numbered based on the order they occur in the paper. The second entry is a shortened version for subsequent notes from the same source.
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography. If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name of the database and, in parentheses, any ...
Thesis and dissertation can mean different things, depending on which institution the work is from. Thesis is used either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is used either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work; e.g ...
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.75 million copies sold!
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the "editor's bible.". The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is ...
The footnote format for a thesis or dissertation in Chicago referencing is similar to the one used for a book. The main difference is that you should use quote marks instead of italics for the title: n. Author name, "Title of paper" (type of paper, academic institution, year of completion), page number, URL/database name (document ID).
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.75 million copies sold!
Different practices apply for theses and dissertations (see Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ad Dissertations [8 th ed.].; Main Body. Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography are capitalized "headline-style," meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized.
Call Number: Z 253.U69 2017. There are several copies of earlier editions in the library collections. All are listed in the library catalog. Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide. This section of the guide offers sample citations for various type of resources in both Author-Date and Notes and Bibliography styles.
Use the following template to cite a dissertation using the Chicago Manual of Style (16 th edition) citation style. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
Citing dissertations, master's theses, etc. under the requirements of The Chicago Manual of Style is specific due to the particularities of this type of source. Thus, a bibliographic reference should include the university responsible for the preparation and defense of the work and the type of work. The title of the dissertation is put between ...
Thesis/Dissertation Commercial Database. For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. This dissertation cited below is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest's database for dissertations and theses. Format:
Title of the thesis: Give the title in quotation marks. Degree: Type of degree. University: Give the name of the institution. Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source. Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a master's thesis in Chicago style 17th edition: Author (s) of the thesis.
Citing a dissertation in Chicago is easy with our free citation generator. Create a full citation or in-text citation using the form below, filling out as many fields as you have information for. ... The style guide you would use to write your paper depends on the subject. MLA format and citations, developed by the Modern Language Association ...
When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document. Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard ...
To cite an undergraduate thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:. Author(s) of the thesis: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson).
Choose an appropriate style for your field and use that style correctly and consistently. Contact the Dissertation Office for assistance with dissertations that have special formatting issues such as musical compositions, multi-volume dissertations, or multimedia works.
The Chicago Manual of Style citation style provides guidelines for "Author-Date" or in text citation as well as for using footnotes or endnotes along with the bibliography. Images can be cited using captions or in a bibliography. Check with your instructor for the correct format. For information on specific guidelines for images visit the online site, and use the table of contents to find: