(Paper concludes with a bibliography)
Sally’s focused revision (right) makes specific reference to a particular source , and uses a quote to introduce a point. Sally still injects her own opinion, but she is offering specific comments on complex issues, not bumper-sticker slogans and sweeping generalizations, such as those given on the left.
Back up your claims by quoting reputable sources . If you write”Recent research shows that…” or “Many scholars believe that…”, you are making a claim. You will have to back it up with authoritative evidence. This means that the body of your paper must include references to the specific page numbers where you got your outside information. (If your document is an online source that does not provide page numbers, ask your instructor what you should do. There might be a section title or paragraph number that you could cite, or you might print out the article and count the pages in your printout.)
Avoid using words like “always” or “never,” since all it takes is a single example to the contrary to disprove your claim. Likewise, be careful with words of causation and proof. For example, consider the claim that television causes violence in kids. The evidence might be that kids who commit crimes typically watch more television than kids who don’t. But… maybe the reason kids watch more television is that they’ve dropped out of school, and are unsupervised at home. An unsupervised kid might watch more television, and also commit more crimes — but that doesn’t mean that the television is the cause of those crimes.
You don’t need to cite common facts or observations, such as “a circle has 360 degrees” or “8-tracks and vinyl records are out of date,” but you would need to cite claims such as “circles have religious and philosophical significance in many cultures” or “the sales of 8-track tapes never approached those of vinyl records.”
If you use words like “in the book My Big Boring Academic Study , by Professor H. Pompous Windbag III, it says” or “the following quote by a government study shows that…” you are wasting words that would be better spent developing your ideas.
In the book Gramophone, Film, Typewriter , by Fredrich A. Kittler, it talks about writing and gender, and says on page 186, “an omnipresent metaphor equated women with the white sheet of nature or virginity onto which a very male stylus could inscribe the glory of its authorship.” As you can see from this quote, all this would change when women started working as professional typists.
The “it talks about” and “As you can see from this quote” are weak attempts to engage with the ideas presented by Kittler. “In the book… it talks” is wordy and nonsensical (books don’t talk).
MLA style encourages you to expend fewer words introducing your sources , and more words developing your own ideas. MLA style involves just the author’s last name, a space ( not a comma), and then the page number. Leave the author’s full name and the the title of the source for the Works Cited list at the end of your paper. Using about the same space as the original, see how MLA style helps an author devote more words to developing the idea more fully:
Before the invention of the typewriter, “an omnipresent metaphor” among professional writers concerned “a very male stylus” writing upon the passive, feminized “white sheet of nature or virginity” (Kittler 186). By contrast, the word “typewriter” referred to the machine as well as the female typist who used it (183).
See “ Quotations: Integrating them in MLA-Style Papers. ”
It’s fairly normal to sit and stare at the computer screen for a while until you come up with a title, then pick your way through your topic, offering an extremely broad introduction (see glittering generalities , below)..
Hooray, you’ve finished your paper! Well, not quite…
See: Sally Slacker Writes a Paper , and Sally’s Professor Responds
Throughout the ages, mankind has found many uses for salt. Ancient tribes used it to preserve meat; around the world it adds flavor to food; the Bible uses it as a symbol of zest for life. Salt became such an important part of people’s diet that a way was needed to allow early nomads to carry salt with them on their perilous travels; such a device ideally also helped ancient gormandizers to distribute portions of the precious flavor enhancer onto their foods. Thus was born the salt shaker. (Some writers appear to believe that the introduction should provide a sort of cosmic overview; however, you are not required to stun and amaze your professors. Just do the assignment.) | |
Broad, sweeping statements (“In our society today” or “It is a growing problem that…”) may make a short paper seem grander and more substantial, but the flashy words won’t fool your instructor. In a similar vein, resist the urge to call the Great Depression the “saddest chapter in American history,” or T.S. Eliot “the most famous modern poet.” If your paper does not actually examine all chapters in American history, or all famous modern poets, such a vague claim adds nothing to your argument. |
Another factor that should be considered is the fact that in most cases, utilizing an excessive amount of words creates multiple negative outcomes. | |
Explanation | |
Wordiness stinks. | |
My phrasing is too informal, but you get the idea. | |
In the 1992 book, Cooking Disasters of the 20th Century, by Fred Smith, page 102 talks about why an important state dinner in England was ruined, resulting in a social calamity that caused the host to lose nearly all of his social status and prestige: “Lord Alfred’s infamous celebration in honor of the Treaty of Ulm was marred when an assistant chef failed to notice that the cheese was was spoiled. As a result, Alfred’s impending marriage to the Duchess of Eberdeen was called off.” This example demonstrates how small, seemingly unimportant details can have large effects. | |
Explanation | |
At Lord Alfred’s infamous Treaty of Ulm Banquet, a junior chef ruined the cheese, creating a scandal that also ruined Lord Alfred (Smith 102). | |
In high school, you may have been praised for If the Duchess of Eberdeen is important to the point you want to make, then by all means keep her in the story. | |
It is clear that… | |
This is a weak attempt at manipulating the reader into seeing structure that isn’t there. Just present the evidence and let the reader decide whether the argument is clear. | |
Some people may say… | |
Who are these people, what are their names, and why are they worth quoting in a college research paper? | |
In other words… | |
If your first try at making a point didn’t work out, cut it. Only keep the version that works. | |
I think… In my opinion… A quote that supports the opposing view would be… | |
This is “showing your work,” which is a good thing to do in math, but a distraction in writing. |
Key: Research Paper Topics
1) Environmentalism in America (too general) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(much better) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2) Immigration Trends in Wisconsin’s Chippewa Valley | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Probably okay for a research topic, since it focuses on a specific region. A stronger paper would take and defend a stand, rather than just present information that describes something. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3) Drinking and Driving (too general) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(much more focused) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4) Local TV News | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(much more focused) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5) 10 Ways that Advertisers Lie to the Public (sounds like schlocky clickbait journalism) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(much more specific) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6) Athletes on College Campuses (too general) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 thoughts on “ Short Research Papers: How to Write Academic Essays ”Hi, I was searching for some information on how to write quality academic paper when I came across your awesome article on Short Research Papers: How to Writer Academic Essays ( https://jerz.setonhill.edu/writing/academic1/short-research-papers/ ) Great stuff!!! I especially like the way you recommend sticking to the 4 basics of writing academic essays. Very few students have mastered how to avoid distractions and focus on a single topic. Many students think that the broad, sweeping statements could give them better grades but they are wrong. However, I came across a few links that didn’t seem to be working for you. Want me to forward you the short list I jotted down? Cheers Elias I see some broken links in the comments, but otherwise I’m not sure what you mean. I found the part about not using my personal opinion or generalities to be very helpful. I am currently writing a 2 page paper and was having a hard time keeping it short. Now I know why. Thanks. Stick to the facts. This seem to be old but very relevant. Most of what you have stated are things my professor has stated during class trying to prepare us to write a short thesis reading this information verses hearing it was very helpful. You have done an awesome job! I just hope I can take this and apply it to my papers! Great Post! Thank u! Thank you for all your effort and help. You´ve taught me a number of things, especially on what college professors´ look for in assigning students short research papers. I am bookmarking your page, and using it as a reference. Thank you kindly. YOU´VE HELPED A LOST STUDENT FIND HER WAY! I appreaciate all the help your web site has given to me. I have referred to it many times. I think there may be a typo under the headline of AVOID GLITTERING GENERALITIES: “Throughout the ages, mankind has found many uses for salt. Ancient tribes used it preserve meat;” This is in no way a slight – I thought you might want to know. Please forgive me if I am incorrect. Thank you again – you rock! You are right — I’ll fix it the next time I’m at my desktop. Thank you! i would like to say thank you for your detailed information even though it takes time to read as well as we’ve got learnings out from it . even though it’s holiday next week our teacher assigned us to make a short research paper in accordance of our selected topic ! I’m hoping that we can make it cause if we can’t make it, right away, for sure we will get a grade’s that can drop our jaws ! :) ♥ tnx ! keep it up ! ♪♪ Sorry I have not done this for years Hello I am the mother of a high school student that needs help doing a paper proposal for her senior project. Her topic is Photography. To be honest I have done this for years and I am trying to help, but i am completely lost. What can you recommend since she told me a little late and the paper is due tomorrow 11/11/11. This page is designed for college students, but I am sure your daughter’s teacher has assigned readings that will guide your daughter through her homework. Any paper that your daughter writes herself, even if it is late, will be a valuable learning experience — showing her the value of managing her time better for the next time, and preparing her for the day when she will have to tackle grown-up problems on her own. I am having a hard time with my government essay. I am 55 taking a college course for the first time, and I barely passed high school. Last year I took this course wrote the essay, and did many things wrong. It was all in the typing. I had good story line, excellent site words, and good points of arguments. It wasn’t right on paper. My format is off. Where can I find and print a format. also I need to learn site words. Most teachers will provide a model to follow. If it’s not already part of the assignment instructions, you could ask your prof. Better yet, bring a near-complete draft to your prof’s office hours, a few days before the due date, and ask for feedback. Your school probably has a writing center or tutoring center, too. I would like to thank you for such detailed information. I am not a native speaker and I am doing a research paper;so, as you may think, it is really a hard job for me. A friend of mine who saw my draft of Lit. Rev asked me what type of citation format i was using, MLA or APA and I was puzzeled; then I decided to check the net and came across to this! It is being such a help Elsa Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. What Is Short Report & How To Write Short Report With Examples Table of Contents What is a Short Report?A short report is a concise and focused document that presents information, findings, or recommendations about a specific topic or issue. Short reports are usually limited in length and scope, aiming to deliver essential details clearly and straightforwardly. They are commonly used in business, academic, and professional settings to communicate key insights or updates efficiently. In the business environment, short reports are used to update stakeholders on project progress, summarize market research, or present financial data. In academic settings, short reports are used to summarize research findings, provide a quick overview of a study or give updates on ongoing research. Overall the primary goal of a short report writing is to present information in a manner that is both easy to understand for its intended audience. Characteristics of a Short ReportTheir key characteristics include: 1/ Brevity : Short reports are relatively brief, typically ranging from one to a few pages. They avoid unnecessary details and get straight to the point. 2/ Purposeful : Short reports have a clear purpose, which could be to inform, summarize, analyze, or propose actions. The content should align with this purpose and avoid unrelated information. 3/ Specific Scope : These reports focus on a single topic or a specific aspect of a larger subject. They do not cover multiple unrelated subjects in a single document. 4/ Structure : A typical short report structure includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction outlines the purpose and scope, the main body presents the information or analysis, and the conclusion summarizes the key findings or recommendations. 5/ Formality : Depending on the context, short reports may have a more formal or informal tone. In business settings, they are often more formal, while in academic environments, they might lean toward a formal style. 6/ No or Minimal Appendices : Short reports do not usually contain lengthy appendices, as their purpose is to provide a concise overview. 7/ Audience-oriented : The content of a short report is tailored to the needs of its intended audience. It presents information in a way that is understandable and relevant to the readers. 8/ Visual elements : Depending on the content, short reports may incorporate charts, graphs, or other visual aids to enhance understanding and clarity. Related Reading: Characteristics And Features of a Good Business Report Examples of Short Reports Used By BusinessesFormat of a Short ReportThe short report writing format may vary depending on the organization, purpose, and specific guidelines, but generally, it follows a structured layout. Here’s a detailed outline of the typical format of a short report: 1/ Title Page : The title page is the first page of the report and contains essential information about the report, such as the title, the name of the author or authors, and any other relevant identification details. The title should be clear and concise, reflecting the main focus of the report. 2/ Table of Contents (optional): For longer short reports, you may include a table of contents to help readers navigate through the sections and subsections. However, for very brief reports, a table of contents may not be necessary. 3/ Executive Summary (or Abstract) : This section provides a concise summary of the entire report, highlighting its key points, findings, and recommendations. The executive summary allows readers to grasp the main content without reading the entire report. 4/ Introduction : The introduction sets the context for the report, explains its purpose, and outlines what readers can expect to find. It provides a brief background of the subject and explains the significance of the report. 5/ Body of the Report : The body of the report is where you present the main content and findings. It is organized into sections with clear headings and subheadings. Common sections may include:
5/ References (or Bibliography) : If external sources were used, proper citation and referencing should be provided in a separate section at the end of the report. This ensures that readers can verify the sources and explore further if needed. It is important to note that the length and depth of each section can vary based on the specific requirements and the complexity of the report. For instance, a short business report may include a specific section for recommendations and appendices for more detailed information. However, the overall objective of a short report is to convey the necessary information in a clear, concise, and organized manner, tailored to the audience’s needs. The Six-Step Formula of How To Write A Short Report Planning Researching Drafting Editing Concluding Recommending Types of Short ReportsShort reports can be categorized into different types based on their purpose, content, and the information they convey. Here are some common types of short reports: 1/ Progress Report : A progress report provides an update on an ongoing project or task status. It outlines the achievements made, the challenges faced, and the remaining work to be done. Progress reports are often used in business and academic settings to inform stakeholders about the project’s development. 2/ Meeting Minutes : Meeting minutes are a type of short report that records the discussions, decisions, and action items from a business meeting. They act as an authoritative record of the proceedings during the meeting. and are essential for tracking progress and accountability. 3/ Trip Report: A trip report outlines the details of a business trip or visit to a specific location. It includes information about the purpose of the trip, the places visited, meetings attended, and any notable observations or insights gathered during the trip. 4/ Sales Report : A sales report presents data related to sales performance over a specific period. It may include information on revenue generated, sales volume, customer demographics, and analysis of sales trends. Sales reports help businesses monitor their sales activities and make informed decisions. 5/ Feasibility Report : A feasibility report assesses the viability and practicality of a proposed project or initiative. It examines various factors such as technical, financial, legal, and operational aspects to determine if the project is feasible and worth pursuing. These are just a few examples of the types of short reports that are commonly used in various fields. Each type of report serves a specific purpose, and its content and format will vary accordingly. Regardless of the type, the key to writing a short report is to present information clearly and in a format suitable for the intended audience. Related Reading : Types of Business Reports in business communication What is a long report?A long report is a formal and comprehensive document that provides a detailed analysis, in-depth information, and extensive findings on a particular subject or topic. Unlike a short report, which is concise and focuses on essential information, a long report delves deeper into the subject matter, offering a more thorough examination of the issues at hand. Long reports are commonly used in academic, business, government, and research settings when extensive analysis and detailed information are required. Types of a long report1/ Business Report : Business reports offer in-depth insights and comprehensive analysis covering diverse aspects of a company’s operations. They can cover market research, financial analysis, performance evaluations, feasibility studies, and more. Business reports help stakeholders make informed decisions and develop strategies for improvement. The structured presentation in a business report format ensures that information is organized logically, allowing for easier comprehension and data-driven decision-making. 2/ Financial Report : Financial reports present comprehensive financial information about a company or organization. Within these reports, you will find balance sheets, income statements, positive and negative cash flow statements, and other crucial financial data. All of this wealth of information offers valuable insights into the financial well-being and performance of the entity. 3/ Annual Report : An annual report offers a comprehensive overview of a company’s activities, achievements, financial performance, and future plans during the previous year. It is typically prepared for shareholders and stakeholders to provide transparency about the company’s operations. 4/ Technical Report : Technical reports are thorough documents that emphasize technical information concerning a particular subject or project. They are commonly used in engineering, technology, and scientific fields to communicate complex data, designs, experiments, and analyses. Differences Between a Long and Short ReportA long report is generally referred to as a formal report. It contains a wider range of information which requires a lot of research and documentation of in-depth details. On the other hand, a short report is generally considered an informal kind of report. It is usually written in the form of a letter or memo. The information presented is concise and to the point. Six key differences between short and long reports: It is important to note that the specific characteristics of short and long reports may vary based on the context and requirements of individual reports. Frequently Asked QuestionsQ1) what is short report writing . Ans: Short report writing refers to the process of creating concise, formal documents that present specific information or findings on a particular topic. These reports are typically brief and to the point, focusing on essential details without excessive elaboration. Q2) How long should a report be?Ans: The length of a report can vary significantly depending on its purpose, the subject matter, and the specific requirements of the organization or institution requesting it. There is no fixed rule for the exact length of a report, but it should be long enough to effectively convey the necessary information while also being concise and avoiding unnecessary details. Q3) A shorter report is considered to be?Share your read share this content.
Aditya SoniYou might also like. 24 Types of Business Reports With Samples & Writing Structure10 Differences Between Formal & Informal Reports + Examples10 Differences Between Formal & Informal letters With ExamplesLeave a reply cancel reply. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Types of journal articlesIt is helpful to familiarise yourself with the different types of articles published by journals. Although it may appear there are a large number of types of articles published due to the wide variety of names they are published under, most articles published are one of the following types; Original Research, Review Articles, Short reports or Letters, Case Studies, Methodologies. Original Research: This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies. It includes full Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Short reports or Letters: These papers communicate brief reports of data from original research that editors believe will be interesting to many researchers, and that will likely stimulate further research in the field. As they are relatively short the format is useful for scientists with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full Original Research manuscript. These papers are also sometimes called Brief communications . Review Articles: Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a certain topic, and a perspective on the state of the field and where it is heading. They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation from the editors of a journal. Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a full introduction to a field) and highly cited. Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles. TIP: If you would like to write a Review but have not been invited by a journal, be sure to check the journal website as some journals to not consider unsolicited Reviews. If the website does not mention whether Reviews are commissioned it is wise to send a pre-submission enquiry letter to the journal editor to propose your Review manuscript before you spend time writing it. Case Studies: These articles report specific instances of interesting phenomena. A goal of Case Studies is to make other researchers aware of the possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur. This type of study is often used in medicine to report the occurrence of previously unknown or emerging pathologies. Methodologies or Methods These articles present a new experimental method, test or procedure. The method described may either be completely new, or may offer a better version of an existing method. The article should describe a demonstrable advance on what is currently available. Back │ Next Long Report vs. Short ReportWhat's the difference. Long reports and short reports are two types of written documents used in business and academic settings. The main difference between the two lies in their length and level of detail. Long reports are typically more extensive and comprehensive, providing in-depth analysis and research on a particular topic. They often include multiple sections, such as an executive summary, introduction, methodology, findings, conclusions, and recommendations. On the other hand, short reports are concise and focused, providing a brief overview of a specific issue or problem. They usually consist of a few paragraphs or pages and may not include as much supporting data or analysis as long reports. While long reports are suitable for complex subjects that require a thorough examination, short reports are more appropriate for quick updates or summaries of information.
Further DetailIntroduction. When it comes to business communication, reports play a crucial role in conveying information, analyzing data, and making informed decisions. Reports can vary in length, with long reports and short reports being two common formats. Each format has its own set of attributes that make them suitable for different purposes. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of long reports and short reports, highlighting their differences and discussing their respective advantages and disadvantages. Long ReportA long report is typically a comprehensive document that provides in-depth analysis and detailed information on a specific topic. These reports are often used for complex projects, research studies, or when a thorough examination of a subject is required. Here are some key attributes of long reports:
Advantages of Long ReportsLong reports offer several advantages that make them suitable for certain situations:
Disadvantages of Long ReportsDespite their advantages, long reports also have some drawbacks that should be considered:
Short ReportA short report, as the name suggests, is a concise document that provides a brief overview of a specific topic or issue. Short reports are commonly used for routine updates, summaries, or when the information needs to be communicated quickly and efficiently. Let's explore the attributes of short reports:
Advantages of Short ReportsShort reports offer several advantages that make them suitable for specific purposes:
Disadvantages of Short ReportsDespite their advantages, short reports also have some limitations that should be considered:
In conclusion, both long reports and short reports have their own attributes and serve different purposes in business communication. Long reports are suitable for complex projects, research studies, or when a comprehensive analysis is required. They provide in-depth information, support complex decision-making, and enhance credibility. However, they can be time-consuming, overwhelming, and less accessible to busy readers. On the other hand, short reports are ideal for routine updates, summaries, or when time is limited. They save time, facilitate quick decision-making, and are easily shareable. Nevertheless, short reports may lack depth, supporting evidence, and context, making them less suitable for complex issues. Ultimately, the choice between a long report and a short report depends on the specific requirements, audience, and purpose of the communication. Comparisons may contain inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. Please report any issues.
What is Research Report?Research reporting is the oral or written presentation of the findings in such detail and form as to be readily understood and assessed by the society, economy or particularly by the researchers. As earlier said that it is the final stage of the research process and its purpose is to convey to interested persons the whole result of the study. Report writing is common to both academic and managerial situations. In academics, a research report is prepared for comprehensive and application-oriented learning. In businesses or organisations, reports are used for the basis of decision making. Table of Content
Research Report DefinitionAccording to C. A. Brown , “A report is a communication from someone who has information to someone who wants to use that information.” According to Goode and Hatt , “The preparation of report is the final stage of research, and it’s purpose is to convey to the interested persons the whole result of the study, in sufficient detail and so arranged as to enable each reader to comprehend the data and to determine for himself the validity of the conclusions.” It is clear from the above definitions of a research report, it is a brief account of the problem of investigation, the justification of its selection and the procedure of analysis and interpretation. It is only a summary of the entire research proceedings. In other words, it can be defined as written documents, which presents information in a specialized and concise manner. Contents of Research ReportAlthough no hard and fast rules can be laid down, the report must contain the following points.
Preliminary PartThe preliminary part may have seven major components – cover, title, preface, acknowledgement, table of contents, list of tables, list of graphs. Long reports presented in book form have a cover made up of a card sheet. The cover contains title of the research report, the authority to whom the report is submitted, name of the author, etc. The preface introduces the report to the readers. It gives a very brief introduction of the report. In the acknowledgements author mention names of persons and organisations that have extended co-operation and helped in the various stages of research. Table of contents is essential. It gives the title and page number of each chapter. Introduction of the ReportThe introduction of the research report should clearly and logically bring out the background of the problem addressed in the research. The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the research project to the readers. A clear statement of the problem with specific questions to be answered is presented in the introduction. It contains a brief outline of the chapters. Review of LiteratureThe third section reviews the important literature related to the study. A comprehensive review of the research literature referred to must be made. Previous research studies and the important writings in the area under study should be reviewed. Review of literature is helpful to provide a background for the development of the present study. The researcher may review concerned books, articles published in edited books, journals and periodicals. Researcher may also take review of articles published in leading newspapers. A researcher should study working papers/discussion papers/study reports. It is essential for a broad conclusion and indications for further research. The Research MethodologyResearch methodology is an integral part of the research. It should clearly indicate the universe and the selection of samples, techniques of data collection, analysis and interpretation, statistical techniques, etc. Results contain pilot study, processing of data, hypothesis/model testing, data analysis and interpretation, tables and figures, etc. This is the heart of the research report. If a pilot study is planned to be used, it’s purpose should be given in the research methodology. The collected data and the information should be edited, coded, tabulated and analysed with a view to arriving at a valid and authentic conclusion. Tables and figures are used to clarify the significant relationship. The results obtained through tables, graphs should be critically interpreted. Concluding RemarksThe concluding remarks should discuss the results obtained in the earlier sections, as well as their usefulness and implications. It contains findings, conclusions, shortcomings, suggestions to the problem and direction for future research. Findings are statements of factual information based upon the data analysis. Conclusions must clearly explain whether the hypothesis have been established and rejected. This part requires great expertise and preciseness. A report should also refer to the limitations of the applicability of the research inferences. It is essential to suggest the theoretical, practical and policy implications of the research. The suggestions should be supported by scientific and logical arguments. The future direction of research based on the work completed should also be outlined. BibliographyThe bibliography is an alphabetic list of books, journal articles, reports, etc, published or unpublished, read, referred to, examined by the researcher in preparing the report. The bibliography should follow standard formats for books, journal articles, research reports. The end of the research report may consist of appendices, listed in respect of all technical data. Appendices are for the purpose of providing detailed data or information that would be too cumbersome within the main body of the research report. Significance of Report WritingReport writing is an important communication medium in organisations. The most crucial findings might have come out through a research report. Report is common to academics and managers also. Reports are used for comprehensive and application oriented learning in academics. In organisations, reports are used for the basis of decision making. The importance of report writing can be discussed as under. Through research reports, a manager or an executive can quickly get an idea of a current scenario which improves his information base for making sound decisions affecting future operations of the company or enterprise. The research report acts as a means of communication of various research findings to the interested parties, organisations and general public. Good report writing play, a significant role of conveying unknown facts about the phenomenon to the concerned parties. This may provide new insights and new opportunities to the people. Research report plays a key role in making effective decisions in marketing, production, banking, materials, human resource development and government also. Good report writing is used for economic planning and optimum utilisation of resources for the development of a nation. Report writing facilitates the validation of generalisation. A research report is an end product of research. As earlier said that report writing provides useful information in arriving at rational decisions that may reform the business and society. The findings, conclusions, suggestions and recommendations are useful to academicians, scholars and policymakers. Report writing provides reference material for further research in the same or similar areas of research to the concerned parties. While preparing a research report, a researcher should take some proper precautions. Report writing should be simple, lucid and systematic. Report writing should be written speedily without interrupting the continuity of thought. The report writing should sustain the interest of readers. Qualities of Good ReportReport writing is a highly skilled job. It is a process of analysing, understanding and consolidating the findings and projecting a meaningful view of the phenomenon studied. A good report writing is essential for effective communication. Following are the essential qualities of good report:
Steps in Writing Research ReportReport writing is a time consuming and expensive exercise. Therefore, reports have to be very sharply focused in purpose content and readership. There is no single universally acceptable method of writing a research report. Following are the general steps in writing a research report: Analysis of the subject matterResearch outline, preparation of rough draft, rewriting and polishing, writing the final draft. This is the first and important step in writing a research report. It is concerned with the development of a subject. Subject matter should be written in a clear, logical and concise manner. The style adopted should be open, straightforward and dignified and folk style language should be avoided. The data, the reliability and validity of the results of the statistical analysis should be in the form of tables, figures and equations. All redundancy in the data or results presented should be eliminated. The research outline is an organisational framework prepared by the researcher well in advance. It is an aid to logical organisation of material and a reminder of the points to be stressed in the report. In the process of writing, if need be, outline may be revised accordingly. Time and place of the study, scope and limitations of the study, study design, summary of pilot study, methods of data collection, analysis interpretation, etc., may be included in a research outline. Having prepared the primary and secondary data, the researcher has to prepare a rough draft. While preparing the rough draft, the researcher should keep the objectives of the research in mind, and focus on one objective at a time. The researcher should make a checklist of the important points that are necessary to be covered in the manuscript. A researcher should use dictionary and relevant reference materials as and when required. This is an important step in writing a research report. It takes more time than a rough draft. While rewriting and polishing, a researcher should check the report for weakness in logical development or presentation. He should take breaks in between rewriting and polishing since this gives the time to incubate the ideas. The last and important step is writing the final draft. The language of the report should be simple, employing appropriate words and expressions and should avoid vague expressions such as ‘it seems’ and ‘there may be’ etc. It should not used personal pronouns, such as I, We, My, Us, etc and should substitute these by such expressions as a researcher, investigator, etc. Before the final drafting of the report, it is advisable that the researcher should prepare a first draft for critical considerations and possible improvements. It will be helpful in writing the final draft. Finally, the report should be logically outlined with the future directions of the research based on the work completed. Precautions for Writing Research ReportsA research report is a means of conveying the research study to a specific target audience. The following precautions should be taken while preparing a research report:
Types of Research ReportResearch reports are designed in order to convey and record the information that will be of practical use to the reader. It is organized into distinct units of specific and highly visible information. The kind of audience addressed in the research report decides the type of report. Research reports can be categorized on the following basis: Classification on the Basis of InformationClassification on the basis of representation. Following are the ways through which the results of the research report can be presented on the basis of information contained: Technical ReportA technical report is written for other researchers. In writing the technical reports, the importance is mainly given to the methods that have been used to collect the information and data, the presumptions that are made and finally, the various presentation techniques that are used to present the findings and data. Following are main features of a technical report:
Popular ReportA popular report is formulated when there is a need to draw conclusions of the findings of the research report. One of the main points of consideration that should be kept in mind while formulating a research report is that it must be simple and attractive. It must be written in a very simple manner that is understandable to all. It must also be made attractive by using large prints, various sub-headings and by giving cartoons occasionally. Following are the main points that must be kept in mind while preparing a popular report:
Following are the ways through which the results of the research report can be presented on the basis of representation:
Written ReportA written report plays a vital role in every business operation. The manner in which an organization writes business letters and business reports creates an impression of its standard. Therefore, the organization should emphasize on the improvement of the writing skills of the employees in order to maintain effective relations with their customers. Writing effective written reports requires a lot of hard work. Therefore, before you begin writing, it is important to know the objective, i.e., the purpose of writing, collection and organization of required data. Oral ReportAt times, oral presentation of the results that are drawn out of research is considered effective, particularly in cases where policy recommendations are to be made. This approach proves beneficial because it provides a medium of interaction between a listener and a speaker. This leads to a better understanding of the findings and their implications. However, the main drawback of oral presentation is the lack of any permanent records related to the research. Oral presentation of the report is also effective when it is supported with various visual devices, such as slides, wall charts and whiteboards that help in better understanding of the research reports. Business Ethics ( Click on Topic to Read )
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What is Hypothesis?Sampling method, research methods.
Operations Research
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Please wait while we process your request How to Write a Short Report?Report writing A short report is a type of paper aimed at presenting only the main information on a certain topic without going into many details. If you want to write short reports, you should organize your text in such a way that it takes up no more than a few pages depending on your field. Preparing such report articles may be challenging, especially if you are doing it for the first time. Below, you will find some helpful tips on proper short report format and ways to present your thoughts without making your text too wordy. We have also included a video guide and short report samples for your reference. What Is a Short Report?The short report is a brief formal document used for informing a specific group of people about something of interest to them. The topic in focus may relate to mass media, publishing, eCommerce, medical industry, and many other spheres. Companies and individuals engaged in business, journalism, and science frequently use brief reports to share information about their products, services, and developments among the masses. A short report is a written communication on a particular topic. It may be created:
In most cases, a one-page report is enough to spread information among people as efficiently as possible. While writing such a paper, it is important to adhere to a clear and concise outline, so that readers can grasp the essence of the message conveyed. To make a report short, you need to present factual information and support it with poll results, research data, graphs, tablets, etc., without giving your ideas or opinions on the topic. Such an approach works perfectly if you need to shed light on scientific inventions, business offers, new products, etc. Video Guide on How to Write a Short ReportUndoubtedly, short report writing requires constant practice in collecting information, excluding needless details, dividing a text into logical paragraphs, selecting supporting materials, proofreading the report, and presenting it to the audience. You are welcome to watch this video guide on how to write a brief report to avoid possible mistakes at any stage of the writing process. Short Report FormatThe main thing to remember about a brief report format is that there are no stringent rules to stick to. Just keep in mind that:
You can use the outline described below as a guideline and customize it based on the details you would like to share with the audience. Summary of the Short ReportA short report should start with a brief summary, where you list the core points of the study or business offers you are going to describe. If you are writing a technical, meeting, progress, or tech report, you should also include the names of participants and mention where the event took place. If you aren’t sure whether your summary is proper, you should read it several times and define whether it can evoke interest in the target audience. Don’t make this part longer than a few sentences. Background of the Short ReportThe next section is called the background. It should be more extensive and include more details about the subject than your summary. Besides, you need to explain to readers why your study is worth paying attention to and whether your research is over or still in progress. It is also advisable to mention how your research differs from the former works on the same subject. Goal of the Short ReportUndoubtedly, you believe that your business work, scientific study, or technological method are important, and you must do everything possible for your audience to understand why. List several reasons why your research can be groundbreaking and how people can use it to their advantage. If you find convincing words to turn readers into advocates of your idea, you will have higher chances of getting financial and promotional support from partners and donors. However, don’t get carried away when describing your goals. The information your share must be complemented by facts. Moreover, try to formulate your goals in 3-4 lines. Conclusion and ResultsAs the name implies, here, you need to summarize the information about the analyzed data and the things you’ve found out in the process. Though it is necessary to keep the text short, you shouldn’t omit your innovative ideas and any data you deem necessary for the audience to know. In conclusion, you can accentuate the importance of your report once again. Please note that the paper structure may vary based on the report type. Below, we have described the most common ones. These recommendations may come in handy while writing a professional report. How to Write a Short Book ReportTo create a good book report, you need to collect information about the author, the ideas they wanted to express, the genre, the main topics discussed, and even literary critics’ opinions, if available. You can start your search with reading book descriptions on the sources like LibraryThing or Goodreads. Besides, pay attention to interesting quotes and analyze descriptions of characters. As for the structure, there are some general rules to follow:
How to Write a Short Technical ReportTechnical reports are required in different fields of study. For example, a research team representative can write a report describing the progress or outcomes of technical research. If you need to write a short technical report, we recommend taking 3 preparatory steps:
How to Write a Short Meeting ReportIf you want to summarize the topics discussed and the decisions made at the meeting, you need to write a meeting report. This is a great way to share data with other employees and stakeholders who didn't manage to participate in the event. When writing a meeting report, you have to:
How to Write a Short Progress ReportCompiling a progress report is an obligatory step when working on a project. It helps you figure out whether you are moving in the right direction and when you can deliver a finished product to a client. To prepare a progress report, you may write down major questions and answer them one by one as you’re writing the paper. Stick to the PPP strategy (Progress, Plans, Problems) when choosing questions:
A short progress report consists of an introduction that describes the scope of your current activity, a PPP section, and a conclusion. Every segment of your paper must be clear and straight to the point. The usage of professional jargon and technical language is justified only if you write a progress report related to a narrow-focused field. How to Write a Short Lab ReportThose participating in scientific experiments know that writing a short lab report is no less important than conducting practical tests. With the help of such a paper, you can share your findings with colleagues and people without a solid scientific background. A typical outline of a short laboratory report includes:
Short Report ExampleIf you are unsure if you’ll manage to write any type of report from scratch, you can download a short report template and use it for practice. If you plan to use a pre-made template and fill it out to save time, you have to double-check that it aligns with your topic and goal. In most cases, all ready-to-use templates require customization. In case you are pressed for time, order professional short report writing services from our experts. Our team consists of skillful and talented writers ready to help you with any writing task. They have deep knowledge in different spheres, so your report will be interesting to read. We work very quickly so you can get a finished paper in several days or even hours. Besides, our pricing policy is fair and client-oriented. Your email address will not be published / Required fields are marked * Try it now! Calculate your price Number of pages: Order an essay! Fill out the order form Make a secure payment Receive your order by email Essay paper writing Academic writing Writing about Juvenile Delinquency Crimes among minors always cause increased attention in the society. One of the reasons behind this is that the prevention of juvenile delinquency is viewed as the most important aspect of the… 27th Jul 2020 Resume services Why Does Nobody Call Me Back For A Job Interview Request Do you currently find yourself in a position of applying for multiple jobs every single day yet never seem to get a call back or interview request? Why does this happen? If you have the right skills… 4th Jun 2018 The Impact of Social Media on Society Over the past decade, we have seen the rapid development of all kinds of technology. Smartphones and other devices are taking over our lives. It was impossible to imagine an alarm clock, calculator,… 20th Jul 2020 Get your project done perfectly Professional writing service Reset password We’ve sent you an email containing a link that will allow you to reset your password for the next 24 hours. Please check your spam folder if the email doesn’t appear within a few minutes. Short ReportReport generator. Writing a report is not an easy task for anyone. There are factors that one must consider, such as the reliability of a source and the structure of the report . It’s important that a report stays informative to a reader while still being understandable. People use various types of reports to relay information, one of which would include a short report. Short Business Report Sample
Size: 78 KB Short Acknowledgement For Project ReportSize: 137 KB Technical Short ReportSize: 721 KB Short Annual ReportSize: 36 KB Short Formal Report SampleSize: 30 KB What Is a Short Report?A short report consists of significant information of a particular topic that is meant to inform a reader. A report may either be oral or written in the report form of a memo or a letter. It generally consists of a summary of the report, a brief background, a defined purpose, and a conclusion. The short report must also contain a title that defines its content. There are other form examples that contain similar parts in its structure. You may also like marketing report examples. How to Write an Outline for a Short Report?We define an outline as a brief executive summary of a given subject matter. Although a short report is a summary in itself, creating an outline will allow you to focus on what is essential for the report. To do so, identify the key points. With this, you will have to construct sentences that will define the given point without having to include sub-points. It isn’t necessary to provide a thorough explanation of such matter, all you have to do is address it briefly. You may also check out sample activity reports . With the given points, you can create a recommendation or a conclusion. This would contain your personal opinion on the main problem or the facts that may have contributed to the problem. Free Reports you can download may serve as a reference for you to write your report. Short Report ExampleSize: 41 KB Short Research Report SampleSize: 119 KB Short Evaluation ReportSize: 202 KB Short Seminar ReportHow Fast Can You Create a Short Report?A short report, from the name itself, is not meant to be lengthy. It typically consists of a maximum of two pages with the succeeding pages containing attachments that support the report. With this in mind, writing a short report won’t take a long time to create. This will solely depend on your critical level of thinking. You would need to do a thorough research on the given topic to keep yourself knowledgeable. It would also be an advantage if you prepare a draft to gather your thoughts before you create your report. With the right information, your short report can be completed in a few hours or less. What Is a Short Report in Business Communication?In business communication, a report is used to provide an free analysis example on a given situation, whether it’s based on a real incident or a case study, and apply business theories to resolve such. This allows a person to evaluate possible solutions to a problem or issue. By doing so, one’s analytical, reasoning, and evaluation skills are put to the test through the process of weighing down solutions to resolve an incident. You may also see monthly report examples & samples. It’s important to keep in mind that in a business report , there’s not exactly a single correct answer but there could be several solutions that have their own advantages and disadvantages. Text prompt
Generate a report on the impact of technology in the classroom on student learning outcomes Prepare a report analyzing the trends in student participation in sports and arts programs over the last five years at your school. Short reportShort reports are a maximum of 2000 words, up to 2 figures, up to 3 tables, up to 25 references and must include a word count in their covering letter. Short reports are suitable for the presentation of research that extends previously published research, including the reporting of additional controls and confirmatory results in other settings, as well as negative results. Short reports are also suitable for the presentation of reports on the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of PRO instruments. Authors must clearly acknowledge any work upon which they are building, both published and unpublished. The Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes strongly encourages that all datasets on which the conclusions of the paper rely should be available to readers. We encourage authors to ensure that their datasets are either deposited in publicly available repositories (where available and appropriate) or presented in the main manuscript or additional supporting files whenever possible. Please see Springer Nature’s information on recommended repositories . Double-blind peer reviewPlease note: Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes operates double-blind peer review. The following information should not be included in the main manuscript file, but should instead be uploaded as part of the covering letter: Competing interests
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Preparing your manuscriptThe title page should:
This should contain the body of the article, and may also be broken into subsections with short, informative headings. List of abbreviations If abbreviations are used in the text they should be defined in the text at first use, and a list of abbreviations should be provided. DeclarationsAll manuscripts must contain the following sections under the heading 'Declarations': Ethics approval and consent to participateConsent for publication.
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Please see below for details on the information to be included in these sections. If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the heading and write 'Not applicable' for that section. Manuscripts reporting studies involving human participants, human data or human tissue must:
Studies involving animals must include a statement on ethics approval. See our editorial policies for more information. If your manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue, please state “Not applicable” in this section. If your manuscript contains any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images or videos), consent to publish must be obtained from that person, or in the case of children, their parent or legal guardian. All presentations of case reports must have consent to publish. You can use your institutional consent form if you prefer. You should not send the form to us on submission, but we may request to see a copy at any stage (including after publication). See our editorial policies for more information on consent for publication. If your manuscript does not contain data from any individual person, please state “Not applicable” in this section. Availability of data and materialsAll manuscripts must include an ‘Availability of data and materials’ statement. Data availability statements should include information on where data supporting the results reported in the article can be found including, where applicable, hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets analysed or generated during the study. By data we mean the minimal dataset that would be necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article. We recognise it is not always possible to share research data publicly, for instance when individual privacy could be compromised, and in such instances data availability should still be stated in the manuscript along with any conditions for access. Data availability statements can take one of the following forms (or a combination of more than one if required for multiple datasets):
More examples of template data availability statements, which include examples of openly available and restricted access datasets, are available here . SpringerOpen also requires that authors cite any publicly available data on which the conclusions of the paper rely in the manuscript. Data citations should include a persistent identifier (such as a DOI) and should ideally be included in the reference list. Citations of datasets, when they appear in the reference list, should include the minimum information recommended by DataCite and follow journal style. Dataset identifiers including DOIs should be expressed as full URLs. For example: Hao Z, AghaKouchak A, Nakhjiri N, Farahmand A. Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system (GIDMaPS) data sets. figshare. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.853801 With the corresponding text in the Availability of data and materials statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [NAME] repository, [PERSISTENT WEB LINK TO DATASETS]. [Reference number] All financial and non-financial competing interests must be declared in this section. See our editorial policies for a full explanation of competing interests. If you are unsure whether you or any of your co-authors have a competing interest please contact the editorial office. Please use the authors’ initials to refer to each authors' competing interests in this section. If you do not have any competing interests, please state "The authors declare that they have no competing interests" in this section. All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared. 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Please note that individual names may not be present in the PubMed record at the time a published article is initially included in PubMed as it takes PubMed additional time to code this information. Authors' informationThis section is optional. You may choose to use this section to include any relevant information about the author(s) that may aid the reader's interpretation of the article, and understand the standpoint of the author(s). This may include details about the authors' qualifications, current positions they hold at institutions or societies, or any other relevant background information. Please refer to authors using their initials. Note this section should not be used to describe any competing interests. Footnotes should be designated within the text using a superscript number. It is not allowed to use footnotes for references/citations. Examples of the Basic Springer reference style are shown below. See our editorial policies for author guidance on good citation practice. Web links and URLs: All web links and URLs, including links to the authors' own websites, should be given a reference number and included in the reference list rather than within the text of the manuscript. They should be provided in full, including both the title of the site and the URL, as well as the date the site was accessed, in the following format: The Mouse Tumor Biology Database. http://tumor.informatics.jax.org/mtbwi/index.do . Accessed 20 May 2013. If an author or group of authors can clearly be associated with a web link, such as for weblogs, then they should be included in the reference. Example reference style: Article within a journal Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325-329. Article by DOI (with page numbers) Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med 78:74-80. doi:10.1007/s001090000086. Article by DOI (before issue publication and with page numbers) Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med. doi:10.1007/s001090000086. Article in electronic journal by DOI (no paginated version) Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig J Mol Med. doi:10.1007/s801090000086. Journal issue with issue editor Smith J (ed) (1998) Rodent genes. Mod Genomics J 14(6):126-233. Journal issue with no issue editor Mod Genomics J (1998) Rodent genes. Mod Genomics J 14(6):126-233. Book chapter, or an article within a book Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York. Complete book, authored South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London. Complete book, edited Smith J, Brown B (eds) (2001) The demise of modern genomics. Blackwell, London. Complete book, also showing a translated edition [Either edition may be listed first.] Adorno TW (1966) Negative Dialektik. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt. English edition: Adorno TW (1973) Negative Dialectics (trans: Ashton EB). Routledge, London. Chapter in a book in a series without volume titles Schmidt H (1989) Testing results. In: Hutzinger O (ed) Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 2E. Springer, Heidelberg, p 111. Chapter in a book in a series with volume titles Smith SE (1976) Neuromuscular blocking drugs in man. In: Zaimis E (ed) Neuromuscular junction. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 42. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 593-660. OnlineFirst chapter in a series (without a volume designation but with a DOI) Saito, Yukio, and Hyuga, Hiroyuki. (2007) Rate equation approaches to amplification of enantiomeric excess and chiral symmetry breaking. Topics in Current Chemistry. doi:10.1007/128_2006_108. Proceedings as a book (in a series and subseries) Zowghi D (1996) A framework for reasoning about requirements in evolution. In: Foo N, Goebel R (eds) PRICAI'96: topics in artificial intelligence. 4th Pacific Rim conference on artificial intelligence, Cairns, August 1996. Lecture notes in computer science (Lecture notes in artificial intelligence), vol 1114. Springer, Heidelberg, p 157. Article within conference proceedings with an editor (without a publisher) Aaron M (1999) The future of genomics. In: Williams H (ed) Proceedings of the genomic researchers, Boston, 1999. Article within conference proceedings without an editor (without a publisher) Chung S-T, Morris RL (1978) Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. In: Abstracts of the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4-9 June 1978. Article presented at a conference Chung S-T, Morris RL (1978) Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. Paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4-9 June 1978. Norman LO (1998) Lightning rods. US Patent 4,379,752, 9 Sept 1998. Dissertation Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California. Book with institutional author International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1966) Nomina anatomica. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. In press article Major M (2007) Recent developments. In: Jones W (ed) Surgery today. Springer, Dordrecht (in press). Online document Doe J (1999) Title of subordinate document. In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. Available via DIALOG. http://www.rsc.org/dose/title of subordinate document. Accessed 15 Jan 1999. 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Engineering Communication Program Short ReportsBusiness and industry, as well as university, often demand short technical reports. They may be proposals, progress reports, trip reports, completion reports, investigation reports, feasibility studies, or evaluation reports. As the names indicate, these reports are diverse in focus and aim, and differ in structure. However, one goal of all reports is the same: to communicate to an audience. Your audience for an academic report is already very well informed. Your professor and teaching assistants will not usually read your report in order to extract knowledge; instead, they will look for evidence that you understand the material and ideas your report presents. Your document, then, should not only convey information clearly and coherently (such as numbers, facts or equations), but should also, where appropriate, detail the logical processes you relied upon (such as interpretation, analysis, or evaluation). This document describes a general format for a short report, which you can adapt to the needs of specific assignments. Bear in mind that a format, however helpful, cannot replace clear thinking and careful planning. You still need to organize your ideas carefully and express them coherently. Be precise and concise. Typical Components
1. Title PageThe essential information here is your name, the title of the project, and the date. Be aware of any other information your instructor requires. The title of a report can be a statement of the subject. An effective title is informative but reasonably short. Ornamental or misleading titles may annoy readers. 2. Abstract or SummaryThis section states the report in miniature. It summarizes the whole report in one, concise paragraph of about 100-200 words. It might be useful to think in terms of writing one sentence to summarize each of the traditional report divisions: objective, method, discussion, conclusions. Emphasize the objective (which states the problem) and the analysis of the results (including recommendations). Avoid the temptation to copy a whole paragraph from elsewhere in your report and make it do double duty. Since the abstract condenses and emphasizes the most important elements of the whole report, you cannot write it until after you have completed the report. Remember, the abstract should be a precise and specific summary — give details. A technical document is not a mystery novel — give your conclusion right away. Support it later. This report considers three energy sources and recommends the best one. (Too general) This report compares nuclear plants, fossil fuels, and solar generators, in order to determine which energy source will best meet the nation’s needs. The criteria for comparison were the economic, social, and environmental effects of each alternative. The study concludes that nuclear energy is the best of these options, because North America is not self-sufficient in fossil fuels, and solar power is currently too unreliable for industrial use. Although nuclear plants are potentially very dangerous, nuclear energy is still the best short-term solution. (Specific & detailed) 3. Introduction3.1. Whereas the abstract summarizes the whole report, the introduction of a technical report identifies the subject, the purpose (or objective), and the plan of development of the report. The subject is the “what”, the purpose is the “why”, and the plan is the “how.” Together these acquaint the reader with the problem you are setting out to solve. 3.2 . State the subject and purpose as clearly and concisely as possible, usually in one sentence called the thesis or purpose statement: This report describes the design of a full-scale prototype shrimp trawl that would permit a test of the commercial feasibility of electric trawling during daylight. 3.3. Use the introduction to provide the reader with any background information which the reader will need before you can launch into the body of your paper. You may have to define the terms used in stating the subject and provide background such as theory or history of the subject. For example, the purpose statement quoted above might warrant some explanation of daylight trawling or even of the commercial shrimp industry. Avoid the tendency to use the introduction merely to fill space with sweeping statements that are unrelated to the specific purpose of your report (“Throughout the ages, human beings have looked up at the stars and wondered about [your topic here].”). 4. BackgroundIf the introduction requires a large amount of supporting information, such as a review of literature or a description of a process, then the background material should form its own section. This section may include a review of previous research, or formulas the reader needs to understand the problem. In an academic report, it is also the point where you can show your comprehension of the problem. 5. Discussion5.1. This section is the most important part of your report. It takes many forms and may have subheadings of its own. Its basic components are methods, findings (or results), and evaluation (or analysis). In a progress report, the methods and findings may dominate; a final report should emphasize evaluation. Most academic assignments should also focus on your evaluation of the subject. 5.2. Before you begin writing, ask the journalist’s questions: who? when? where? what? why? how? The last three in particular will help you focus analysis. Beyond asking these simple questions, you also need to make decisions such as: How do you interpret the data? What is the significance of your findings? 6. ConclusionWhat knowledge comes out of the report? As you draw a conclusion, you need to explain it in terms of the preceding discussion. Some repetition of the most important ideas you presented there is expected, but you should avoid copying. 7. RecommendationsWhat actions does the report call for? The recommendations should be clearly connected to the results of the rest of the report. You may need to make those connections explicit at this point–your reader should not have to guess at what you mean. This section may also include plans for how further research should proceed. In professional writing, this section often comes immediately after the introduction. 8. Attachments8.1. These will include references and may include appendices. Any research that you refer to in the report must also appear in a list of references at the end of the work so that an interested reader can follow up your work. Since the format for references varies across engineering, consult your instructor, or check a style manual for the field. 8.2. Appendices may include raw data, calculations, graphs, and other quantitative materials that were part of the research, but would be distracting to the report itself. Refer to each appendix at the appropriate point (or points) in your report. In industry, a company profile and profile of the professionals involved in a project might also appear as appendices. Sources for This DocumentThis document was compiled from the following sources: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Writing Centre, Handouts; Cecilia Mavrow, Writing in Engineering; Sharon J. Gerson and Steven M. Gerson, Technical Writing: Process and Product. © 2024 Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering
You're reading a free article with opinions that may differ from The Motley Fool's Premium Investing Services. Become a Motley Fool member today to get instant access to our top analyst recommendations, in-depth research, investing resources, and more. Learn More How Concerned Should Super Micro Computer Investors Be About Hindenburg's Short Report?
NASDAQ: SMCISuper micro computer. Is the tech stock headed lower, or could this sell-off create a great buying opportunity for investors? Super Micro Computer ( SMCI 7.92% ) , also known as Supermicro, is in a tailspin. Hindenburg Research recently released a short-seller report about the tech company, alleging that it is once again involved in manipulating its numbers. That has put investors into panic mode. Supermicro's shares have been down more than 30% in the past month. Investors were already starting to grow concerned about artificial intelligence (AI) stocks such as Supermicro becoming too expensive, and now there are worries about the overall business itself, including its internal controls and how legitimate its numbers are. Does this short-seller report raise flags about Supermicro that should keep you away from the stock, or could its reduced price simply make now a good time to take a contrarian position in the company? Hindenburg alleges accounting manipulationAccording to the Hindenburg report, after interviewing ex-employees and industry experts and reviewing documents, the research firm believes there are "glaring accounting red flags" suggesting that revenue may be overstated and internal controls may not have been followed. Hindenburg says the people involved in an accounting issue that took place years ago are still involved with the business today. In 2020, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged Supermicro and then CFO Howard Hideshima with understating expenses and recognizing revenue too aggressively from its 2015 to 2017 fiscal years. The fine was $17.5 million. And in 2018, the stock was also temporarily delisted for not filing its financial statements on time. What should investors make of the report?Short-seller reports are often biased and can contain incomplete and one-sided information. A few things about this one stand out to me. For starters, the ex-employees interviewed for the report seem to primarily be sales reps and directors, who would presumably be unfamiliar with accounting policies and controls. And in any business, there will always be pressure to push as much through as possible at the quarter's end to help meet targets, which the report alleges. Supermicro's current CFO, David Weigand, took on the role in 2021 and has been with the company only since 2018, having previously worked at Hewlett Packard Enterprise . CFO is the company's most important accounting role, and Supermicro changed that position because it got into trouble with the SEC. The Hindenburg report tries to suggest that Weigand has looser oversight and internal controls than predecessor Kevin Bauer, who left the company after helping it relist and resolve its financial problems. But that's speculative at best. With a different CFO at the helm, there's no reason to suggest that the company is applying the same accounting practices and policies that previously raised concerns. As with any short-seller report, investors shouldn't give it too much importance or allow it to influence their decision-making without substantiated evidence. Supermicro's business has been booming, and demand for its AI servers and infrastructure is skyrocketing. The company is coming off a strong fiscal year for the period ending June 30, in which net sales of $14.9 billion more than doubled the previous year's tally of $7.1 billion. Net income of $1.2 billion also jumped significantly from $640 million a year ago. With such solid numbers and demand for its products, Supermicro doesn't strike me as a business that needs a whole lot of help at the quarter's end or year's end to boost its numbers. Should you buy Supermicro stock?A short-seller report can be scary, but investors must take it with a grain of salt. The information could come from disgruntled ex-employees or those unfamiliar with the matters at hand. There's nothing from Hindenburg's short-seller report that makes me think Supermicro's business is in serious trouble, as it seems to refer heavily to trouble the company got into before its new CFO took over. This could be a good time for investors to take advantage of the potentially irrational fear surrounding Supermicro stock. At a price that's 13 times its estimated future profits (based on analyst estimates), the tech stock could prove to be a steal of a deal. David Jagielski has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy . Related ArticlesPremium Investing ServicesInvest better with The Motley Fool. Get stock recommendations, portfolio guidance, and more from The Motley Fool's premium services. Short reportShort reports are suitable for the presentation of research that extends previously published research, including the reporting of additional controls and confirmatory results in other settings, as well as negative results. Authors must clearly acknowledge any work upon which they are building, both published and unpublished. Short reports should be no longer than 2500 words*. Implementation Science strongly encourages that all datasets on which the conclusions of the paper rely should be available to readers. We encourage authors to ensure that their datasets are either deposited in publicly available repositories (where available and appropriate) or presented in the main manuscript or additional supporting files whenever possible. Please see Springer Nature’s information on recommended repositories . We are advocates for theoretically informed research. When deploying specific theories and frameworks in studies the rationale for use needs to be convincingly presented. 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Using these guidelines in writing the report, completing the checklist, and constructing a flow diagram are likely to optimize the quality of reporting and make the peer review process more efficient. Preparing your manuscriptThe information below details the section headings that you should include in your manuscript and what information should be within each section. Please note that your manuscript must include a 'Declarations' section including all of the subheadings (please see below for more information). The title page should:
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More examples of template data availability statements, which include examples of openly available and restricted access datasets, are available here . BioMed Central strongly encourages the citation of any publicly available data on which the conclusions of the paper rely in the manuscript. Data citations should include a persistent identifier (such as a DOI) and should ideally be included in the reference list. Citations of datasets, when they appear in the reference list, should include the minimum information recommended by DataCite and follow journal style. Dataset identifiers including DOIs should be expressed as full URLs. For example: Hao Z, AghaKouchak A, Nakhjiri N, Farahmand A. Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system (GIDMaPS) data sets. figshare. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.853801 With the corresponding text in the Availability of data and materials statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [NAME] repository, [PERSISTENT WEB LINK TO DATASETS]. [Reference number] If you wish to co-submit a data note describing your data to be published in BMC Research Notes , you can do so by visiting our submission portal . Data notes support open data and help authors to comply with funder policies on data sharing. Co-published data notes will be linked to the research article the data support ( example ). All financial and non-financial competing interests must be declared in this section. See our editorial policies for a full explanation of competing interests. If you are unsure whether you or any of your co-authors have a competing interest please contact the editorial office. Please use the authors initials to refer to each authors' competing interests in this section. If you do not have any competing interests, please state "The authors declare that they have no competing interests" in this section. All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared. If the funder has a specific role in the conceptualization, design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript, this should be declared. The individual contributions of authors to the manuscript should be specified in this section. Guidance and criteria for authorship can be found in our editorial policies . Please use initials to refer to each author's contribution in this section, for example: "FC analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding the hematological disease and the transplant. RH performed the histological examination of the kidney, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript." Please acknowledge anyone who contributed towards the article who does not meet the criteria for authorship including anyone who provided professional writing services or materials. Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgements section. See our editorial policies for a full explanation of acknowledgements and authorship criteria. If you do not have anyone to acknowledge, please write "Not applicable" in this section. 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Article within a journal (no page numbers) Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jakobsen MU, Egeberg R, Tjønneland A, et al. Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Medicine. 2013;11:63. Article within a journal by DOI Slifka MK, Whitton JL. Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig J Mol Med. 2000; doi:10.1007/s801090000086. Article within a journal supplement Frumin AM, Nussbaum J, Esposito M. Functional asplenia: demonstration of splenic activity by bone marrow scan. Blood 1979;59 Suppl 1:26-32. Book chapter, or an article within a book Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR. Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. In: Bourne GH, Danielli JF, Jeon KW, editors. International review of cytology. London: Academic; 1980. p. 251-306. OnlineFirst chapter in a series (without a volume designation but with a DOI) Saito Y, Hyuga H. Rate equation approaches to amplification of enantiomeric excess and chiral symmetry breaking. Top Curr Chem. 2007. doi:10.1007/128_2006_108. Complete book, authored Blenkinsopp A, Paxton P. Symptoms in the pharmacy: a guide to the management of common illness. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998. Online document Doe J. Title of subordinate document. In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1999. http://www.rsc.org/dose/title of subordinate document. Accessed 15 Jan 1999. Online database Healthwise Knowledgebase. US Pharmacopeia, Rockville. 1998. http://www.healthwise.org. Accessed 21 Sept 1998. Supplementary material/private homepage Doe J. Title of supplementary material. 2000. http://www.privatehomepage.com. Accessed 22 Feb 2000. University site Doe, J: Title of preprint. http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/mydata.html (1999). Accessed 25 Dec 1999. Doe, J: Trivial HTTP, RFC2169. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2169.txt (1999). Accessed 12 Nov 1999. 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What is Public Mental Health?PMH aims to identify and address the psychological, biological, and sociological factors that influence mental health. Morgan Coulson Treating an individual with a mental health disorder typically requires some combination of medication, psychotherapy, and social supports. But how do you address the societal factors that may have contributed to the disorder? Or prevent mental disorders within a population in the first place? Public mental health (PMH) seeks to answer questions like these by taking a broad, holistic approach to understanding, treating, and preventing mental and behavioral health in populations, says Lindsey Webb , PhD ’20, MHS ’16, assistant research professor in Mental Health . Public mental health (PMH) encompasses more than diagnosed mental health disorders. PMH researchers and professionals look at more than mental health disorders like anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression, Webb says. “We study so many different areas of mental health and well-being”—including workplace mental health , global mental health , violence , substance use , aging , school-based mental health interventions , autism , and more. Topics in public mental health also span the life course, from prenatal development through later life. “Being able to meet people where they are, and to address their needs at the different levels of prevention is really key in public mental health,” Webb says. It’s not the same as clinical care. While some PMH professionals have clinical backgrounds and training, “we don't necessarily do treatments ourselves,” says Webb. “But we do partner with clinicians to address public health issues.” In a clinical setting, “you might be looking at the effectiveness of an individualized treatment or medication and handling an existing mental health disorder, like depression or anxiety,” she says. PMH, on the other hand, examines factors that might be playing into the development of the disorder, such as “family and neighborhood and schools … as well as policies or access to services or resources.” PMH researchers then develop interventions to address those factors to be able to prevent the development of those disorders, while other PMH may work with policymakers to ensure that these interventions, in the form of mental health programs and services, are funded and accessible. Webb and her colleagues work on a lot of school-based interventions, for example. “We might implement a school-based program that's given to all students, regardless of whether or not they have symptoms, to be able to provide extra resources,” she says, so students can avoid mental health issues later in life. Everything from identifying the problems to developing and delivering the programming is an aspect of public mental health. PMH interventions can have lasting—and even generational—effects. Webb cites as an example the Good Behavior Game (GBG)—a school-based intervention first implemented with first graders in the 1980s. The GBG is a behavior management approach for classrooms that rewards children for appropriate on-task behaviors during instructional times. Researchers found it not only to be highly effective at reducing aggression in the short term, but also to have much longer-term impacts as the children moved into adulthood. "When they were in their 20s, [researchers] saw positive effects on violent behavior, substance use, and a host of other mental and behavioral health outcomes,” Webb says. Today, studies are being conducted on the original participants’ children, to see if the GBG’s impacts have been passed on. PMH is a constant, ongoing effort. PMH researchers and practitioners conduct surveys and monitor population trends in mental and behavioral health—such as increases in certain diagnoses or upticks in violence—and pinpoint where issues are arising, what populations they are affecting, and how they need to be addressed. “With COVID, for example, we saw a lot of worsening mental health among everyone, but particularly among young people— suicide rates increased ,” Webb says, “And there was also a shift in substance use over that time.” Public mental health professionals are everywhere. Many mental health professionals work in academic settings, but can also be found in research institutions like RTI International and ChildTrends , or government institutions like NIH and SAMHSA. They also work with policymakers, or at the community level in local health departments and nonprofits. “They work everywhere, because public mental health is part of public health,” says Webb. “Anywhere that public health professionals are working, public mental health professionals are.” PMH emphasizes equity. Mental health is still stigmatized in many different populations and can prevent people from accessing preventive or intervention or service, says Webb. Another barrier is costs—of health insurance coverage or of implementing prevention programming. Transportation can also be an obstacle, if people live in more rural areas. PMH works to dismantle these barriers by developing interventions that can reach vulnerable populations. For example, a PMH approach called CETA trains people without specialized mental health training to provide counseling to people in crisis. And PMH professionals advocate for policies at all levels of government to make prevention and intervention accessible. What does public mental health look like in the field? Webb is currently involved in several research endeavors, including Resilience in a Stressful Era (RISE) Baltimore. The project is following a cohort of young people who live in Baltimore City over the course of four years using surveys and interviews with them and their parents to understand how different race-related stressors and traumas impact their mental health and well-being over time. Webb has also been studying how police violence and interactions impact the mental health and well-being of young people, both in Baltimore and in rural West Virginia. “A lot of this type of work has been done in urban settings, so we have a really good understanding of what's going on there,” Webb says. “But not so much about what policing of young people looks like in more rural settings, and how that might have different impacts.” Morgan Coulson is an editorial associate in the Office of External Affairs at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. RELATED:
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Read Our Research On: Support for a U.S. TikTok ban continues to decline, and half of adults doubt it will happenAs public support for a TikTok ban continues to decline, many U.S. adults are skeptical or unsure such a ban will happen, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted July 15-Aug. 4, 2024. The share of Americans who support the U.S. government banning TikTok now stands at 32%. That’s down from 38% in fall 2023 and 50% in March 2023. Meanwhile, 28% of Americans oppose a ban, up from 22% in March 2023. And the share who say they are uncertain whether the government should ban the platform has risen from 28% in March 2023 to 39% now. These findings come as TikTok’s fate in the United States continues to be uncertain. President Joe Biden signed a bill in April that requires ByteDance, the Chinese company that owns TikTok, to sell it or face a ban in the U.S. Challenges to this law are now headed to the courts . Below we’ll look more closely at:
Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand Americans’ views about a potential TikTok ban in the United States. For this analysis, we surveyed 10,658 adults from July 15 to Aug. 4, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), a group of people recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses who have agreed to take surveys regularly. This kind of recruitment gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection. Surveys were conducted either online or by telephone with a live interviewer. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other factors. Read more about the ATP’s methodology . Here are the questions used for this analysis , the topline and the survey methodology . Views of a TikTok ban by political partyEven amid the decline in support for banning TikTok, views remain divided by political party. Republicans and Republican-leaning independents are far more likely than Democrats and Democratic leaners to support a ban (42% vs. 24%). Still, support for a ban has dropped substantially within each party. In March 2023, 60% of Republicans and 43% of Democrats said they supported the government banning TikTok. The partisan differences that persist today are also present in other questions we’ve asked about TikTok. For example, a May 2023 Center survey found that Republicans were more likely than Democrats to view TikTok as a national security threat . Views of a ban by use of TikTokWith U.S. adults’ use of TikTok on the rise , we’ve also been tracking how views of a ban differ depending on whether people use the platform. As was true in previous surveys, attitudes vary dramatically:
Support for a ban has decreased within both groups between March 2023 and now. Among U.S. adults who don’t use TikTok, support has fallen sharply, from 60% in March 2023 to 42%. And among users, it’s fallen from 19% to 10% over that period. At the same time, those who don’t use TikTok have become more uncertain about a ban. Do Americans think a TikTok ban will happen?For the first time, we measured public views on the likelihood of TikTok getting banned in the U.S. Americans are more likely to believe this will not happen than to think it will. Half of Americans think it’s very or somewhat unlikely that TikTok will be banned in the U.S. By contrast, 31% say a ban is at least somewhat likely, including 6% who believe it is very likely. Another 19% say they are unsure whether TikTok will be banned. Views by political party Even as Republicans are more likely to support a ban, they’re just as likely as Democrats to doubt it will happen. About half of adults in each party say a ban is very or somewhat unlikely, while roughly three-in-ten say it’s very or somewhat likely. Views by use of TikTok There are only modest differences based on whether people use the platform. While 54% of U.S. adult TikTok users say it’s unlikely that the platform will be banned, 48% of nonusers say the same. Views by attitudes toward a ban Similar shares of Americans who support and who oppose a ban think it is unlikely to happen. In both groups, people are more skeptical than not:
Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis , the topline and the survey methodology .
Colleen McClain is a senior researcher focusing on internet and technology research at Pew Research Center . Wyatt Dawson is a research associate focusing on internet and technology research at Pew Research Center . About half of TikTok users under 30 say they use it to keep up with politics, newsHow americans navigate politics on tiktok, x, facebook and instagram, how americans get news on tiktok, x, facebook and instagram, 6 facts about americans and tiktok, whatsapp and facebook dominate the social media landscape in middle-income nations, most popular. 901 E St. NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20004 USA (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries Research Topics
ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan, nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, computational social science research and other data-driven research. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts , its primary funder. © 2024 Pew Research Center Hundreds of veterans pledge their brains for blast exposure research after ABC reportTopic: Defence Forces Repatriation Commissioner Kahlil Fegan has promised his brain to the Australian Veterans Brain Bank. ( Supplied: Department of Veterans Affairs ) More than 200 current and former service personnel have pledged their brains to the Australian Veterans Brain Bank following the ABC's reporting on blast exposure. The ABC reported growing evidence of a link between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) associated with blast exposure and poor mental health and suicide. What's next?Veterans are urging more to join the pledge to shed more light on the impact of blast exposure on the brain. One of Australia's most decorated and longest serving military commanders has revealed he will donate his brain to research, as the Australian Defence Force grapples with the impact of blast exposure on soldiers' cognitive health. In the past two weeks, more than 200 current and former service personnel have pledged their brains to the Australian Veterans Brain Bank (AVBB), after the ABC reported growing evidence of a link between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) associated with blast exposure and poor mental health and suicide . Repatriation Commissioner Khalil Fegan, who served in the military for 34 years and led troops in Afghanistan and Iraq, was among the first to sign up to the AVBB when it opened last year. During his service he was routinely exposed to thousands of blasts from heavy weaponry and explosions, but said he never considered the impact it may have had on his brain. "I wasn't thinking about any potential damage that exposure to blast was doing at all. It was just something that I wasn't attuned to," he said. "At the time, if I fired 500 rounds in a day, I'd go home disappointed I didn't fire 1,000, and it was just something that I just wouldn't have considered. Kahlil Fegan says during his decades long career, the operational environment evolved, and training with heavy artillery ramped up for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. ( ABC News: Department of Defence ) "There clearly needs to be more research in this area to understand why there could be cognitive decline in some veterans." For Mr Fegan, it's a deeply personal issue. He watched his father, a Vietnam veteran, rapidly deteriorate from younger onset dementia. "We went from having an immensely intelligent, engaged father to someone who couldn't string two words together and died a shadow of a man," he said. "We don't know if dad died as a result of something that was hereditary, or something that was naturally acquired, or something that is attributed to his service … we just don't know. "We didn't know about the veteran brain bank … when he passed away, so we'll probably never know whether there was an underlying physical injury. "It's just so evident that more work needs to be done in this space." Veterans brain bank experiences surge in donationsResearchers are still learning about how blast exposure impacts the brain and it is only when the brain is dissected after death that they can see the microscopic damage. Dozens of veterans told an ABC investigation last month they had experienced symptoms including short-term memory loss, headaches, depression, tinnitus, hearing loss and uncharacteristic sudden bursts of rage which they attributed to their repeated exposure to blast overpressure. Researchers analysing hundreds of veterans' brains in the US have found new kinds of scarring on the surface of the brain linked to repeated blast exposure, causing a constellation of symptoms. Established last year, the AVBB only has one brain to study so far. "The pathologies that we're looking at predominantly are occurring at that microscopic level," director and neuropathologist Dr Michael Buckland said. "While a scan can give you an overall indication of brain health, or if the brain is shrinking, or if you had a stroke or a bleed into the brain, if you want to dissect the exact type of degenerative brain disease that someone might be suffering from, that still very heavily relies on examination under the microscope." The number of future/prospective donors has risen from 100 to 300 in the past fortnight after ex-special forces commando Paul Dunbavin spoke publicly about his struggles with memory loss linked to mTBI. "Remarkably, 200 of those people have signed up in the last week or so since the 7.30 report went to air," he said. Luke, not his real name, served alongside Mr Dunbavin in the special forces. When he saw his friend speaking about his struggles, he signed up too. He said throughout his 16-year military career he was exposed to thousands of blasts — in training and in the field as a breacher with the special forces. In Afghanistan, he spent his time busting into Taliban-run heroin labs. "We would never go through the door, because there were always IEDs [improvised explosive devices], we would always go through the wall," he said. "We would set charges on the wall and blow through the wall [and then] we'd go in, there'd be heroin presses, barrels full of chemicals, and then we'd set our charges and destroy those heroin labs so they couldn't be used for the production of heroin, which funded the Taliban." Towards the end of his military career, when he was supervising demolition practice in Australia, he started to notice the same symptoms his mate had spoken about. "I was having headaches that were just completely incapacitating and my memory was very bad," he said. "I would walk into a shop to buy something, I'd buy something else, go home and realise I didn't get what I'd actually gone to buy. "My recall was very, very poor for basic things. I could still remember detailed things from years ago, but then my short-term memory was just atrocious." There would be nights when his headaches were so bad he opted to sleep at work, because driving home was too much to bear. "I didn't feel confident to drive so that was pretty much when I said, 'okay, there's something not quite right here'," he said. By that time, Luke said he was deemed unfit for deployment. He left the military and got some medical attention. He ended up being part of a University of Queensland study, which was looking into mild traumatic brain injuries and PTSD. "I went up there and spoke to some really lovely people who put me to MRI machines, basically got me solving puzzles while tracking my brain chemistry and what happens and when I got out of that, they basically said, 'yeah, you have a traumatic brain injury and things aren't working'," he said. Call for ADF to reconsider safe blast exposure levelsLast month the US deputy defense secretary issued a memo acknowledging personnel were experiencing "possible adverse effects on brain health and cognitive performance" from exposure to blast overpressure (BOP). Repatriation Commissioner Khalil Feegan said it was time the ADF reconsidered what level of blast troops were exposed to. "Based on what we now suspect, I think it's worth revisiting the protections and mitigations we've got in place," he said. "Based on what we understood at the time, we mitigated to the best of our abilities, through the wearing of hearing protection and other protective measures. Researchers at the Veteran's Brain Bank dissect the brain and examine it under the microscope to see details that cannot be picked up by scans. ( ABC News: Elise Worthington ) "But now if there is a suspicion, then we need to reconsider, to ensure that we're protecting our people as best as possible, but still training to be able to do the government's bidding on operations when we're called upon to do so." The ADF previously told the ABC it was doing research and trials relating to blast exposure and was taking a "precautionary approach". It said internal guidance was updated last year to include measures to minimise exposure to repeated low-level blast overpressure where possible. "Existing work, health and safety systems are employed to manage and minimise exposure to repeated low-level blast exposure" an ADF spokesperson said. The Royal Commission into Defence and Veteran Suicide is due to hand down its final report on Monday. In his closing statement, commissioner James Douglas, KC, said it would recommend the establishment of an independent permanent body to "not only monitor the implementation of our recommendations, but also to keep a close eye on the problem [of suicide] as a whole". "One issue that's been canvassed in the press recently is about traumatic brain injury. We've had evidence about that, but that's an area of continuing inquiry, and it may well cast different light on the issues we've examined into the future," he said. More than 300 people have now pledged to donate their brains. ( ABC News: Elise Worthington ) Former Special Forces commando Luke is closely watching the ADF's next moves and tracking the emerging research into mTBI. He has cut back on drinking, watches his diet and said it's his family and connection to the community that has kept him alive. "I think we as a society, particularly the government and military, have a responsibility to take steps to ensure that people are happy and healthy post service," he said. "We have a responsibility to make sure we look after people." Khalil Feegan wants to see more veterans sign up too. "This pledge won't change anything for you after you've donated your brain, but it might be absolutely fundamentally life changing for a future generation of veterans," he said. "And so I really, I really encourage veterans to continue to do it." |
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Short Research Report Definition. A research report is a type of document that gives you an outline of the processes, data and findings based on an investigation. It is considered as a first-hand account in research that needs to be properly written, objective and accurate.
Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master's or Doctoral degree, although it can also ...
Short reports are suitable for the presentation of research that extends previously published research, including the reporting of additional controls and confirmatory results in other settings, as well as negative results, small-scale clinical studies, clinical audits and case series. Authors must clearly acknowledge any work upon which they ...
A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.
Research reports are recorded data prepared by researchers or statisticians after analyzing the information gathered by conducting organized research, typically in the form of surveys or qualitative methods. A research report is a reliable source to recount details about a conducted research. It is most often considered to be a true testimony ...
1 Choose a topic based on the assignment. Before you start writing, you need to pick the topic of your report. Often, the topic is assigned for you, as with most business reports, or predetermined by the nature of your work, as with scientific reports. If that's the case, you can ignore this step and move on.
Here is the basic format scientists have designed for research reports: Introduction; Methods and Materials; ... This should be a short paragraph, generally just a few lines, that describes the results you obtained from your experiment. In a relatively simple experiment, one that doesn't produce a lot of data for you to repeat, the text can ...
The basics on report writing for university. What's in this guide. Report writing. Presentation of reports. Steps in writing a report. Types of reports / short reports. Long reports. Science reports. Business reports.
Writing a Research Report: Presentation. Tables, Diagrams, Photos, and Maps. -Use when relevant and refer to them in the text. -Redraw diagrams rather than copying them directly. -Place at appropriate points in the text. -Select the most appropriate device. -List in contents at beginning of the report.
Abstract. This guide for writers of research reports consists of practical suggestions for writing a report that is clear, concise, readable, and understandable. It includes suggestions for terminology and notation and for writing each section of the report—introduction, method, results, and discussion. Much of the guide consists of ...
Jerz > Writing > Academic > Research Papers [ Title | Thesis | Blueprint | Quoting | Citing | MLA Format ]. This document focuses on the kind of short, narrowly-focused research papers that might be the final project in a freshman writing class or 200-level literature survey course. In high school, you probably wrote a lot of personal essays (where your goal was to demonstrate you were engaged ...
1/ Title Page: The title page is the first page of the report and contains essential information about the report, such as the title, the name of the author or authors, and any other relevant identification details. The title should be clear and concise, reflecting the main focus of the report. 2/ Table of Contents (optional): For longer short ...
Original Research: This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies.
Long reports and short reports are two types of written documents used in business and academic settings. The main difference between the two lies in their length and level of detail. Long reports are typically more extensive and comprehensive, providing in-depth analysis and research on a particular topic. They often include multiple sections ...
A research report is a means of conveying the research study to a specific target audience. The following precautions should be taken while preparing a research report: Its hould belong enough to cover the subject and short enough to preserve interest.
What Is a Short Research Report? A Research Report is a written document that presents study findings in a methodical, clear, and organized manner. Formal inquiries of the characteristics, behavior, structures, and principles of material and conceptual things are presented in research reports.
Author Guide. Write a Short Report. ASRT journal short reports contribute to the body of knowledge in your field and are a good way to share your experiences with others. These articles are reviewed by at least one R.T., but do not undergo the full peer-review process. Short reports may be technical or somewhat casual and can include tables ...
A short report is a written communication on a particular topic. It may be created: In the form of a memo (written within a company or department) As a letter (if you need to reach out to people outside your organization). In most cases, a one-page report is enough to spread information among people as efficiently as possible.
A short report consists of significant information of a particular topic that is meant to inform a reader. A report may either be oral or written in the report form of a memo or a letter. It generally consists of a summary of the report, a brief background, a defined purpose, and a conclusion. The short report must also contain a title that ...
Criteria. Short reports are a maximum of 2000 words, up to 2 figures, up to 3 tables, up to 25 references and must include a word count in their covering letter. Short reports are suitable for the presentation of research that extends previously published research, including the reporting of additional controls and confirmatory results in other ...
Short Reports. Business and industry, as well as university, often demand short technical reports. They may be proposals, progress reports, trip reports, completion reports, investigation reports, feasibility studies, or evaluation reports. As the names indicate, these reports are diverse in focus and aim, and differ in structure.
(For more about how public opinion polling works, including a chapter on election polls, read our short online course on public opinion polling basics.) All good polling relies on statistical adjustment called "weighting," which makes sure that the survey sample aligns with the broader population on key characteristics.
The short report First, let's consider Hindenburg Research's position. The firm was short Supermicro stock when it issued its report, meaning it would benefit from declines in the stock.
Hindenburg Research is a notable short-seller and it recently released a scathing report on Super Micro Computer. (Short-sellers make money when a stock falls, so investors reading their reports ...
ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan, nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, computational social science research and other data-driven research.
Super Micro Computer (SMCI 0.01%), also known as Supermicro, is in a tailspin.Hindenburg Research recently released a short-seller report about the tech company, alleging that it is once again ...
Criteria. Short reports are suitable for the presentation of research that extends previously published research, including the reporting of additional controls and confirmatory results in other settings, as well as negative results. Authors must clearly acknowledge any work upon which they are building, both published and unpublished.
Researchers found it not only to be highly effective at reducing aggression in the short term, but also to have much longer-term impacts as the children moved into adulthood. "When they were in their 20s, [researchers] saw positive effects on violent behavior, substance use, and a host of other mental and behavioral health outcomes," Webb ...
ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan, nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, computational social science research and other data-driven research.
In short: More than 200 current and former service personnel have pledged their brains to the Australian Veterans Brain Bank following the ABC's reporting on blast exposure.