Now that you know some of the reported speech rules about backshift, let’s learn some exceptions.
There are two situations in which we do NOT need to change the verb tense.
For example, if someone says “I have three children” (direct speech) then we would say “He said he has three children” because the situation continues to be true.
If I tell you “I live in the United States” (direct speech) then you could tell someone else “She said she lives in the United States” (that’s reported speech) because it is still true.
When the situation is still true, then we don’t need to backshift the verb.
But when the situation is NOT still true, then we DO need to backshift the verb.
Imagine your friend says, “I have a headache.”
We also don’t need to backshift to the verb when somebody said something about the future, and the event is still in the future.
Here’s an example:
Let’s look at a different situation:
Quick review:
Those were the rules for reported statements, just regular sentences.
What about reported speech for questions, requests, and orders?
For reported requests, we use “asked (someone) to do something”:
For reported orders, we use “told (someone) to do something:”
The main verb stays in the infinitive with “to”:
For yes/no questions, we use “asked if” and “wanted to know if” in reported speech.
The main verb changes and back shifts according to the rules and exceptions we learned earlier.
Notice that we don’t use do/does/did in the reported question:
For other questions that are not yes/no questions, we use asked/wanted to know (without “if”):
Again, notice that we don’t use do/does/did in reported questions:
Also, in questions with the verb “to be,” the word order changes in the reported question:
Learn more about reported speech:
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I’ve got one last little exercise for you, and that is to write sentences using reported speech. Think about a conversation you’ve had in the past, and write about it – let’s see you put this into practice right away.
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They say gossip is a natural part of human life. That’s why language has evolved to develop grammatical rules about the “he said” and “she said” statements. We call them reported speech.
Every time we use reported speech in English, we are talking about something said by someone else in the past. Thinking about it brings me back to high school, when reported speech was the main form of language!
Learn all about the definition, rules, and examples of reported speech as I go over everything. I also included a worksheet at the end of the article so you can test your knowledge of the topic.
Reported speech is a term we use when telling someone what another person said. You can do this while speaking or writing.
There are two kinds of reported speech you can use: direct speech and indirect speech. I’ll break each down for you.
A direct speech sentence mentions the exact words the other person said. For example:
Indirect speech changes the original speaker’s words. For example:
When we tell someone what another individual said, we use reporting verbs like told, asked, convinced, persuaded, and said. We also change the first-person figure in the quotation into the third-person speaker.
We usually talk about the past every time we use reported speech. That’s because the time of speaking is already done. For example:
Indirect speech: The employer asked me if I had experience with people in the corporate setting.
Indirect speech: I told James that I was working on my thesis.
A speech report has two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. Read the example below:
The reporting clause here is William said. Meanwhile, the reported clause is the 2nd clause, which is I need your help.
Aside from direct and indirect, reported speech can also be divided into four. The four types of reported speech are similar to the kinds of sentences: imperative, interrogative, exclamatory, and declarative.
The rules for reported speech can be complex. But with enough practice, you’ll be able to master them all.
The most common conjunction in reported speech is that. You can say, “My aunt says she’s outside,” or “My aunt says that she’s outside.”
Use if when you’re reporting a yes-no question. For example:
Indirect speech: She asked if she was coming with them.
Change the reporting verb into its past form if the statement is irrelevant now. Remember that some of these words are irregular verbs, meaning they don’t follow the typical -d or -ed pattern. For example:
Reported speech: She said she disliked fried chicken.
Note how the main verb in the reported statement is also in the past tense verb form.
Use the simple present tense in your indirect speech if the initial words remain relevant at the time of reporting. This verb tense also works if the report is something someone would repeat. For example:
This rule proves that the choice of verb tense is not a black-and-white question. The reporter needs to analyze the context of the action.
Move the tense backward when the reporting verb is in the past tense. That means:
Here are some examples:
He said that the singers had left the building. (past perfect)
If the original speaker is discussing the future, change the tense of the reporting verb into the past form. There’ll also be a change in the auxiliary verbs.
For example:
Indirect speech: She said that she would be there in a moment.
Do not change the verb tenses in indirect speech when the sentence has a time clause. This rule applies when the introductory verb is in the future, present, and present perfect. Here are other conditions where you must not change the tense:
Changing the place and time adverb when using indirect speech is essential. For example, now becomes then and today becomes that day. Here are more transformations in adverbs of time and places.
Here are some examples.
Indirect speech: He said he was baking cookies then.
Indirect speech: She said Myra went there the day before.
Indirect speech: She said she would go to the market the next day.
If the direct speech contains a modal verb, make sure to change them accordingly.
Indirect speech: He asked if he would come to the ball with me.
Indirect speech: He said Gina could inspect the room the next day because she’s free.
However, sometimes, the modal verb should does not change grammatically. For example:
Indirect speech: She said that he should go to the park.
To change an imperative sentence into a reported indirect sentence, use to for imperative and not to for negative sentences. Never use the word that in your indirect speech. Another rule is to remove the word please . Instead, say request or say. For example:
The host requested them not to interrupt the event.
When reporting a direct question, I would use verbs like inquire, wonder, ask, etc. Remember that we don’t use a question mark or exclamation mark for reports of questions. Below is an example I made of how to change question forms.
Correct: He asked me where I live.
Here’s another example. The first sentence uses direct speech in a present simple question form, while the second is the reported speech.
She asked me where I live.
My guide has shown you an explanation of reported statements in English. Do you have a better grasp on how to use it now?
Reported speech refers to something that someone else said. It contains a subject, reporting verb, and a reported cause.
Don’t forget my rules for using reported speech. Practice the correct verb tense, modal verbs, time expressions, and place references.
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EnglishPost.org
Reported speech (Indirect Speech) is how we represent the speech of other people or what we ourselves say.
Reported Speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words
The structure of the independent clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question, or a command.
Statement | She told me she was sick |
Question | He asked me whether I was sick or not |
Command | They ordered us to take a pill every day |
Table of Contents
Present tenses and reported speech, past tenses and reported speech, reported speech examples, reported speech and the simple present, reported speech and present continuous, reported speech and the simple past, reported speech and the past continuous, reported speech and the present perfect, reported speech and the past perfect, reported speech and ‘ can ’ and ‘can’t’, reported speech and ‘ will ’ and ‘ won’t ’, reported speech and could and couldn’t, reported speech and the future continuous, reported questions exercises online.
To turn sentences into Indirect Speech, you have to follow a set of rules and this is what makes reported speech difficult for some.
To make reported speech sentences, you need to manage English tenses well.
These are some examples of sentences using indirect speech
The present simple tense usually changes to the past simple
He said that he travelled a lot in his job | |
I play video games a lot | She said that he played video games a lot |
We run every morning | They said that they ran every morning |
I do yoga every weekend | She said that he did yoga every weekend |
The present continuous tense usually changes to the past continuous.
She said that her mom was cooking | |
My brother is watching TV | He said that his brother was watching TV |
My family is eating dinner | She said that her family was eating dinner |
I am doing Yoga | She said that she was doing yoga |
The past simple tense usually changes to the past perfect
My mom cooked dinner | She said that her mom had cooked dinner |
My brother watched a movie | He said that his brother had watched a movie |
My family just ate dinner | She said that her family just had eaten dinner |
I really enjoyed the party | |
Bill on Saturday | He said that Bill on Saturday |
The past continuous tense usually changes to the past perfect continuous.
She said that her mom had been cooking dinner | |
My brother was watching a movie | He said that his brother had been watching a movie |
My family was talking in the room | She said that her family had been talking in the room |
Derek was doing Yoga | She said that Derek was doing Yoga |
The present perfect tense usually changes to the past perfect tense
My mom has been kind | She said that her mom had always been kind |
My brother has worked hard | He said that his brother had worked hard |
My girlfriend has contributed a lot | He said that his girlfriend has contributed a lot |
My family has always helped | She said that her family had always helped |
The past perfect tense does not change
My mom had been kind | She said that her mom had always been kind |
My brother had worked hard | He said that his brother had worked hard |
He has played very well | He said that he had played very well |
My family had always helped | She said that her family had always helped |
‘ Can ’ and ‘can’t’ in direct speech change to ‘ could ’ and ‘ couldn’t ’
She said that her mom couldn’t remember his name | |
My brother can play soccer well | He said that his brother could play soccer well |
My family can help you a lot | She said that her family could help me a lot |
My mom can lend me money | She said that she could lend me money |
‘ Will ’ and ‘ won’t ’ in direct speech change to ‘ would ’ and ‘ wouldn’t ’
to my wedding | She said that her mom to her wedding |
My brother in my team | He said that his brother in her team |
My family me with some money | She said that her family her with some money |
She to Europe | She said that she to Europe |
Could and couldn’t doesn’t change
go to the wedding | She said that her mom go to the wedding |
My brother be in your team | He said that his brother be in your team |
My family help me out | She said that her family help me out |
Will ’ and ‘ won’t ’ in direct speech change to ‘ would ’ and ‘ wouldn’t ’
peech | |
the car next Friday | She said that she the car next Friday |
home | He said that he home |
I g in Norway | He said that he in Norway |
I exercises | He said that he exercises |
These are some online exercises to learn more about reported questions
Manuel Campos
I am Jose Manuel, English professor and creator of EnglishPost.org, a blog whose mission is to share lessons for those who want to learn and improve their English
Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. In indirect speech , the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command.
direct | indirect | reported clause | |
statement | ) I was tired. | -clause | |
question | . . | clause clause clause | |
command | . | -infinitive clause |
Indirect speech: reporting statements
Indirect reports of statements consist of a reporting clause and a that -clause. We often omit that , especially in informal situations:
The pilot commented that the weather had been extremely bad as the plane came in to land. (The pilot’s words were: ‘The weather was extremely bad as the plane came in to land.’ )
I told my wife I didn’t want a party on my 50th birthday. ( that -clause without that ) (or I told my wife that I didn’t want a party on my 50th birthday .)
Reporting yes-no questions and alternative questions.
Indirect reports of yes-no questions and questions with or consist of a reporting clause and a reported clause introduced by if or whether . If is more common than whether . The reported clause is in statement form (subject + verb), not question form:
She asked if [S] [V] I was Scottish. (original yes-no question: ‘Are you Scottish?’ )
The waiter asked whether [S] we [V] wanted a table near the window. (original yes-no question: ‘Do you want a table near the window? )
He asked me if [S] [V] I had come by train or by bus. (original alternative question: ‘Did you come by train or by bus?’ )
Questions: yes-no questions ( Are you feeling cold? )
Indirect reports of wh -questions consist of a reporting clause, and a reported clause beginning with a wh -word ( who, what, when, where, why, how ). We don’t use a question mark:
He asked me what I wanted.
Not: He asked me what I wanted?
The reported clause is in statement form (subject + verb), not question form:
She wanted to know who [S] we [V] had invited to the party.
Not: … who had we invited …
In indirect questions with who, whom and what , the wh- word may be the subject or the object of the reported clause:
I asked them who came to meet them at the airport. ( who is the subject of came ; original question: ‘Who came to meet you at the airport?’ )
He wondered what the repairs would cost. ( what is the object of cost ; original question: ‘What will the repairs cost?’ )
She asked us what [S] we [V] were doing . (original question: ‘What are you doing?’ )
Not: She asked us what were we doing?
We also use statement word order (subject + verb) with when , where, why and how :
I asked her when [S] it [V] had happened (original question: ‘When did it happen?’ ).
Not: I asked her when had it happened?
I asked her where [S] the bus station [V] was . (original question: ‘Where is the bus station?’ )
Not: I asked her where was the bus station?
The teacher asked them how [S] they [V] wanted to do the activity . (original question: ‘How do you want to do the activity?’ )
Not: The teacher asked them how did they want to do the activity?
Questions: wh- questions
Indirect reports of commands consist of a reporting clause, and a reported clause beginning with a to -infinitive:
The General ordered the troops to advance . (original command: ‘Advance!’ )
The chairperson told him to sit down and to stop interrupting . (original command: ‘Sit down and stop interrupting!’ )
We also use a to -infinitive clause in indirect reports with other verbs that mean wanting or getting people to do something, for example, advise, encourage, warn :
They advised me to wait till the following day. (original statement: ‘You should wait till the following day.’ )
The guard warned us not to enter the area. (original statement: ‘You must not enter the area.’ )
Verbs followed by a to -infinitive
We can use the reporting verb in the present simple in indirect speech if the original words are still true or relevant at the time of reporting, or if the report is of something someone often says or repeats:
Sheila says they’re closing the motorway tomorrow for repairs.
Henry tells me he’s thinking of getting married next year.
Rupert says dogs shouldn’t be allowed on the beach. (Rupert probably often repeats this statement.)
We often use the present simple in newspaper headlines. It makes the reported speech more dramatic:
JUDGE TELLS REPORTER TO LEAVE COURTROOM
PRIME MINISTER SAYS FAMILIES ARE TOP PRIORITY IN TAX REFORM
Present simple ( I work )
Reported speech
Reported speech: direct speech
In indirect speech, we can use the past continuous form of the reporting verb (usually say or tell ). This happens mostly in conversation, when the speaker wants to focus on the content of the report, usually because it is interesting news or important information, or because it is a new topic in the conversation:
Rory was telling me the big cinema in James Street is going to close down. Is that true?
Alex was saying that book sales have gone up a lot this year thanks to the Internet.
‘Backshift’ refers to the changes we make to the original verbs in indirect speech because time has passed between the moment of speaking and the time of the report.
direct speech | indirect speech |
not very happy at work.’ | not very happy at work. |
going home.’ | going home. |
be late.’ | be late. |
been working,’ she said. | . |
to make her so angry?’ he asked. | to make her so angry. |
In these examples, the present ( am ) has become the past ( was ), the future ( will ) has become the future-in-the-past ( would ) and the past ( happened ) has become the past perfect ( had happened ). The tenses have ‘shifted’ or ‘moved back’ in time.
direct | indirect | |
present simple | → | past simple |
present continuous | → | past continuous |
present perfect simple | → | past perfect simple |
present perfect continuous | → | past perfect continuous |
past simple | → | past perfect simple |
past continuous | → | past perfect continuous |
future (will) | → | future-in-the-past (would) |
past perfect | ↔ | past perfect (no change) |
The past perfect does not shift back; it stays the same:
Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| already left. |
Some, but not all, modal verbs ‘shift back’ in time and change in indirect speech.
direct speech | indirect speech | change | |
| be there,’ he promised. | be there. | becomes |
| need more money.’ I open it?’ she asked. | need more money. open it. | usually becomes in reported questions, becomes |
| see you at 2.30,’ he added. | see me at 2.30. | becomes |
| be back later,’ she said. wait in the hallway,’ he said. | be back later. wait in the hallway. | (possibility) becomes (permission) becomes |
| pay by 30th April.’ be awful to live in such a noisy place,’ she said. | pay by 30th April. be awful to live in such a noisy place. | (obligation) usually becomes (speculation) does not change |
| sell it for about 2,000 euros,’ he said. | sell it for about 2,000 euros. | no change |
| go there immediately,’ she said. | go there immediately. | no change |
| buy it if I had the money,’ he said. | buy it if he had the money. | no change |
| snow tonight,’ he warned. | snow that night. | no change |
| come till six o’clock,’ he said. | come till six o’clock. | no change |
We can use a perfect form with have + - ed form after modal verbs, especially where the report looks back to a hypothetical event in the past:
He said the noise might have been the postman delivering letters. (original statement: ‘The noise might be the postman delivering letters.’ )
He said he would have helped us if we’d needed a volunteer. (original statement: ‘I’ll help you if you need a volunteer’ or ‘I’d help you if you needed a volunteer.’ )
Used to and ought to do not change in indirect speech:
She said she used to live in Oxford. (original statement: ‘I used to live in Oxford.’ )
The guard warned us that we ought to leave immediately. (original statement: ‘You ought to leave immediately.’ )
We don’t need to change the tense in indirect speech if what a person said is still true or relevant or has not happened yet. This often happens when someone talks about the future, or when someone uses the present simple, present continuous or present perfect in their original words:
He told me his brother works for an Italian company. (It is still true that his brother works for an Italian company.)
She said she ’s getting married next year. (For the speakers, the time at the moment of speaking is ‘this year’.)
He said he ’s finished painting the door. (He probably said it just a short time ago.)
She promised she ’ll help us. (The promise applies to the future.)
Changes to personal pronouns in indirect reports depend on whether the person reporting the speech and the person(s) who said the original words are the same or different.
direct | indirect | |
don’t want to shock people,’ Tom said. | said he didn’t want to shock people. | different speakers ( changes to ) |
’ll look after Toby,’ I said. | said I would look after Toby. | same speaker (no change) |
need to be here at nine o’clock,’ George told Beatrice. | told Beatrice she needed to be there at nine o’clock. | different speakers ( changes to ) |
hope you will join us tonight,’ I said to James. | told James I hoped he would join us that night. | same speaker (no change to ; changes to ) |
We often change demonstratives ( this, that ) and adverbs of time and place ( now, here, today , etc.) because indirect speech happens at a later time than the original speech, and perhaps in a different place.
direct speech | indirect speech |
.’ | the next/following day. |
this moment in time.’ | . |
.” | . |
,’ the boy protested. | . |
direct | indirect | |
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The word order in indirect reports of wh- questions is the same as statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order:
She always asks me where [S] [V] I am going .
Not: She always asks me where am I going .
We don’t use a question mark when reporting wh- questions:
I asked him what he was doing.
Not: I asked him what he was doing?
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Reported speech rules in english.
Talking about what someone else has already said, also known as reported speech, involves a few special grammar rules in English.
How you form reported speech will largely depend on what was said and when it was said. Unfortunately, you can’t always repeat back what you hear verbatim (using exactly the same words)!
So, how should you report speech in English? What are the grammar rules that dictate these indirect speech patterns? Finally, what are some examples of reported speech? We will answer all of these questions and more, but first, let’s take a look at exactly what is meant by “reported speech.”
Prefer to watch this lesson on video? Here’s our full length tutorial on Reported Speech Rules in English:
Reported speech simply refers to statements that recount what someone else has already said or asked. For example, let’s say that you and your two friends went to the movies. As you’re leaving the movie theater, the following conversation takes place:
Friend #1: That movie was really scary!
You: I know, right?
Friend #2: What did he say?
You: He said that the movie was really scary.
The last sentence is what is known as “reported speech,” because you reported something that someone else said. In most cases, a statement of reported speech uses verbs like “say” or “tell,” though you can also use verbs like “state,” “proclaim,” or “announce,” depending on the context of the original statement.
In any case, this is just one example of reported speech in the simple past tense. Different rules apply based on the verb tense and the content of the statement. First, let’s look at how reported speech statements work in the simple present tense:
If you report a statement using the simple present tense (say, tell, etc), then you can also leave the original statement in the present tense. Here are a few examples:
As you can see, both the reporting verb and the reported verb remain in the simple present tense. It is also important to note that, regardless of the tense, the word “that” is completely optional in reported speech. The meaning stays the same with or without it.
Generally, when the reporting verb is in the simple past tense, we change the reported verb as well. For example:
Since reported speech is reported after the fact, the reporting verb is usually in the simple past tense. This means that you will usually need to change the tense of the second clause. For example:
OR | ||
As you can see, the rules governing how to report speech can vary based on the tense of the original statement. Generally, you can’t go wrong if you follow these guidelines (from the original statement to reported speech):
That said, there are some exceptions in the present tense. For example, if the original statement is comprised of general information that is unchanging, you don’t need to report it in the past tense. Here are a few examples:
Reporting statements is relatively straightforward, as it usually just requires the second clause to change tense (sometimes not even that). However, reporting questions is more complex. First of all, when you report a question, you cannot just repeat the original question. Instead, you must turn it into a statement. Here’s an example question:
Do you have a lighter?
If you want to report this question later, you’ll need to change it, like so:
They asked me if I had a lighter.
Thankfully, once you learn the guidelines for reporting statements, you can apply many of the same rules to reporting questions. All of the tense changes are the same:
To keep things simple, requests are treated the same as questions when reported to someone else. For example:
However, if someone demands something, we generally report the speech using “told” instead of “asked” or “said.” Here are some commands in reported speech:
Finally, when reporting speech, you must always consider the time in which the original statement was made. If a time is mentioned within the statement, you will also have to consider how that time relates to the current moment.
You have a doctor’s appointment on Tuesday.
For example, let’s say that the statement above was reported to you a few days prior, but you reported it to someone else on Monday (the day before the appointment). You could say either of the following:
She told me that I have a doctor’s appointment on Tuesday , or
She told me that I have a doctor’s appointment tomorrow.
Here are a few more time conversions to help you with reported speech:
Now that you have a better understanding of reported speech in English, it’s time to practice! Fortunately, there are a number of ways to practice reported speech in daily conversation. So, here are a few free online resources to help you get the hang of it:
Lastly, if you’d like to learn more about reported speech or find a highly qualified English tutor online to help guide you, visit Magoosh Speaking today!
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English Language Centre / Study Zone / Level 490 — Upper Intermediate / Grammar Topics / Reported Speech
Introduction.
When reporting what someone said, we have to pay careful attention to our verb tenses. Generally, reported speech is introduced by the verb say (Other reporting verbs include tell, mention, inform). The verb is used in the past tense, said , which indicates that something was spoken in the past. For example:
“she said”, “he said”, “they said”
The main verb in the reported speech sentence is also in the past tense. In a sentence where the main verb is already in the past tense, then the verb changes to another past tense verb as it is moving further into the past.
Usually, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech. However, often if the speaker is reporting something soon after it has been said, there is no change in the verb tense. This is also true if the reported statement is a general truth. For example:
“The capital of Canada is Ottawa.” → Byron said that the capital of Canada is Ottawa.
Remember that in reported speech, there are no quotation marks.
Quoted Speech (What the person actually said) | Reported Speech |
---|---|
Mark said, “I thirsty.” | Mark said (that) he thirsty. (Note: The use of is optional) |
Verbs usually change to the past in reported speech because we are talking about the past. For example:
Quoted Speech (What the person actually said) | Reported Speech |
---|---|
Am/is | was |
Are | were |
Have/has | had |
Can | could |
Do/want/know | did/wanted/knew |
Will | would |
In reported speech, the simple past ( I did ) often stays the same or it changes to the past perfect ( I had done ).
Examples of Verb Changes in Reported Speech
Quoted Speech (What the person actually said) | Reported Speech |
---|---|
“I tea”, she said. | She said (that) she tea. |
“I French”, he said. | : He said (that) he French. |
“Mike on Sunday”, Gayle said | Gayle said (that) Mike ( ) on Sunday. |
to Russia”, she said. | She said (that) she to Russia. |
“I my homework”, Kendall told me. | Kendall told me (that) she her homework. |
“We for 3 hours.” | : They mentioned (that) they for 3 hours |
“We in San Diego.” | : They told us (that) in San Diego. |
She said, “We in Vancouver next year.” | She informed me (that) they in Vancouver next year. |
He said, “I to marry her next spring.” | He said (that) he her next spring. |
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What is reported speech, changing direct speech to reported speech, changing the tense (backshifting), no change of tenses, questions in reported speech, demands/requests, expressions with who/what/how + infinitive, typical changes to time and place markers.
Reported speech is when we repeat what another person has said but instead of using their exact words in quotation marks (direct speech), we use subordinate clause introduced by a reporting verb like the ones below:
Often, we have to change the tense, pronouns and time markers in reported speech.
Learn the rules for writing indirect speech in English with Lingolia’s simple explanation. In the exercises, you can test your grammar skills.
“I’ve prepared a presentation about the product, if you’re interested?” “I would love to see it. … This product is exactly what my company has been looking for! Is there any room to negotiate on price?” “I’m happy to hear that. Unfortunately, pricing is fixed.” “That’s a shame, but I appreciate your transparency. Could you send me a written offer?” “Yes, I will contact you tomorrow to finalise the details.” |
I had an appointment with a new client yesterday. I told him that and he said . |
When turning direct speech into reported speech, we may have to change all or some of the following:
If the reporting verb is in the simple past (e.g. said, told, asked, replied … ), the tense has to be set back by one degree (see the table below). This is known as backshifting .
Direct Speech | Reported Speech | |
---|---|---|
simple present | → | simple past |
present progressive | → | past progressive |
simple past | → | past perfect simple |
present perfect simple | ||
past perfect simple | ||
past progressive | → | past perfect progressive |
present perfect progressive | ||
past perfect progressive | ||
future with going to | → | was / were going to |
future with will | → | conditional (would) |
would |
The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to normally do not change.
If the reporting verb is in the simple present (e.g. says, tells, asks, replies … ), then the tense remains unchanged.
While the tense remains unchanged, we often still have to change the verb form to match the new pronouns.
We often omit the word that after a reporting verb, especially in spoken language and informal contexts.
When turning questions into reported speech, we follow the same rules as for declarative sentences: we change the pronouns as well as the time and place markers and backshift the tense as needed.
In addition, we also have to bear in mind the following:
Questions in reported speech do not end in a question mark.
When turning orders, demands and requests into reported speech, we only need to change the pronouns and the time and place information.
We don’t have to pay attention to the tense – we simply use an infinitive rather than a conjugated verb.
If the imperative is negated, then we use not + infinitive .
To express what someone should or can do in reported speech, we leave out the subject and the modal verb and instead we use the construction who/what/where/how + infinitive .
Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
---|---|
today | that day |
now | then at that moment/time |
yesterday | the day before |
… days ago | … days before |
last week | the week before |
next year | the following year |
tomorrow | the next day the following day |
here | there |
this | that |
these | those |
The words say and tell are not interchangeable.
Head over to the vocabulary section to learn more about the difference between say and tell .
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Reported speech
Indirect speech (reported speech) focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. In indirect speech, the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command.
Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech: She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.
Phrase in Direct Speech | Equivalent in Reported Speech |
---|---|
"I always coffee", she said | She said that she always coffee. |
"I a book", he explained. | He explained that he a book |
"Bill on Saturday", he said. | He said that Bill on Saturday. |
"I to Spain", he told me. | He told me that he to Spain. |
"I the light," he explained. | He explained that he the light. |
They complained, "We for hours". | They complained that they for hours. |
"We in Paris", they told me. | They told me that they in Paris. |
"I in Geneva on Monday", he said. | He said that he in Geneva on Monday. |
She said, " the car next Friday". | She said that she the car next Friday. |
You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense) , e.g.
These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should, ought to :
Perfect english grammar.
Here's a list of all the reported speech exercises on this site:
( Click here to read the explanations about reported speech )
Reported Statements:
Reported Questions:
Reported Orders and Requests:
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Main clauses connected with and / but.
If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and‘ or ‚but‘ , put ‚that‘ after the conjunction.
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘ .
The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense.
Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter.
The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you have to use backshift in reported speech.
No Backshift if introductory clause is in … | Backshift if introductory clause is in … |
---|---|
The basic rules for backshift when transforming direct speech into reported speech are:
Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
---|---|
Simple Present | Simple Past |
Present Progressive | Past Progressive |
Simple Past | Past Perfect Simple |
Present Perfect | |
Past Perfect | |
Past Progressive | Past Perfect Progressive |
Present Perfect Progressive | |
Past Perfect Progressive | |
Future I (going to) | was / were going to |
Future I (will) | Conditional I |
Conditional I | |
Future II | Conditional II |
Conditional II |
Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker.
Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional if they cannot be mistakenly taken for backshift of Present Tense. So backshift is not necessary if there is a time expression indicating past.
Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when / if .
The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + ‚to‘ + infinite verb.
Advise expressions with must , should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge .
The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest . In this case, there are various possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should .
Exercises on reported speech
Task no. 2339.
Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.
Willy, "They will try to help." Willy said (that)
Willy said (that) they would try to help .
Reported speech
Reported speech - 2
Reported speech - 3
Worksheets - handouts
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Fungal bioluminescence: past, present, and future.
1.1. bioluminescence as a common term, 1.2. brief history of studies on bioluminescent organisms, 1.3. aspects of bioluminescent fungi, 2. diversity and distribution of bioluminescent fungi, 3. evolution and mechanisms of bioluminescent fungi, 3.1. evolution, 3.2. mechanisms, 4. importance of bioluminescent fungi in ecology, 5. application of fungal bioluminescence, 6. conclusions and future directions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Fungal Taxa | Distribution | Glowing Part | References | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mycelium | Fruiting Bodies | Cap | Stipe | Spores | ||||
Armillaria Lineage | Armillaria borealis | Russia | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] |
Armillaria calvescens | The USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria cepistipes | The USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria fuscipes | Malaysia | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria gallica | Europe and the USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria gemina | The USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria mellea | China, Europe, India, and the USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ , , ] | |
Armillaria nabsnona | The USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria novae-zelandiae | New Zealand | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria ostoyae | Europe and USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Armillaria sinapina | The USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Desarmillaria ectypa | Europe | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Desarmillaria tabescens | Europe and the USA | + | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Eoscyphella Lineage | Eoscyphella luciurceolata | Brazil | ? | + | ? | ? | ? | [ ] |
Lucentipes Lineage | Mycena lucentipes | South America and | + | + | ? | + | / | [ ] |
Gerronema viridilucens | South America | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycenoid Lineage | Cruentomycena orientalis | Japan | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] |
Dictyopanus foliicola | Japan | + | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Favolaschia xtbgensis | China | + | + | + | + | + | [ ] | |
Favolaschia tonkinensis | China | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Favolaschia peziziformis | Japan | ? | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Filoboletus manipularis | Africa, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and | ? | + | / | + | / | [ , , ] | |
Filoboletus hanedae | Japan | ? | + | / | + | / | [ ] | |
Filoboletus pallescens | ? | + | ? | ? | ? | [ ] | ||
Filoboletus yunnanensis | China | ? | + | ? | ? | / | [ , , ] | |
Gerronema glutinipes | Africa and China | ? | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena abieticola | Brazil | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena aspratilis | Brazil and Puerto Rico | / | + | / | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena asterina | South America | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena cahaya | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | ||
Mycena chlorophos | China, Japan, the Pacific Islands, Sri Lanka, and | + | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena citricolor | South America and the USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena coralliformis | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | ||
Mycena cristinae | Brazil | + | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena crocata | Switzerland | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena daisyogunensis | Japan | ? | + | ? | ? | / | [ ] | |
Mycena deeptha | India | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena deformis | Brazil | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena discobasis | Africa and South America | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena epipterygia | Europe, the USA, and Japan | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena fera | South America | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena flammifera | Japan | + | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena fulgoris | Mexico | / | + | / | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena galopus | Europe, the USA, and Japan | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena globulispora | Brazil and Mexico | ? | + | / | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena gombakensis | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | ||
Mycena guzmanii | Mexico | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena haematopus | China, Europe, the USA, Japan, and South America | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena illuminans | Japan and | ? | + | + | / | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena inclinata | Africa, China, Europe, and the USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena jingyinga | China | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena kentingensis | China | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena lacrimans | South America | ? | + | / | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena lamprocephala | Brazil | + | + | + | + | ? | [ ] | |
Mycena lazulina | Japan | + | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena luceata | Mexico | ? | + | + | / | ? | [ ] | |
Mycena luciferina | Mexico | ? | + | + | / | ? | [ ] | |
Mycena lucinieblae | Mexico | + | / | / | / | ? | [ ] | |
Mycena luguensis | China | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena lumina | Mexico | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena luxaeterna | Brazil | + | + | / | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena luxarboricola | Brazil | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena lux-coeli | Japan | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena luxfoliata | Japan | + | / | / | / | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena luxfoliicola | Mexico | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena luxmanantlanensis | Mexico | + | + | + | / | ? | [ ] | |
Mycena luxperpetua | Puerto Rico | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena maculata | Africa, Europe, and the USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena margarita | Belize, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Brazil | / | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena nebula | Mexico | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena nocticaelum | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | ||
Mycena noctilucens | Pacific Islands and | ? | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena oculisnymphae | Brazil | / | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena olivaceomarginata | Europe and the USA | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena perlae | Mexico | / | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena polygramma | China, Europe, the USA, Japan, and Africa | + | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena pseudostylobates | Japan | + | ? | ? | ? | / | [ ] | |
Mycena pura | China, Europe, the USA, Japan, and South America | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena rosea | Europe | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena roseoflava | New Zealand | + | + | / | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena sanguinolenta | China, Europe, the USA, and Japan | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena seminau | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | ||
Mycena silvaelucens | ? | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | ||
Mycena sinar | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | ||
Mycena singeri | South America and | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Mycena sophiae | Mexico | + | / | / | / | ? | [ ] | |
Mycena sp. (PDD 80772) | New Zealand | ? | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena sp. (SP #380150) | South America | + | + | / | / | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena sp. (SP #380281) | South America | ? | + | / | / | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena stellaris | Japan | + | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Mycena stylobates | Africa, China, Europe, the USA, and Japan | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena tintinnabulum | Europe | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena venus | China | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Mycena zephirus | Europe | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Panellus luminescens | + | + | + | + | ? | [ , ] | ||
Panellus luxfilamentus | Sri Lanka and | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Panellus pusillus | Africa, Australasia, China, Japan, the USA, South America, and | ? | + | ? | ? | / | [ , ] | |
Panellus stipticus | Africa, Australasia, China, Europe, Japan, the USA, and South America | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Resinomycena fulgens | Japan | ? | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Resinomycena petarensis | Brazil | + | / | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Roridomyces irritans | Australasia | / | + | + | / | ? | [ ] | |
Roridomyces lamprosporus | Brazil, Ceylon, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Trinidad | / | + | / | / | + | [ ] | |
Roridomyces phyllostachydis | India | ? | + | / | + | / | [ , ] | |
Roridomyces pruinosoviscidus | Australasia and | + | + | + | + | ? | [ , ] | |
Roridomyces roridus | China, Europe, the USA, South America, and Japan | + | / | / | / | / | [ , ] | |
Roridomyces sublucens | Indonesia and | / | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Roridomyces viridiluminus | China | + | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Omphalotus Lineage | Marasmiellus venosus | Japan | + | + | / | / | / | [ , ] |
Marasmiellus lucidus | Japan | ? | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Neonothopanus gardneri | South America | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Neonothopanus nambi | Australasia, China, South America, Thailand, , and | ? | + | + | + | / | [ , , ] | |
Nothopanus noctilucens | Japan | ? | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Omphalotus guepiniiformis | China and Japan | + | + | / | / | / | [ , , ] | |
Omphalotus illudens | Europe and the USA | + | + | + | / | / | [ ] | |
Omphalotus mangensis | China | ? | + | + | / | / | [ , , ] | |
Omphalotus nidiformis | Australasia | ? | + | + | + | / | [ ] | |
Omphalotus olearius | China and Europe | + | + | + | + | / | [ , ] | |
Omphalotus olivascens | The USA | / | + | / | / | / | [ ] | |
Omphalotus subilludens | The USA | ? | + | / | / | ? | [ ] | |
Pleurotus decipiens | ? | + | / | / | / | [ ] | ||
Pleurotus nitidus | Japan | ? | + | / | / | / | [ , ] | |
Ascomycota | Xylaria hypoxylon | Europe | ? | + | ? | ? | / | [ ] |
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Lu, W.; Priyashantha, A.K.H.; Galappaththi, M.C.A.; Tibpromma, S.; Dai, D.-Q.; Patabendige, N.M.; Premarathne, B.M.; Kulasuriya, D.M.; Ediriweera, A.N.; Nimalrathna, T.S.; et al. Fungal Bioluminescence: Past, Present, and Future. Diversity 2024 , 16 , 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090539
Lu W, Priyashantha AKH, Galappaththi MCA, Tibpromma S, Dai D-Q, Patabendige NM, Premarathne BM, Kulasuriya DM, Ediriweera AN, Nimalrathna TS, et al. Fungal Bioluminescence: Past, Present, and Future. Diversity . 2024; 16(9):539. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090539
Lu, Wenhua, Alviti Kankanamalage Hasith Priyashantha, Mahesh C. A. Galappaththi, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Dong-Qin Dai, Nimesha M. Patabendige, Bhagya M. Premarathne, Dinesh M. Kulasuriya, Aseni N. Ediriweera, Thilina S. Nimalrathna, and et al. 2024. "Fungal Bioluminescence: Past, Present, and Future" Diversity 16, no. 9: 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090539
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Reported speech esl grammar exercises worksheet.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Direct Speech Reported Speech; present simple: I like ice cream: She said (that) she liked ice cream. present continuous: I am living in London: ... Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually ...
No Change in Verb Tenses in Reported Speech. In some cases, verb tenses do not change when you report speech indirectly.Here are the key instances: When the introductory verb is in the present, present perfect, or future.; When the reported sentence deals with a fact or general truth.; When the reported sentence contains a time clause.; If the verb of the sentence is in the unreal past (the ...
When we use reported speech, we often change the verb tense backwards in time. This can be called "backshift.". Here are some examples in different verb tenses: "I want to go home.". She said she wanted to go home. "I 'm reading a good book.". She said she was reading a good book. "I ate pasta for dinner last night.".
For example: Direct speech: I dislike fried chicken. Reported speech: She said she disliked fried chicken. Note how the main verb in the reported statement is also in the past tense verb form. Use the simple present tense in your indirect speech if the initial words remain relevant at the time of reporting.
The structure of the independent clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question, or a command. Statement. She told me she was sick. Question. He asked me whether I was sick or not. Command. They ordered us to take a pill every day. Table of Contents. Reported Speech Rules and Examples.
Reported speech: indirect speech - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary
Reported Speech Rules in English
has been. had been. 5. Conversion of expressions of time and place. If there is an expression of time/place in the sentence, it may be changed, depending on the situation. Direct Speech → Peter, "I worked in the garden yesterday.". Reported Speech → Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden the day before.
Reported Speech | Continuing Studies at UVic
Reported speech is when we repeat what another person has said but instead of using their exact words in quotation marks (direct speech), we use subordinate clause introduced by a reporting verb like the ones below: He says/said …. She explains/explained …. She tells/told me …. He asks/asked …. Often, we have to change the tense ...
Reported Speech 3 - Tenses in reported speech. When we use 'reported speech' we are reporting something said or thought in the past, which is why we usually use the past tense: Last night he told us that he was leaving for America next winter. When we want to report what many people say. Everyone says the decision to fire Martin was a bad ...
In indirect speech, the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command. Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech: She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired. Phrase in Direct Speech. Equivalent in Reported Speech.
REPORTED SPEECH! https://7esl.com/reported-speech/Reported speech is often also called indirect speech in English.Direct Speech: https://7esl.com/direct-spee...
Perfect English Grammar. Here's a list of all the reported speech exercises on this site: (Click here to read the explanations about reported speech) Reported Statements: Present Simple Reported Statement Exercise (quite easy) (in PDF here) Present Continuous Reported Statement Exercise (quite easy)
James tells you that he saw Caroline in this restaurant today. ("I saw Caroline here today.") A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say: → James said that he had seen Caroline here today. One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant.
The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense. Example: He said that …. Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter. Example: I am fine. - Tom says / writes that he is fine. The introductory clause can also be in another tense.
Direct and Indirect Speech Future Simple Tense Examples. If reported verb is in Past Tense, and reported speech is in Future Indefinite Tense, will changes into would & shall changes into should. Direct Speech. Indirect Speech. Shakespeare said, "I will write another drama tomorrow.". Shakespeare said that he would write another drama the ...
Ian, "They will buy new furniture." Ian said (that) . Ron and Cliff, "We will learn new phrases." Ron and Cliff told me (that) . Jeremy, "They won't drink coffee." Jeremy remarked (that) . Sentences in Reported speech in the will-future in English in an Online Exercise.
Exercises: indirect speech. Reported speech - present. Reported speech - past. Reported speech - questions. Reported questions - write. Reported speech - imperatives. Reported speech - modals. Indirect speech - tenses 1. Indirect speech - tenses 2.
The complex and diverse phenomenon of fungal bioluminescence has captured human curiosity. Nevertheless, in the field of studies, there are not many attempts made particularly to reveal the new species of these interesting fungi. This study comprehensively reviews the diversity, distribution, evolution, bioluminescence mechanisms, ecological roles, and potential applications of these fungi ...
Reported Speech ESL Grammar Exercises Worksheet. A colorful ESL grammar exercises worksheet for kids to study and learn reported speech. Read the short grammar information about Reported Speech for present simple, past simple and will future tense and do the exercises. Simple and useful for teaching and learning reported speech in English.