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Book Title: Principles of Management

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Book Description: Principles of Management teaches management principles to tomorrow’s business leaders by weaving three threads through every chapter: strategy, entrepreneurship and active leadership. For questions about this textbook please contact [email protected]

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Principles of Management is adapted from a work produced by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. This adapted edition is produced by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing through the eLearning Support Initiative. For questions about this textbook please contact [email protected]

Principles of Management Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

• Accountancy
• Business Studies
• Organisational Behaviour
• Human Resource Management
• Entrepreneurship

14 Principles of Management by Henri Fayol

Principles of Management are like a guidebook for leaders to run a company well. They help managers make plans, organize tasks, and motivate teams , and, they serve as frameworks for managers to deal with the difficulties of leading people and achieving goals within an organization.

Principles of Management cover a diverse range of concepts and practices that aim to optimize resources, encourage innovations, and improve performance . They provide managers with a systematic approach to decision-making , problem-solving, and achieving results in a dynamic business environment .

Table of Content

What are the Principles of Management?

Who was henri fayol , principles of management by henri fayol, 1. division of work, 2. authority and responsibility, 3. discipline, 4. unity of command, 5. unity of direction, 6. subordination of individual interest to general interest, 7. remuneration of employees, 8. centralization and decentralization, 9. scalar chain, 12. stability of personnel, 13. initiative, 14. esprit de corps, difference between principles of management and techniques of management, henry fayol’s principle of management – faqs.

Principles of Management is a universal and general concept for decision-making and execution . It is based on experience and changes in the business industry; therefore, these principles may not be as firm as those of science. They involve human behavior and are used accordingly in the required situation. Thus, these principles change with time. For example, while making a decision regarding the promotion of an employee, one manager may decide considering his age or rank. Whereas some other managers may promote the employee based on his conduct and performance.

Father of the general principle of management, Henry Fayol was a French industrialist . He joined a French mining company in 1860 as an engineer and rose to the position of its managing director in 1888 . At that time, his company was at the stage of bank insolvency . With broad administrative experience, ‘Fayol’ contributed a lot to his company. When he retired in the year 1918 , the company was in excellent condition. Henri Fayol recognized the need for Principles of Management . He identified 14 Principles of Management .

It refers to dividing the work into different individuals. Fayol recommended that work of all kinds must be divided and allocated as per competence, qualification, and experience of individuals . According to Fayol, “ Division of Work intends to produce more and better work for the same effort. Specialization is the most efficient way to use human effort. ” 

For example, a bank has several operations, like collection and payment of cash, issue of cheque books, etc. All those activities are divided and allocated to a different person in the bank . This method of doing work also improves their efficiency and makes them experts in their field . 

According to this principle, there should be a proper balance between authority and responsibility . Authority is the duty, which a subordinate is expected to perform. Authority and responsibility go hand in hand . Authority without responsibility leads to irresponsible behavior, while responsibility without authority will make a person ineffective.

According to Fayol:

“ Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience, and responsibility is the corollary of authority. The two types of authority are official authority, which is the authority to command, and personal authority, which is the authority of the individual manager. ”

For example, if a foreman is given the responsibility to produce 50 units per day, then he must be given the required authority to achieve this target. If he is not given authority to draw raw material from the stores, then he cannot be blamed.

Discipline refers to obedience to the rules and regulations of the organization . Discipline requires good supervision at all levels of management. According to Fayol, good supervision at all levels, clear and fair rules, and a built-in system of penalties will help to maintain discipline. It is a must for all levels of management.

For example, employees must be disciplined to work effectively and efficiently to meet their promises of bonuses, increments, and promotions. Its smoothness systemizes the functioning of an organization by providing better relations between management and employees.

According to this principle, each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to only the superior . No person can serve several masters at the same time. If an employee gets orders from two superiors at the same time, then the principle of unity of command is violated, and he will find it very difficult to decide who he has to obey first. So, to avoid confusion, employees should receive an order from one superior.

For example, there is a salesperson who is asked to clinch a deal with a buyer and he is allowed to give a 12% discount by the marketing manager. But the finance department tells him not to offer more than a 6% discount. In this case, there is no unity of command, which will lead to confusion and delay.

It implies that there should be one head and one person for proof of activities having the same objectives . According to this principle, all the activities should be carried under the direction of one head, and there should be effective coordination in all the activities. This principle ensures unity of action and avoids unnecessary duplication of work.

For example, if an organization has four departments for different activities, then each department must be directed by one superior , and its employees should give their whole efforts to achieving the plan of the organization. Each division should have its in charge, plans, and execution resources. There should not be an unnecessary duplication of efforts and a waste of resources.

According to this principle, the interest of the organization as a whole must prevail over the interest of the individual. Simply put, the interest of the organization should be placed above the interest of employees . It is the duty of the manager to reconcile them. If reconciliation is impossible, then general interest must supersede individual interest. A manager must sacrifice his interest . Manager can achieve their objectives when the organization recovers from financial crises .

For example, there is a company that wants maximum output from its employees by providing less salaries. There are employees on the other hand who want to get the maximum salary while working the least. In both situations, the interests of the company will supersede the interest of any one individual, as the interests of the workers and stakeholders are more important than the interests of any one person . 

According to this principle, remuneration should be fair and satisfactory to both employees and the organization . This principle leads to harmonious relations in the organization. Fair remuneration should be determined based on government rules related to wages , financial position of the organization, nature of work, and cost of living . Employees should be paid reasonable wages for their service, which should provide them with a moderate standard of living. 

For example, if an organisation earns higher profits, then it should share some of its parts with the employees in the form of bonus.

Centralization refers to the concentration of authority at the top level, and decentralization means distribution at all levels of management. According to this principle, there should be a proper balance between centralization and decentralization. The degree of centralization and decentralization depends on various factors, such as experience of the employees, ability of subordinates, size of the organization, etc. Too much centralization lead to loss of control of top management . Therefore an optimum balance should be maintained according to the need of the organization.

For example, Authority to take vital decisions must be given to the top management, whereas authority related to operational activities must be given to the middle and lower level.

According to this principle, there is a scalar chain of authority and communication that moves in a straight line from the superior to the lowest subordinate . Henri Fayol permitted a shortcut of chain in case of urgency known as gang plank. Gang plank allows direct communication between two employees of the same level. 

For example, E wants to communicate with I for some important work. The message should orderly move from E to D, then to C, B, A, and then down from A to F then to G, H and finally to I . This will take lots of time so to avoid this delay in work, Fayol suggested the concept of Gang Plank . In this concept ‘E’ can communicate directly with ‘I’ on an urgent matter. Thus, the gang plank allows two employees of the same level to communicate directly with each but each must enforce to its superior.

According to this principle, there should be a proper place for everything and everyone. Henri Fayol emphasized on two types of order: material order and social order . In material order, there must be a plan for everything . It ensures to fix a place for various material tools. Whereas in social order, there must be an appointed place for every employee , which ensures a proper and fixed place/cabin for each employee.

For example, there should be specific place for foremen in a factory so that the work can be done easily.

According to this principle, there should not be any discrimination amongst employees based on religion, caste, language, or nationality . Equity ensures coordinated relations between superiors and subordinates . It leads to the smooth and successful working of the enterprise. It improves satisfaction and motivation of the employee , creating relation between manager and employees.

For example, workers doing similar jobs in the same organization should be paid same wages irrespective of their sex, caste, religion and language. 

According to this principle, there should be proper effort to achieve stability and continuity of employment . Fayol said that employees should be kept in their position for a reasonable time to show stability creates a sense of belonging, and workers are encouraged to improve their quality of work . This will increase the efficiency of employees, and it will also increase the reputation of the organization. Unnecessary labor turnover creates an atmosphere of disbelief . Continuous changes in employees disturb the working environment.

For example, new employees must be given ample time to adapt to new culture and environment of the workplace.

According to this principle, workers should encourage and should be given an opportunity to take initiative in making and executing the plan. Henri Fayol suggested that employees at all levels should be encouraged to take initiative in work . It motivates employees to work better and to take more interest in the organization. The initiative is a powerful motivator of human behavior and a source of strength for the organization. This increase the mental growth and feeling of belongingness in employees . It increases the commitment of employees toward the organization. Lack of initiatives may create an atmosphere of non-cooperation.

For example, organizations must have an employee suggestion system so that they have feeling of belongingness. 

According to this principle, management should take reasonable steps to develop a sense of belongingness and a feeling of team spirit amongst employees . In order to achieve the best possible result, individual and group efforts need to be integrated. Production is a teamwork and it requires the full support of all members. For this purpose, a manager should replace ‘I’ with ‘We’ in his conversations to bring a team spirit among the employees. This will develop an atmosphere of mutual trust. It will help in achieving group goals , leading to cordial relations between management and workers . 

For example, authority and responsibility meant empowering managers, but now it means empowerment of employees because of flat organizational structures that are gaining ground.

The principle of management should not be mistaken for techniques of management. Techniques of Management are methods or approaches involving several steps to be followed to reach the desired goal . Principles on the other hand are a set of rules that needs to be taken care of while practicing technique in order to work efficiently.

Similarly, principles should also be distinguished from values . Values are beliefs or morals that are based on human behavior and help individuals to behave morally in society. On the other hand, principles are formed on the basis of the work situation. However, the values and morals cannot be ignored while practicing the principle of management in an organization as it has to fulfill all kinds of responsibilities whether they are social or ethical.

What are Henri Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management?

Fayol outlined 14 principles of management in his book. It includes unity of command, division of work, discipline authority and responsibility, unity of direction, etc.

How are Fayol’s 14 principles different from other management theories?

Fayol’s principles focus more on the functions of management within an organization where as other management theories might emphasize different aspects, like human relations or systems thinking.

How to implement Fayol’s principles in management role?

Managers can use Fayol’s principles as a framework for decision-making and problem-solving. By applying these principles, managers can improve organizational efficiency, communication , and effectiveness.

How to learn Henri Fayol’s 14 principles of management?

One can explore Henri Fayol’s original works, such as “ Administration Industrielle et Générale ,” or refer to management textbooks and academic resources that discuss his theories.

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Principles of Management PDF, Notes | BBA, B COM (2024)

• Post last modified: 11 January 2023
• Reading time: 23 mins read
• Post category: BBA Study Material / BCOM Study Material

Download Principles of Management PDF Notes, books, syllabus for BBA, B.COM 2024. We provide complete principles of management pdf . Principles of management study material include principles of management notes, principles of management book , courses, case study, syllabus, question paper, MCQ, questions and answers and available in principles of management pdf form.

Principles of management Notes can be downloaded in principles of management pdf from the below article.

Table of Content

• 1 Principles of Management Syllabus
• 2 Principles of Management PDF
• 3 Principles of Management Note
• 4 Principles of Management Questions and Answers
• 5 Principles of Management Question Paper
• 6 Principles of Management Book
• 7 Go On, Share & Help your Friend

Principles of Management Syllabus

A detailed Principles of Management Syllabus as prescribed by various Universities and colleges in India are as under. You can download the syllabus in principles of management pdf form.

Unit I Introduction

Concept, nature, process and significance of management; Managerial roles; An overview of functional areas of management; Development of Management Thought; Classical and neo-classical systems; Contingency approaches

Unit II Planning

Planning Concept, process and types. Decision making- concept and process; Bounded rationality; Management by objectives; Corporate Planning; Environmental analysis and diagnosis: Strategy formulation

Unit III Organizing

Organizing Concept, nature, process and significance; Authority and Responsibility relationships; Centralization and Decentralization; Departmentation; Organisation Structure- forms and contingency factors

Unit IV Motivation and Leadership

Motivating and Leading people at work; Motivation concepts; Theories; – Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor, and Ouchi; Financial and Non-Financial incentives

Concept and Leadership styles; Leadership Theories (Tannenbaum and Schmidt); Likert’s System Management

Communication: Nature, Process, Networks and Barriers, Effective Communication

Unit V Managerial Control

Managerial Control Concept and process; Effective Control System; Techniques of Controltraditional and modern

Unit VI Management of Change

Management of Change Concept, nature, process of planned change; Resistance to Change; Emerging horizons of management in a changing Environment

Principles of Management PDF

Principles of management note.

What is Principles of Management?

Principles of management is a broad and general guideline for managerial decision making and behavior of employees towards organization.

Principles of Management Questions and Answers

Some of the principles of management questions and answers are mentioned below. You can download the QnA in principles of management pdf form.

• What is Management?
• Define – Management.
• Write some characteristics of Management.
• What are the roles of management in organization?
• Write any two points in favor for management as a science.
• Explain the different Business organization.
• Is Management Profession-discuss?
• Discuss the contribution of Henry Fayol Management.
• Discuss the contribution of F.W. Taylor to management.
• Is Management Art or Science. Comment.

Principles of Management Question Paper

If you have already studied the principles of management notes, then its time to move ahead and go through previous year principles of the management question paper.

It will help you to understand question paper pattern and type of principles of management questions and answers asked in MBA, BBA, BCom principles of management exam. You can download the syllabus in principles of management pdf form.

Principles of Management Book

Below is the list of principles of management book recommended by the top university in India.

• Drucker Peter F: Management Challenges for 21 st Century; Butterworth Heinmann, Oxford
• Stoner and Freeman: Management; Prentice Hall, New Delhi
• Hampton, David R: Modern Management; McGraw Hill, New York
• Louis A. Allen: Management and Organisation; McGraw Hill, Tokyo
• Fred Luthans: Organizational Behaviour; McGraw Hill, New York
• Weihrich and Koontz,et al: Essentials of Management; Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
• Ansoff H.I: Corporate Strategy; Mc GrawHill, New York
• Hersey Paul and Blanchard Kenneth: Management of Organisation Behaviour- Utilizing the Human Resources; Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
• Maslow Abraham: Motivation and Personality; Harper and Row

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