environmental risks of economic development case study

• A-Z Publications

Annual Review of Economics

Volume 14, 2022, review article, how economic development influences the environment.

• Seema Jayachandran 1
• View Affiliations Hide Affiliations Affiliations: Department of Economics and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; email: [email protected]
• Vol. 14:229-252 (Volume publication date August 2022) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-082321-123803
• First published as a Review in Advance on April 18, 2022
• Copyright © 2022 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Reducing global poverty and addressing climate change and other environmental crises are among the most important challenges facing humanity today. This review discusses one way in which these problems are intertwined: how economic development affects the environment. I synthesize recent micro-empirical research on the environmental effects of economic development in low- and middle-income countries. The studies that I discuss identify the causal effects of specific aspects of economic development, such as greater household purchasing power, expanded access to credit, more secure property rights, technological progress, and stronger regulatory capacity. I conclude by outlining some gaps in the literature.

Article metrics loading...

Full text loading...

Literature Cited

• Abman R , Garg T , Pan Y , Singhal S. 2020 . Agriculture and deforestation Work. Pap., San Diego State Univ. San Diego, CA: [Google Scholar]
• Acemoglu D , Johnson S , Robinson JA 2005 . Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. Handbook of Economic Growth , Vol. 1 P Aghion, S Durlauf 385– 472 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
• Ali DA , Deininger K , Goldstein M. 2014 . Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: pilot evidence from Rwanda. J. Dev. Econ. 110 : 262– 75 [Google Scholar]
• Alix-Garcia J , McIntosh C , Sims KR , Welch JR 2013 . The ecological footprint of poverty alleviation: evidence from Mexico's Oportunidades program. Rev. Econ. Stat. 95 : 2 417– 35 [Google Scholar]
• Andersen DC. 2016 . Credit constraints, technology upgrading, and the environment. J. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. 3 : 2 283– 319 [Google Scholar]
• Andersen DC. 2017 . Do credit constraints favor dirty production? Theory and plant-level evidence. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 84 : 189– 208 [Google Scholar]
• Asher S , Garg T , Novosad P. 2020 . The ecological impact of transportation infrastructure. Econ. J. 130 : 629 1173– 99 [Google Scholar]
• Ashraf N , Berry J , Shapiro JM. 2010 . Can higher prices stimulate product use? Evidence from a field experiment in Zambia. Am. Econ. Rev. 100 : 5 2383– 413 [Google Scholar]
• Assunção J , Gandoura C , Rocha R. 2019 . DETERring deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: environmental monitoring and law enforcement . Work. Pap., Pontif. Cathol. Univ. Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: [Google Scholar]
• Assunção J , Gandour C , Rocha R , Rocha R. 2020 . The effect of rural credit on deforestation: evidence from the Brazilian Amazon. Econ. J. 130 : 626 290– 330 [Google Scholar]
• Banerjee A , Duflo E , Goldberg N , Karlan D , Osei R et al. 2015 . A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for the very poor: evidence from six countries. Science 348 : 6236 1260799 [Google Scholar]
• Barrows G , Ollivier H. 2021 . Foreign demand, developing country exports, and CO2 emissions: firm-level evidence from India. J. Dev. Econ. 149 : 102587 [Google Scholar]
• Barwick PJ , Li S , Lin L , Zou E. 2020 . From fog to smog: the value of pollution information NBER Work. Pap. 26541 [Google Scholar]
• Baylis P , Greenstone M , Lee K , Sahai H. 2021 . Pollution masks and the demand for clean air: experimental evidence from Delhi Work. Pap., Univ. Chicago Chicago: [Google Scholar]
• Behrer AP. 2019 . Earth, wind and fire: the impact of anti-poverty efforts on Indian agriculture and air pollution Work. Pap., Stanford Univ. Stanford, CA: [Google Scholar]
• BenYishay A , Fraker A , Guiteras R , Palloni G , Shah NB et al. 2017a . Microcredit and willingness to pay for environmental quality: evidence from a randomized-controlled trial of finance for sanitation in rural Cambodia. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 86 : 121– 40 [Google Scholar]
• BenYishay A , Heuser S , Runfola D , Trichler R. 2017b . Indigenous land rights and deforestation: evidence from the Brazilian Amazon. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 86 : 29– 47 [Google Scholar]
• Berkouwer SB , Dean JT. 2021 . Credit, attention, and externalities in the adoption of energy efficient technologies by low-income households Work. Pap., Univ. Pa. Philadelphia: [Google Scholar]
• Berry J , Fischer G , Guiteras R. 2020 . Eliciting and utilizing willingness to pay: evidence from field trials in Northern Ghana. J. Political Econ. 128 : 4 1436– 73 [Google Scholar]
• Besley T. 1995 . Property rights and investment incentives: theory and evidence from Ghana. J. Political Econ. 103 : 5 903– 37 [Google Scholar]
• Besley T , Ghatak M 2010 . Property rights and economic development. Handbook of Development Economics , Vol. 5 D Rodrik, M Rosenzweig 4525– 95 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
• Besley T , Persson T. 2009 . The origins of state capacity: property rights, taxation, and politics. Am. Econ. Rev. 99 : 4 1218– 44 [Google Scholar]
• Blackman A , Corral L , Lima ES , Asner GP. 2017 . Titling indigenous communities protects forests in the Peruvian Amazon. PNAS 114 : 16 4123– 28 [Google Scholar]
• Bombardini M , Li B. 2020 . Trade, pollution and mortality in China. J. Int. Econ. 125 : 103321 [Google Scholar]
• Borlaug N. 2007 . Feeding a hungry world. Science 318 : 5849 359 [Google Scholar]
• Brainerd E , Menon N. 2014 . Seasonal effects of water quality: the hidden costs of the Green Revolution to infant and child health in India. J. Dev. Econ. 107 : 49– 64 [Google Scholar]
• Burgess R , Costa F , Olken BA. 2019 . The Brazilian Amazon's double reversal of fortune Work. Pap., Mass. Inst. Technol. Cambridge: [Google Scholar]
• Burgess R , Hansen M , Olken BA , Potapov P , Sieber S. 2012 . The political economy of deforestation in the tropics. Q. J. Econ. 127 : 4 1707– 54 [Google Scholar]
• Cherniwchan J , Copeland BR , Taylor MS. 2017 . Trade and the environment: new methods, measurements, and results. Annu. Rev. Econ. 9 : 59– 85 [Google Scholar]
• Copeland BR , Shapiro JS , Taylor MS. 2021 . Globalization and the environment NBER Work. Pap. 28797 [Google Scholar]
• Dasgupta P. 1996 . The economics of the environment. Environ. Dev. Econ. 1 : 4 387– 428 [Google Scholar]
• Dasgupta P , Mäler KG 1995 . Poverty, institutions, and the environmental resource-base. Handbook of Development Economics , Vol. 3A J Behrman, TN Srinivasan 2371– 463 Amsterdam: North-Holland [Google Scholar]
• Davis LW , Kahn ME. 2010 . International trade in used vehicles: the environmental consequences of NAFTA. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 2 : 4 58– 82 [Google Scholar]
• Duflo E , Greenstone M , Pande R , Ryan N 2013 . Truth-telling by third-party auditors and the response of polluting firms: experimental evidence from India. Q. J. Econ. 128 : 4 1499– 545 [Google Scholar]
• Duflo E , Greenstone M , Pande R , Ryan N 2018 . The value of regulatory discretion: estimates from environmental inspections in India. Econometrica 86 : 6 2123– 60 [Google Scholar]
• Eisenbarth S. 2022 . Do exports of renewable resources lead to resource depletion? Evidence from fisheries. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 112 : 102603 [Google Scholar]
• Feng W , Cai B , Zhang B. 2020 . A bite of China: food consumption and carbon emission from 1992 to 2007. China Econ. Rev. 59 : 100949 [Google Scholar]
• Ferraro PJ , Simorangkir R. 2020 . Conditional cash transfers to alleviate poverty also reduced deforestation in Indonesia. Sci. Adv. 6 : 24 eaaz1298 [Google Scholar]
• Franzen A , Vogl D. 2013 . Two decades of measuring environmental attitudes: a comparative analysis of 33 countries. Global Environ. Change 23 : 5 1001– 8 [Google Scholar]
• Garcia A. 2020 . The environmental impacts of agricultural intensification Tech. Rep. 9, CGIAR Standing Panel Impact Assess., CGIAR Rome, Italy: [Google Scholar]
• Garg T , Jagnani M , Pullabhotla HK. 2020 . Agricultural labor exits increase crop fires Work. Pap., Univ. Calif. San Diego: [Google Scholar]
• Garg T , Shenoy A. 2021 . The ecological impact of place-based economic policies. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 103 : 4 1239– 50 [Google Scholar]
• Gendron-Carrier N , Gonzalez-Navarro M , Polloni S , Turner MA. 2022 . Subways and urban air pollution. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 14 : 1 164– 96 [Google Scholar]
• Gertler PJ , Shelef O , Wolfram CD , Fuchs A. 2016 . The demand for energy-using assets among the world's rising middle classes. Am. Econ. Rev. 106 : 6 1366– 401 [Google Scholar]
• Ghani E , Goswami AG , Kerr WR. 2016 . Highway to success: the impact of the Golden Quadrilateral Project for the location and performance of Indian manufacturing. Econ. J. 126 : 591 317– 57 [Google Scholar]
• Goldstein M , Houngbedji K , Kondylis F , O'Sullivan M , Selod H. 2018 . Formalization without certification? Experimental evidence on property rights and investment. J. Dev. Econ. 132 : 57– 74 [Google Scholar]
• Goldstein M , Udry C. 2008 . The profits of power: land rights and agricultural investment in Ghana. J. Political Econ. 116 : 6 981– 1022 [Google Scholar]
• Greenstone M , Jack BK. 2015 . Envirodevonomics: a research agenda for an emerging field. J. Econ. Lit. 53 : 1 5– 42 [Google Scholar]
• Grossman GM , Krueger AB. 1991 . Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement NBER Work. Pap. 3914 [Google Scholar]
• Grossman GM , Krueger AB. 1995 . Economic growth and the environment. Q. J. Econ. 110 : 2 353– 77 [Google Scholar]
• Gutiérrez E , Teshima K. 2018 . Abatement expenditures, technology choice, and environmental performance: evidence from firm responses to import competition in Mexico. J. Dev. Econ. 133 : 264– 74 [Google Scholar]
• Hanna R , Oliva P. 2015 . Moving up the energy ladder: the effect of an increase in economic well-being on the fuel consumption choices of the poor in India. Am. Econ. Rev. 105 : 5 242– 46 [Google Scholar]
• Haushofer J , Shapiro J. 2016 . The short-term impact of unconditional cash transfers to the poor: experimental evidence from Kenya. Q. J. Econ. 131 : 4 1973– 2042 [Google Scholar]
• He G , Wang S , Zhang B. 2020 . Watering down environmental regulation in China. Q. J. Econ. 135 : 4 2135– 85 [Google Scholar]
• He P , Baiocchi G , Feng K , Hubacek K , Yu Y. 2019 . Environmental impacts of dietary quality improvement in China. J. Environ. Manag. 240 : 518– 26 [Google Scholar]
• Health Eff. Inst 2020 . Average seasonal population-weighted ozone State of Global Air 2020. https://www.stateofglobalair.org/data/#/air/table [Google Scholar]
• Hess S , Jaimovich D , Schündeln M. 2021 . Environmental effects of development programs: experimental evidence from West African dryland forests. J. Dev. Econ. 153 : 102737 [Google Scholar]
• Hsieh CT , Klenow PJ. 2009 . Misallocation and manufacturing TFP in China and India. Q. J. Econ. 124 : 4 1403– 48 [Google Scholar]
• Ito K , Zhang S 2020a . Reforming inefficient energy pricing: evidence from China NBER Work. Pap. 26853 [Google Scholar]
• Ito K , Zhang S 2020b . Willingness to pay for clean air: evidence from air purifier markets in China. J. Political Econ. 128 : 5 1627– 72 [Google Scholar]
• Jaffe AB , Stavins RN. 1994 . The energy paradox and the diffusion of conservation technology. Resour. Energy Econ. 16 : 2 91– 122 [Google Scholar]
• Jayachandran S. 2013 . Liquidity constraints and deforestation: the limitations of payments for ecosystem services. Am. Econ. Rev. 103 : 3 309– 13 [Google Scholar]
• Kahn ME , Li P , Zhao D. 2015 . Water pollution progress at borders: the role of changes in China's political promotion incentives. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 7 : 4 223– 42 [Google Scholar]
• Lawlor K , Handa S , Davis B , Seidenfeld D et al. 2020 . Poverty-environment relationships under market heterogeneity: cash transfers and rural livelihoods in Zambia. Environ. Dev. Econ. 25 : 3 291– 314 [Google Scholar]
• Lawry S , Samii C , Hall R , Leopold A , Hornby D , Mtero F 2017 . The impact of land property rights interventions on investment and agricultural productivity in developing countries: a systematic review. J. Dev. Eff. 9 : 1 61– 81 [Google Scholar]
• Levine DI , Beltramo T , Blalock G , Cotterman C , Simons AM. 2018 . What impedes efficient adoption of products? Evidence from randomized sales offers for fuel-efficient cookstoves in Uganda. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 16 : 6 1850– 80 [Google Scholar]
• Levine R. 1997 . Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda. J. Econ. Lit. 35 : 2 688– 726 [Google Scholar]
• Li S , Liu Y , Purevjav AO , Yang L 2019 . Does subway expansion improve air quality?. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 96 : 213– 35 [Google Scholar]
• Lipscomb M , Mobarak AM. 2016 . Decentralization and pollution spillovers: evidence from the re-drawing of county borders in Brazil. Rev. Econ. Stud. 84 : 1 464– 502 [Google Scholar]
• López-Feldman A , Chávez E. 2017 . Remittances and natural resource extraction: evidence from Mexico. Ecol. Econ. 132 : 69– 79 [Google Scholar]
• Mahadevan M. 2020 . The price of power: costs of political corruption in Indian electricity Work. Pap., Univ. Calif. Irvine: [Google Scholar]
• Malerba D. 2020 . Poverty alleviation and local environmental degradation: an empirical analysis in Colombia. World Dev . 127 : 104776 [Google Scholar]
• Meeks R , Isaev R , Omuraliev A , Wang Z. 2021 . Smart meters and the benefits from electricity quality improvements Work. Pap., Duke Univ. Durham, NC: [Google Scholar]
• Meeks R , Sims KR , Thompson H. 2019 . Waste not: Can household biogas deliver sustainable development?. Environ. Resour. Econ. 72 : 3 763– 94 [Google Scholar]
• Nagaraj A. 2022 . The private impact of public data: Landsat satellite maps increased gold discoveries and encouraged entry. Manag. Sci. 68 : 1 564– 82 [Google Scholar]
• NationMaster 2014 . Motor vehicles per 1000 people NationMaster. https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Transport/Road/Motor-vehicles-per-1000-people [Google Scholar]
• Nriagu JO. 1990 . The rise and fall of leaded gasoline. Sci. Total Environ. 92 : 13– 28 [Google Scholar]
• Oliva P. 2015 . Environmental regulations and corruption: automobile emissions in Mexico City. J. Political Econ. 123 : 3 686– 724 [Google Scholar]
• Oliva P , Jack BK , Bell S , Mettetal E , Severen C. 2020 . Technology adoption under uncertainty: take-up and subsequent investment in Zambia. Rev. Econ. Stat. 102 : 3 617– 32 [Google Scholar]
• Ostrom E. 1990 . Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
• Pagel J. 2020 . Aid against trees? Evidence from a community-driven development program in the Philippines Work. Pap., Univ. Barcelona Barcelona, Spain: [Google Scholar]
• Probst B , BenYishay A , Kontoleon A , dos Reis TN. 2020 . Impacts of a large-scale titling initiative on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Nat. Sustain. 3 : 12 1019– 26 [Google Scholar]
• Qi J , Tang X , Xi X. 2021 . The size distribution of firms and industrial water pollution: a quantitative analysis of China. Am. Econ. J. Macroecon. 13 : 1 151– 83 [Google Scholar]
• Roser M. 2021 . Global poverty in an unequal world: Who is considered poor in a rich country? And what does this mean for our understanding of global poverty?. Our World in Data March 5. https://ourworldindata.org/higher-poverty-global-line [Google Scholar]
• Ryan N. 2018 . Energy productivity and energy demand: experimental evidence from Indian manufacturing plants NBER Work. Pap. 24619 [Google Scholar]
• Ryan N , Sudarshan A. 2020 . Rationing the commons Work. Pap., Yale Univ. New Haven, CT: [Google Scholar]
• Sekhri S. 2011 . Public provision and protection of natural resources: groundwater irrigation in rural India. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 3 : 4 29– 55 [Google Scholar]
• Shapiro JS , Walker R. 2018 . Why is pollution from US manufacturing declining? The roles of environmental regulation, productivity, and trade. Am. Econ. Rev. 108 : 12 3814– 54 [Google Scholar]
• Stern DI. 2017 . The environmental Kuznets curve after 25 years. J. Bioecon. 19 : 1 7– 28 [Google Scholar]
• Stevenson JR , Villoria N , Byerlee D , Kelley T , Maredia M. 2013 . Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production. PNAS 110 : 21 8363– 68 [Google Scholar]
• Tanaka S , Teshima K , Verhoogen E. 2021 . North-South displacement effects of environmental regulation: the case of battery recycling. Am. Econ. Rev. Insights. In press [Google Scholar]
• Tseng TWJ , Robinson BE , Bellemare MF , BenYishay A , Blackman A et al. 2021 . Influence of land tenure interventions on human well-being and environmental outcomes. Nat. Sustain. 4 : 3 242– 51 [Google Scholar]
• van Benthem AA. 2015 . Energy leapfrogging. J. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2 : 1 93– 132 [Google Scholar]
• WHO (World Health Organ.) 2016 . SDG Indicator 11.6.2. Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) The Global Health Observatory https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/concentrations-of-fine-particulate-matter-(pm2-5 ) [Google Scholar]
• Wilebore B , Voors M , Bulte EH , Coomes D , Kontoleon A. 2019 . Unconditional transfers and tropical forest conservation: evidence from a randomized control trial in Sierra Leone. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 101 : 3 894– 918 [Google Scholar]
• Worku IH , Dereje M , Minten B , Hirvonen K. 2017 . Diet transformation in Africa: the case of Ethiopia. Agric. Econ. 48 : S1 73– 86 [Google Scholar]
• World Bank 2018 . Co2 emissions (metric tons per capita) The World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC [Google Scholar]
• World Bank 2020 . Gdp per capita, ppp (current international $) The World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD [Google Scholar]

Data & Media loading...

• Article Type: Review Article

Most Read This Month

Most cited most cited rss feed, power laws in economics and finance, the gravity model, the china shock: learning from labor-market adjustment to large changes in trade, microeconomics of technology adoption, financial literacy, financial education, and economic outcomes, gender and competition, corruption in developing countries, the economics of human development and social mobility, the roots of gender inequality in developing countries, weak instruments in instrumental variables regression: theory and practice.

• Understanding Poverty
• Environment

The Economic Case for Nature

• Economies rely on the flow of goods and services generated by nature (such as food, raw materials, pollination, water filtration and climate regulation), but nature is under unprecedented threat.
• A new World Bank report, The Economic Case for Nature, uses innovative economic modelling techniques to estimate how changes in select ecosystem services impact the economy, helping decision-makers understand the cost of inaction.
• The report also lays out options for nature-smart policies that reduce the risk of ecosystem collapse and are “win-win” in terms of biodiversity and economic outcomes.

The Economic Case for Nature  is part of a series of papers by the World Bank that lays out the economic rationale for investing in nature and recognizes how economies rely on nature for services that are largely underpriced. This report presents a first-of-its-kind integrated ecosystem-economy modelling exercise to assess economic policy responses to the global biodiversity crisis. Modeling the interaction between nature’s services and the global economy to 2030, the report points to a range and combination of policy scenarios available to reduce the impact of nature’s loss on economies. This modeling framework represents an important stepping-stone towards ‘nature-smart’ decision-making, as it seeks to support policymakers who face complex tradeoffs involving the management of natural capital, and hence achieving growth that is resilient and inclusive.

This report presents a novel modeling framework that integrates select ecosystem services into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. This allows the study of the impact of changes in select ecosystem services on the global economy and vice versa between 2021 and 2030. The report assesses the link between the decline of select ecosystem services—pollination of crops by wild pollinators, climate regulation from carbon storage and sequestration, provision of food from marine fisheries and provision of timber—and the performance of key sectors that rely on these services, such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors, and related industries.

METHODOLOGY

The integrated model is used to compare the baseline (economy-only) scenario with a set of scenarios that simulate the interactions between ecosystems and the global economy to   2030. First, the ‘business-as-usual’ scenario where economic growth leads to a decline in the ecosystem services analyzed, and two, a ‘partial ecosystem collapse’ scenario where pressure on select ecosystems pushes them to tipping points, with dire economic consequences. A third set of scenarios assesses the effects of introducing various nature-smart policy reforms on environmental and economic outcomes in 2030.

Finding Solutions to Development Challenges in Nature

• PRESS RELEASE: Protecting Nature Could Avert Global Economic Losses of $2.7 Trillion Per Year
• REPORT: The Economic Case for Nature
• INFOGRAPHIC: The Economic Case for Nature
• KEY FINDINGS: The Economic Case for Nature
• World Bank and Environment
• World Bank and Biodiversity
• Global Program on Sustainability

Advertisement

Measuring the nexus between economic development and environmental quality based on environmental Kuznets curve: a comparative study between China and Germany for the period of 2000–2017

• Published: 07 April 2021
• Volume 23 , pages 16848–16873, ( 2021 )

Cite this article

• Yu Hao   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8394-4215 2 , 3 , 4 , 5   nAff1 ,
• Shang Gao   nAff1 ,
• Yunxia Guo   na1   nAff1 ,
• Zhiqiang Gai   nAff1 &
• Haitao Wu 2   na1   nAff1  

922 Accesses

19 Citations

Explore all metrics

With the rapid development of China's economy, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly serious. Given that China’s current environmental quality threatens its long-term sustainable economic development, certain attention must be paid to curb environmental pollution in China. As a developed country with a high level of environmental quality in the world, Germany has experienced “Treatment after Pollution”. To promote China’s environmental quality, this study considers the historical lessons offered by Germany and examines the relationship between environmental pollution and economic development as well as the effective environmental governance mode in Germany and China. Based on the panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions in China and 16 states in Germany from 2000 to 2017, this study quantitatively investigates the nexus of economic growth and environmental pollution in the two countries. Empirical results demonstrate that, during the sample period of 2000–2017, the emissions of four pollutants in both countries increase initially and then decrease as the economy grows. The levels of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) that correspond to the emission peaks of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are comparable in the two countries. Some economic and industrial policies may help to accelerate the occurrence of the turning point, including the following: decreasing the importance of a secondary industry; taking full advantage of the structural and technical effects brought about by foreign trade; reducing the reliance on non-clean energy; and carrying out more effective energy policies. In this regard, coordinating environmental policies with economic growth, formulating strict environmental policies, improving industrial structure, optimizing energy structure, and improving the quality of foreign trade are pivotal for China's sustainable development goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Re-examining the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for India via the multiple threshold NARDL procedure

Effect of Environmental Regulation on High-quality Economic Development in China—An Empirical Analysis Based on Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model

Reinvigorating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the context of highly polluted nations: evidence using advanced panel estimation techniques

Tibet Autonomous Region, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province were not included in the study due to incomplete data.

Since German provincial pollutant emissions are estimated on the basis of 1900, it is difficult to carry out international unit conversion, and whether to carry out unit conversion makes no difference to this study, so the original data were used in this paper.

Adebayo, T. S. (2020). Revisiting the EKC hypothesis in an emerging market: An application of ARDL-based bounds and wavelet coherence approaches. SN Applied Sciences, 2 (12), 1–15.

Article   Google Scholar  

Adebayo, T. S., & Odugbesan, J. A. (2021). Modeling CO 2 emissions in South Africa: Empirical evidence from ARDL based bounds and wavelet coherence techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 28 (8), 9377–9389.

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Alvarado, R., Ponce, P., Criollo, A., Córdova, K., & Khan, M. K. (2018). Environmental degradation and real per capita output: New evidence at the global level grouping countries by income levels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 189 , 13–20.

Ahmad, M., Ahmed, N., Jabeen, M., Jabeen, G., Qamar, S., Chandio, A. A., Rehman, A., & Rauf, A. (2020). Empirics on heterogeneous links among urbanization, the intensity of electric power consumption, water-based emissions, and economic progress in regional China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (31), 38937–38950.

Ahmad, M., Jan, I., Jabeen, G., & Alvarado, R. (2021). Does energy-industry investment drive economic performance in regional China: Implications for sustainable development. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27 , 176–192.

Ahn, S. C., & Gadarowski, C. (2004). Small sample properties of the GMM specification test based on the Hansen-Jagannathan distance. Journal of Empirical Finance, 11 (1), 109–132.

Ang, J. B. (2009). CO 2 emissions, research and technology transfer in China. Ecological Economics, 68 (10), 2658–2665.

Apergis, N., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52 , 16–22.

Arbia, G., Battisti, M., & Di Vaio, G. (2010). Institutions and geography: Empirical test of spatial growth models for European regions. Economic Modelling, 27 (1), 12–21.

Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of Economic studies, 58 (2), 277–297.

Auffhammer, M., & Carson, R. T. (2008). Forecasting the path of China’s CO 2 emissions using province-level information. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 55 (3), 229–247.

Awan, A. G. (2013). Relationship between environment and sustainable economic development: A theoretical approach to environmental problems. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3 (3), 741–761.

Google Scholar  

Bastola, U., & Sapkota, P. (2015). Relationships among energy consumption, pollution emission, and economic growth in Nepal. Energy, 80 , 254–262.

Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (2000). GMM estimation with persistent panel data: An application to production functions. Econometric Reviews, 19 (3), 321–340.

Candau, F., & Dienesch, E. (2017). Pollution haven and corruption paradise. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 85 , 171–192.

Chen, X., & Ye, J. (2019). When the wind blows: Spatial spillover effects of urban air pollution in China. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62 (8), 1359–1376.

Cheng, Z. (2016). The spatial correlation and interaction between manufacturing agglomeration and environmental pollution. Ecological Indicators, 61 , 1024–1032.

Cole, M. A. (2003). Development, trade, and the environment: how robust is the Environmental Kuznets Curve? Environment and Development Economics , 557–580.

Cole, M. A., Rayner, A. J., & Bates, J. M. (1997). The environmental Kuznets curve: An empirical analysis. Environment and Development Economics, 2 , 401–416.

Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H., & Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16 (1), 147–168.

De Bruyn, S. M., van den Bergh, J. C., & Opschoor, J. B. (1998). Economic growth and emissions: Reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental Kuznets curves. Ecological Economics, 25 (2), 161–175.

Dean, J. M. (2002). Does trade liberalization harm the environment? A new test. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienned’économique, 35 (4), 819–842.

Debarsy, N., & Ertur, C. (2010). Testing for spatial autocorrelation in a fixed effects panel data model. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 40 (6), 453–470.

Deng, Q., Alvarado, R., Toledo, E., & Caraguay, L. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions, non-renewable energy consumption, and output in South America: The role of the productive structure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 , 14477–14491.

Destek, M. A., Ulucak, R., & Dogan, E. (2018). Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: The role of ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25 (29), 29387–29396.

Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49 (4), 431–455.

Fan, J. L., Wang, J. D., Kong, L. S., & Zhang, X. (2018). The carbon footprints of secondary industry in China: An input–output subsystem analysis. Natural Hazards, 91 (2), 635–657.

Franke, R., & Kalmbach, P. (2005). Structural change in the manufacturing sector and its impact on business-related services: An input–output study for Germany. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16 (4), 467–488.

Galeotti, M., & Lanza, A. (2005). Desperately seeking environmental Kuznets. Environmental Modelling & Software, 20 (11), 1379–1388.

Gill, A. R., Viswanathan, K. K., & Hassan, S. (2018). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the environmental problem of the day. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 81 , 1636–1642.

Giovanis, E. (2013). Environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from the British household panel survey. Economic Modelling, 30 , 602–611.

Goodchild, M., Haining, R., & Wise, S. (1992). Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis: problems and possibilities. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems , 6 (5), 407–423.

Govindaraju, V. C., & Tang, C. F. (2013). The dynamic links between CO 2 emissions, economic growth and coal consumption in China and India. Applied Energy, 104 , 310–318.

Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (No. w3914) . . Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Book   Google Scholar  

Gu, B., Ge, Y., Ren, Y., Xu, B., Luo, W., Jiang, H., & Chang, J. (2012). Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China: Sources, recent trends, and damage costs. Environmental Science & Technology, 46 (17), 9420–9427.

Guariglia, A., Liu, X., & Song, L. (2011). Internal finance and growth: Microeconometric evidence on Chinese firms. Journal of Development Economics, 96 (1), 79–94.

Hamit-Haggar, M. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective. Energy Economics, 34 (1), 358–364.

Hao, Y., Chen, Y. F., Liao, H., & Wei, Y. M. (2020a). China’s fiscal decentralization and environmental quality: Theory and an empirical study. Environment and Development Economics, 25 (2), 159–181.

Hao, Y., Deng, Y., Lu, Z. N., & Chen, H. (2018). Is environmental regulation effective in China? Evidence from city-level panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188 , 966–976.

Hao, Y., Gai, Z., & Wu, H. (2020b). How do resource misallocation and government corruption affect green total factor energy efficiency? Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 143 , 111562.

Hao, Y., Guo, Y., Guo, Y., Wu, H., & Ren, S. (2020c). Does outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) affect the home country’s environmental quality? The case of China. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 52 , 109–119.

Hao, Y., Huang, Z., & Wu, H. (2019). Do carbon emissions and economic growth decouple in China? An empirical analysis based on provincial panel data. Energies, 12 (12), 2411.

Hao, Y., Zhang, Z. Y., Liao, H., & Wei, Y. M. (2015). China’s farewell to coal: A forecast of coal consumption through 2020. Energy Policy, 86 , 444–455.

Hao, Y., Zheng, S., Zhao, M., Wu, H., Guo, Y., & Li, Y. (2020d). Reexamining the relationships among urbanization, industrial structure, and environmental pollution in China—New evidence using the dynamic threshold panel model. Energy Reports, 6 , 28–39.

Harbaugh, W. T., Levinson, A., & Wilson, D. M. (2002). Reexamining the empirical evidence for an environmental Kuznets curve. Review of Economics and Statistics, 84 (3), 541–551.

Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica , 46 (6), 1251.

He, J., & Richard, P. (2010). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO 2 in Canada. Ecological Economics, 69 (5), 1083–1093.

Hu, W., & Wang, D. (2020). How does environmental regulation influence China’s carbon productivity? An empirical analysis based on the spatial spillover effect. Journal of Cleaner Production, 257 , 120484.

Huang, J., Liu, C., Chen, S., Huang, X., Hao, Y. (2019). The convergence characteristics of China’s carbon intensity: Evidence from a dynamic spatial panel approach. Science of The Total Environment, 668 , 685–695.

Işık, C., Ongan, S., & Özdemir, D. (2019). Testing the EKC hypothesis for ten US states: An application of heterogeneous panel estimation method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (11), 10846–10853.

Jaunky, V. C. (2011). The CO 2 emissions-income nexus: Evidence from rich countries. Energy Policy, 39 (3), 1228–1240.

Jiang, L., He, S., Cui, Y., Zhou, H., & Kong, H. (2020). Effects of the socio-economic influencing factors on SO 2 pollution in Chinese cities: A spatial econometric analysis based on satellite observed data. Journal of Environmental Management, 268 , 110667.

Kelle, M. (2013). Crossing industry borders: German manufacturers as services exporters. The World Economy, 36 (12), 1494–1515.

Khan, S. A. R., Zhang, Y., Anees, M., Golpîra, H., Lahmar, A., & Qianli, D. (2018). Green supply chain management, economic growth and environment: A GMM based evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 185 , 588–599.

Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T. S., Khan, Z., Ali, S. (2020). Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , (in press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11654-7 .

Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45 (1), 1–28.

Lam, C., & Souza, P. C. (2020). Estimation and selection of spatial weight matrix in a spatial lag model. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 38 (3), 693–710.

Lee, C. C., Chiu, Y. B., & Sun, C. H. (2010). The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for water pollution: Do regions matter? Energy Policy, 38 (1), 12–23.

LeSage, J. P. (2014). What regional scientists need to know about spatial econometrics. Available at SSRN 2420725.

Li, T., Wang, Y., & Zhao, D. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve in China: New evidence from dynamic panel analysis. Energy Policy, 91 , 138–147.

Liefferink, D., & Andersen, M. S. (1998). Strategies of the’green’member states in EU environmental policy-making. Journal of European Public Policy, 5 (2), 254–270.

Lin, B., & Liu, J. (2010). Estimating coal production peak and trends of coal imports in China. Energy Policy, 38 (1), 512–519.

Liu, K., & Lin, B. (2019). Research on influencing factors of environmental pollution in China: A spatial econometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206 , 356–364.

Liu, X., & Sun, T. (2019). Dynamic driving and counterfactual decomposition of the influencing factors of household energy consumption among provinces in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230 , 1229–1240.

Liu, X., Sun, T., & Feng, Q. (2020). Dynamic spatial spillover effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in China considering the inertia characteristics of environmental pollution. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53 , 101903.

Liu, X., Xu, W., Duan, L., Du, E., Pan, Y., Lu, X., & Shen, J. (2017). Atmospheric nitrogen emission, deposition, and air quality impacts in China: An overview. Current Pollution Reports, 3 (2), 65–77.

Lopez, R. (1994). The environment as a factor of production: The effects of economic growth and trade liberalization. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27 (2), 163–184.

Lorente, D. B., & Alvarez-Herranz, A. (2016). An approach to the effect of energy innovation on environmental Kuznets curve: An introduction to inflection point. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4 (3), 224–233.

Lu, I. J., Lin, S. J., & Lewis, C. (2007). Decomposition and decoupling effects of carbon dioxide emission from highway transportation in Taiwan, Germany, Japan and South Korea. Energy Policy, 35 (6), 3226–3235.

Lu, Y., Song, S., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Meng, J., Sweetman, A. J., & Wang, T. (2015). Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China. Environment International, 77 , 5–15.

Lu, Z. N., Chen, H., Hao, Y., Wang, J., Song, X., & Mok, T. M. (2017). The dynamic relationship between environmental pollution, economic development and public health: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166 , 134–147.

Maddison, D. (2007). Modelling sulphur emissions in Europe: A spatial econometric approach. Oxford Economic Papers, 59 (4), 726–743.

Maeshiro, A. (1999). A lagged dependent variable, autocorrelated disturbances, and unit root tests-peculiar OLS bias properties-a pedagogical note. Applied Economics, 31 (3), 381–396.

Mangra, M. G., Cotoc, E., & Dumitru, A. (2014). Sustainable economic development through environmental management systems implementation. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 6 (1), 1–14.

Mittlefehldt, S. (2018). From appropriate technology to the clean energy economy: Renewable energy and environmental politics since the 1970s. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 8 (2), 212–219.

Mol, A. P., & Carter, N. T. (2006). China’s environmental governance in transition. Environmental Politics, 15 (02), 149–170.

Moll, S., & Acosta, J. (2006). Environmental implications of resource use: Environmental input-output analyses for Germany. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 10 (3), 25–40.

Moomaw, W. R., & Unruh, G. C. (1997). Are environmental Kuznets curves misleading us? The case of CO 2 emissions. Environment and Development Economics, 2 (4), 451–463.

National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2005). International Statistical Yearbook 2005.

National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2019). China Statistical Yearbook 2019.

Nicolai, T., & von Mutius, E. (1997). Pollution and the development of allergy: The east and west Germany story. In J. P. Seiler & E. Vilanova (Eds.), Applied toxicology: Approaches through basic science. Archives of toxicology (Supplement) (Vol. 19). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_18 .

Chapter   Google Scholar  

ÓhUallacháin, B., & Leslie, T. F. (2005). Spatial convergence and spillovers in American invention. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95 (4), 866–886.

Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and environment. CID Working Paper Series .

Perman, R., & Stern, D. I. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47 (3), 325–347.

Piribauer, P., & Fischer, M. M. (2015). Model uncertainty in matrix exponential spatial growth regression models. Geographical Analysis, 47 (3), 240–261.

Ponce, P., & Alvarado, R. (2019). Air pollution, output, FDI, trade openness, and urbanization: Evidence using DOLS and PDOLS cointegration techniques and causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (19), 19843–19858.

Qu, X., & Lee, L. F. (2015). Estimating a spatial autoregressive model with an endogenous spatial weight matrix. Journal of Econometrics, 184 (2), 209–232.

Racicot, F. É. (2015). Engineering robust instruments for GMM estimation of panel data regression models with errors in variables: A note. Applied Economics, 47 (10), 981–989.

Rafaj, P., Amann, M., Siri, J., & Wuester, H. (2015). Changes in European greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions 1960–2010: decomposition of determining factors. In J. Ometto, R. Bun, M. Jonas, & Z. Nahorski (Eds.), Uncertainties in greenhouse gas inventories . Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15901-0_3 .

Rafindadi, A. A. (2016). Revisiting the concept of environmental Kuznets curve in period of energy disaster and deteriorating income: Empirical evidence from Japan. Energy Policy, 94 , 274–284.

Robalino-López, A., García-Ramos, J. E., Golpe, A. A., & Mena-Nieto, Á. (2014). System dynamics modelling and the environmental Kuznets curve in Ecuador (1980–2025). Energy Policy, 67 , 923–931.

Roberts, J. T., & Grimes, P. E. (1997). Carbon intensity and economic development 1962–1991: A brief exploration of the environmental Kuznets curve. World development, 25 (2), 191–198.

Sadakata, M. (2003). Simultaneous solution of acid rain and desertification problems in China. Macro Review, 16 (1), 10–13.

Salari, M., Javid, R. J., & Noghanibehambari, H. (2021). The nexus between CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in the US. Economic Analysis and Policy, 61 , 182–194.

Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994). Environmental quality and development: Is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27 (2), 147–162.

Sheng, C., Cao, Y., & Xue, B. (2018). Residential Energy Sustainability in China and Germany: The impact of national energy policy system. Sustainability, 10 (12), 4535.

Shi, X., Rioux, B., & Galkin, P. (2018). Unintended consequences of China’s coal capacity cut policy. Energy Policy, 113 , 478–486.

Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World development, 32 (8), 1419–1439.

Su, Y., & Yu, Y. Q. (2019). Spatial association effect of regional pollution control. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213 , 540–552.

Sun, J., Wang, J., Wang, T., & Zhang, T. (2019). Urbanization, economic growth, and environmental pollution. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30 (2), 483–494.

Sun, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., & Niu, H. (2018). Coordinated development of a coupled social economy and resource environment system: A case study in Henan Province, China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20 (3), 1385–1404.

Suri, V., & Chapman, D. (1998). Economic growth, trade and energy: Implications for the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological economics, 25 (2), 195–208.

Taşpınar, S., Doğan, O., & Bera, A. K. (2017). GMM gradient tests for spatial dynamic panel data models. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 65 , 65–88.

Tobler, W. R. (1970). A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46 (sup1), 234–240.

Vallentin, D. (2008). Driving forces and barriers in the development and implementation of coal-to-liquids (CtL) technologies in Germany. Energy Policy, 36 (6), 2030–2043.

Walter, I., & Ugelow, J. L. (1979). Environmental policies in developing countries. Ambio , 8 , 102–109.

Wang, J., Zhang, J., Liu, N., Jiang, H., Zhang, W., Qin, C., & Wang, Q. (2016). Comparison of environmental quality between China and developed countries based on EKC. China Environmental Management, 2 , 9–15 (in Chinese).

Wang, Q., & Yang, Z. (2016). Industrial water pollution, water environment treatment, and health risks in China. Environmental Pollution, 218 , 358–365.

Weeks, M., & Yao, J. Y. (2003). Provincial conditional income convergence in China, 1953–1997: A panel data approach. Econometric Reviews, 22 (1), 59–77.

Wu, H., Gai, Z., Guo, Y., Li, Y., Hao, Y., & Lu, Z. N. (2020). Does environmental pollution inhibit urbanization in China? A new perspective through residents’ medical and health costs. Environmental Research, 182 , 109128.

Wüstenhagen, R., & Bilharz, M. (2006). Green energy market development in Germany: Effective public policy and emerging customer demand. Energy Policy, 34 (13), 1681–1696.

Xie, Q., Xu, X., & Liu, X. (2019). Is there an EKC between economic growth and smog pollution in China? New evidence from semiparametric spatial autoregressive models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220 , 873–883.

Xin, D., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Threshold effect of OFDI on China’s provincial environmental pollution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258 , 120608.

Xu, Y., Fan, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, R. (2020). Trade liberalization and haze pollution: Evidence from china. Ecological Indicators, 109 , 105825.

Yi, M., Wang, Y., Sheng, M., Sharp, B., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Effects of heterogeneous technological progress on haze pollution: Evidence from China. Ecological Economics, 169 , 106533.

Yu, S., Wei, Y. M., Guo, H., & Ding, L. (2014). Carbon emission coefficient measurement of the coal-to-power energy chain in China. Applied Energy, 114 , 290–300.

Yuan, J., Na, C., Lei, Q., Xiong, M., Guo, J., & Hu, Z. (2018). Coal use for power generation in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 129 , 443–453.

Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., & Fernandez, M. A. (2017). An Environmental Kuznets Curve for N O emissions in Germany: An ARDL approach. Natural Resources Forum , 41 (2), 119–127.

Zeng, S. X., Xu, X. D., Dong, Z. Y., & Tam, V. W. (2010). Towards corporate environmental information disclosure: An empirical study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18 (12), 1142–1148.

Zhang, K. M., & Wen, Z. G. (2008). Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 88 (4), 1249–1261.

Zhang, W., Yang, J., Zhang, Z., & Shackman, J. D. (2017). Natural gas price effects in China based on the CGE model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147 , 497–505.

Zhu, S., He, C., & Liu, Y. (2014). Going green or going away: Environmental regulation, economic geography and firms’ strategies in China’s pollution-intensive industries. Geoforum, 55 , 53–65.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72073010, 71761137001, 71521002), the key research program of the Beijing Social Science Foundation (17JDYJA009), and the Special Fund for Joint Development Program of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education. The authors want to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Chun Xia and her colleagues at Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy for their help in collecting German data for this paper. The authors are also very grateful to three anonymous reviewers, JEO Assistant Prof. Dr. Blessy Mary Mathew and Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Jesus Pena-Vinces for their insightful comments that helped us sufficiently improve the quality of this paper. The usual disclaimer applies.

Author information

Yu Hao, Shang Gao, Yunxia Guo, Zhiqiang Gai & Haitao Wu

Present address: School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China

Yunxia Guo and Haitao Wu have contributed equally to this study and share first authorship.

Authors and Affiliations

Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

Yu Hao & Haitao Wu

Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China

Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China

Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yu Hao or Haitao Wu .

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Hao, Y., Gao, S., Guo, Y. et al. Measuring the nexus between economic development and environmental quality based on environmental Kuznets curve: a comparative study between China and Germany for the period of 2000–2017. Environ Dev Sustain 23 , 16848–16873 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01365-5

Download citation

Received : 26 October 2020

Accepted : 22 March 2021

Published : 07 April 2021

Issue Date : November 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01365-5

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Environmental policies
• Sustainable development
• Environmental pollution
• Industrial policies
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Environmental inequality in peri-urban areas: a case study of huangpu district, guangzhou city.

1. Introduction

2. literature review and analysis framework, 2.1. environmental inequality in peri-urban areas, 2.2. analytical framework, 3. materials and methods, 3.1. study area, 3.2. data and preprocessing, 3.3. methodology, 4.1. spatial patterns of environmental inequality, 4.2. case analysis, 4.2.1. case one: traditional old industrial area, 4.2.2. case two: emerging industrial area, 5. discussion, 6. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest, appendix a. classification and buffer setting of nuisance facilities.

Appendix B. Basic Information from Interviewing Participants

• Soederberg, S.; Walks, A. Producing and governing inequalities under planetary urbanization: From urban age to urban revolution? Geoforum 2018 , 89 , 107–113. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wei, Y.D.; Ewing, R. Urban expansion, sprawl and inequality. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2018 , 177 , 259–265. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Brenner, N. Implosions/Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization ; Jovis: Berlin, Germany, 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
• Ma, C.B. Who bears the environmental burden in China-An analysis of the distribution of industrial pollution sources? Ecol. Econ. 2010 , 69 , 1869–1876. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ekers, M.; Hamel, P.; Keil, R. Governing Suburbia: Modalities and Mechanisms of Suburban Governance. Reg. Stud. 2012 , 46 , 405–422. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Shaw, B.J.; van Vliet, J.; Verburg, P.H. The peri-urbanization of Europe: A systematic review of a multifaceted process. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2020 , 196 , 103733. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bartels, L.E.; Bruns, A.; Simon, D. Towards Situated Analyses of Uneven Peri-Urbanisation: An (Urban) Political Ecology Perspective. Antipode 2020 , 52 , 1237–1258. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rajendran, L.P.; Raúl, L.; Chen, M.; Guerrero Andrade, J.C.; Akhtar, R.; Mngumi, L.E.; Chander, S.; Srinivas, S.; Roy, M.R. The ‘peri-urban turn’: A systems thinking approach for a paradigm shift in reconceptualising urban-rural futures in the global South. Habitat. Int. 2024 , 146 , 103041. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Singh, A.K.; Narain, V. Lost in transition: Perspectives, processes and transformations in Periurbanizing India. Cities 2020 , 97 , 102494. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Follmann, A. Geographies of peri-urbanization in the global south. Geogr. Compass 2022 , 16 , e12650. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Butsch, C.; Heinkel, S.-B. Periurban Transformations in the Global South and Their Impact on Water-Based Livelihoods. Water 2020 , 12 , 458. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Israel, E.; Frenkel, A. Social justice and spatial inequality: Toward a conceptual framework. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2018 , 42 , 647–665. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Simon, D. Urban Environments: Issues on the Peri-Urban Fringe. Annu. Rev. Env. Resour. 2008 , 33 , 167–185. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Mah, A.; Wang, X. Accumulated Injuries of Environmental Injustice: Living and Working with Petrochemical Pollution in Nanjing, China. Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr. 2019 , 109 , 1961–1977. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hossain, M.A.; Huggins, R. The Environmental and Social Impacts of Unplanned and Rapid Industrialization in Suburban Areas: The Case of the Greater Dhaka Region, Bangladesh. Environ. Urban. ASIA 2021 , 12 , 73–89. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Boone, C.G.; Fragkias, M.; Buckley, G.L.; Grove, J.M. A long view of polluting industry and environmental justice in Baltimore. Cities 2014 , 36 , 41–49. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Son, J.-Y.; Lane, K.; Miranda, M.; Bell, M. Health disparities attributable to air pollutant exposure in North Carolina: Influence of residential environmental and social factors. Health Place 2020 , 62 , 102287. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Frenkel, A.; Israel, E. Spatial inequality in the context of city-suburb cleavages–Enlarging the framework of well-being and social inequality. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2018 , 177 , 328–339. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sicotte, D. Diversity and Intersectionality among Environmentally Burdened Communities in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, USA. Urban. Stud. 2014 , 51 , 1850–1870. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kim, H.; Woosnam, K.M. Urban gentrification, social vulnerability, and environmental (in) justice: Perspectives from gentrifying metropolitan cities in Korea. Cities 2022 , 122 , 103514. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Schaeffer, Y.; Tivadar, M.J.E.E. Measuring environmental inequalities: Insights from the residential segregation literature. Ecol. Econ. 2019 , 164 , 106329. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kidokoro, T.; Sho, K.; Fukuda, R. Urban suburbia: Gentrification and spatial inequality in workers’ communities in Tokyo. Cities 2023 , 136 , 104247. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Dai, J.; Lv, P.; Ma, Z.; Bi, J.; Wen, T. Environmental risk and housing price: An empirical study of Nanjing, China. J. Clean. Prod. 2020 , 252 , 119828. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, C.; Tao, R.; Yue, Z.; Su, F. Regional competition, rural pollution haven and environmental injustice in China. Ecol. Econ. 2023 , 204 , 107669. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chen, Y.; Yue, W.; La Rosa, D. Which communities have better accessibility to green space? An investigation into environmental inequality using big data. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2020 , 204 , 103919. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ianoș, I.; Jones, R. Local aspects of change in the rural-urban fringe of a metropolitan area: A study of Bucharest, Romania. Habitat. Int. 2019 , 91 , 102026. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hochstenbach, C.; Musterd, S. Gentrification and the suburbanization of poverty: Changing urban geographies through boom and bust periods. Urban. Geogr. 2018 , 39 , 26–53. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Han, S. Spatial stratification and socio-spatial inequalities: The case of Seoul and Busan in South Korea. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 2022 , 9 , 23. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Narain, V. Whose land? Whose water? Water rights, equity and justice in a peri-urban context. Local Environ. 2014 , 19 , 974–989. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Murakami, A.; Medrial Zain, A.; Takeuchi, K.; Tsunekawa, A.; Yokota, S. Trends in urbanization and patterns of land use in the Asian mega cities Jakarta, Bangkok, and Metro Manila. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2005 , 70 , 251–259. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Simon, D.; McGregor, D.; Nsiah-Gyabaah, K. The changing urban-rural interface of African cities: Definitional issues and an application to Kumasi, Ghana. Environ. Urban. 2004 , 16 , 235–248. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Musterd, S.; Hochstenbach, C.; Boterman, W. Ripples of structural economic transformation: The changing social geographies of Dutch metropolitan regions. Appl. Geogr. 2020 , 116 , 102151. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rüttenauer, T. Bringing urban space back in: A multilevel analysis of environmental inequality in Germany. Urban. Stud. 2019 , 56 , 2549–2567. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ma, J.; Liu, B.; Mitchell, G.; Dong, G. A spatial analysis of air pollution and environmental inequality in Beijing, 2000–2010. J Environ. Plan. Man. 2019 , 62 , 2437–2458. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Mitchell, G.; Norman, P.; Mullin, K. Who benefits from environmental policy? An environmental justice analysis of air quality change in Britain, 2001-2011. Environ. Res. Lett. 2015 , 10 , 105009. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Brinkman, J.C. Congestion, agglomeration, and the structure of cities. J. Urban. Econ. 2016 , 94 , 13–31. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Buzzelli, M.; Jerrett, M.; Burnett, R.; Finklestein, N. Spatiotemporal Perspectives on Air Pollution and Environmental Justice in Hamilton, Canada, 1985–1996. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 2003 , 93 , 557–573. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pellow, D.N. Environmental Inequality Formation:Toward a Theory of Environmental Injustice. Am. Behav. Sci. 2000 , 43 , 581–601. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, K.; Qian, J.X.; He, S.J. Contested Worldings of E-Waste Environmental Justice: Nonhuman Agency and E-Waste Scalvaging in Guiyu, China. Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr. 2021 , 111 , 2165–2184. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Padilla, C.M.; Kihal-Talantikite, W.; Vieira, V.M.; Rossello, P.; Le Nir, G.; Zmirou-Navier, D.; Deguen, S.J.E.r. Air quality and social deprivation in four French metropolitan areas—A localized spatio-temporal environmental inequality analysis. Environ. Res. 2014 , 134 , 315–324. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Haase, A. Inequalities and Injustices of Urban Green Regeneration: Applying the Conflict Analysis Perspective. Land 2024 , 13 , 296. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• OEHHA, C. Cumulative Impacts: Building a Scientific Foundation ; Public Review Draft; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment: Oakland, CA, USA, 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
• Turner, B.L.; Kasperson, R.E.; Matson, P.A.; McCarthy, J.J.; Corell, R.W.; Christensen, L.; Eckley, N.; Kasperson, J.X.; Luers, A.; Martello, M.L.; et al. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003 , 100 , 8074–8079. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Zhao, X.L.; Zhang, S.F.; Fan, C.Y. Environmental externality and inequality in China: Current Status and future choices. Environ. Pollut. 2014 , 190 , 176–179. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Sadd, J.; Pastor, M.; Morello-Frosch, R.; Scoggins, J.; Jesdale, B. Playing It Safe: Assessing Cumulative Impact and Social Vulnerability through an Environmental Justice Screening Method in the South Coast Air Basin, California. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011 , 8 , 1441–1459. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Loughran, K. Parks for Profit: The High Line, Growth Machines, and the Uneven Development of Urban Public Spaces. City Community 2014 , 13 , 49–68. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sotiriou, G.; Petropoulou, C. Socio-Spatial Inequalities, and Local Struggles for the Right to the City and to Nature—Cases of Urban Green Parks in Athens. Land 2022 , 11 , 1899. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Shen, J.; Wang, S.; Wang, Y. Environmental Inequality in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Huangpu District, Guangzhou City. Land 2024 , 13 , 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050703

Shen J, Wang S, Wang Y. Environmental Inequality in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Huangpu District, Guangzhou City. Land . 2024; 13(5):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050703

Shen, Jing, Shaogu Wang, and Yuyin Wang. 2024. "Environmental Inequality in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Huangpu District, Guangzhou City" Land 13, no. 5: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050703

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

• SUGGESTED TOPICS
• The Magazine
• Newsletters
• Managing Yourself
• Managing Teams
• Work-life Balance
• The Big Idea
• Data & Visuals
• Reading Lists
• Case Selections
• HBR Learning
• Topic Feeds
• Account Settings
• Email Preferences

The Comprehensive Business Case for Sustainability

• Tensie Whelan

A walk through recent research.

Today’s executives are dealing with a complex and unprecedented brew of social, environmental, market, and technological trends. These require sophisticated, sustainability-based management. Yet executives are often reluctant to place sustainability core to their company’s business strategy in the mistaken belief that the costs outweigh the benefits. On the contrary, academic research and business experience point to quite the opposite.

• TW Tensie Whelan is a clinical professor of business and society and the director of the NYU Stern Center for Sustainable Business, and she sits on the advisory boards of Arabesque and Inherent Group.
• CF Carly Fink was a special projects assistant at Rainforest Alliance, a research scholar at Stern CSB, and is now working for Edelman PR Worldwide.

Partner Center

Latest News

Latest news and updates on different dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India and abroad.

• News New -->
• Investigation New -->
• Success Story New -->
• Appointments New -->
• Corporate Governance New -->
• Business Ethics New -->

Event - SICA'24

• Social Impact Conference and Awards 2024 New -->
• Social Impact Conference and Awards 2023 New -->
• Social Impact Conference and Awards 2022 New -->
• COVID Response Social Impact Awards 2021 New -->

CSR Insight

Find in-depth insights on CSR knowledge, latest CSR policies, expert opinion and special reports

• Policy New -->
• Knowledge New -->
• Featured New -->
• Opinion New -->
• Special Reports New -->
• Case Studies New -->
• Magazine New -->
• CSR Interview

Sustainability

• Sustainable Realty New -->
• Net Zero New -->
• Circular Economy New -->
• Waste Management New -->
• Environment New -->
• Climate Change New -->
• Organisations
• Fellowships

Lorem ipsum, or lipsum as it is sometimes known, is dummy text used in laying out print, graphic or web designs.

• Corporates 1
• Corporates 2
• Corporates 3
• Corporates 4
• Corporates 5

• Organizations
• Organizations 1
• Organizations 2
• Organizations 3
• Organizations 4
• Organizations 5
• Organizations 6
• CSR Projects
• CSR Reports

Case Study: How The Hans Foundation Revived Goom—A Model of Environmental and Economic Renewal

In the heart of India, where the challenges of poverty, deforestation, and rural exodus intersect, a remarkable transformation is taking place. The Hans Foundation , a pillar of support for marginalized communities, embarked on an ambitious mission to revitalize the impoverished village of Goom. Faced with a dwindling workforce, environmental degradation, and economic despair, the village posed a formidable challenge that would test the resilience and ingenuity of all involved.

Through the creation of the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery, the foundation not only aimed to restore the region’s ecological balance but also to empower the village’s women and youth. The following case study explores the intricate journey of building a community-driven initiative from the ground up—overcoming obstacles and ultimately establishing a sustainable model for rural development and environmental conservation.

Discover how a barren landscape was transformed into a flourishing nursery, offering livelihoods, protecting the environment, and reigniting hope in a community that was yearning for change.

Foundation Overview: The Hans Foundation’s Legacy of Community Empowerment

The story of the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery in Goom is just one example of how The Hans Foundation has been making a lasting impact across India. Established in 2009, the foundation is dedicated to improving the quality of life for marginalized and underserved communities throughout the country. Over the past 15 years, the foundation has implemented a wide range of programs across various sectors, including education, healthcare, disability livelihood, and environmental conservation.

The foundation's mission centres on the holistic development of remote and underserved communities, with particular attention to initiatives for children, women, and persons with disabilities. Committed to creating a more equitable society, The Hans Foundation ensures that no one is left behind in the pursuit of social justice and development. Aligning its efforts with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the foundation contributes significantly to the global agenda for a better world.

In terms of community development and environmental conservation, The Hans Foundation has made remarkable strides, reaching over 12,000 villages, 24 cities, and 25 states, and impacting 40 million beneficiaries. Notable among its initiatives is the Forest Fire Prevention and Mitigation Program, which seeks to reduce forest fire incidents, protect biodiversity, and support local livelihoods. Through a strong emphasis on community engagement and co-creation of solutions, The Hans Foundation ensures that its interventions are both culturally relevant and sustainable.

Background of the Initiative: Selecting Goom Village for Sustainable Development

This alignment with The Hans Foundation’s goals made Goom Village a clear choice. The selection for the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery project was driven by several critical factors::

• Agricultural Dependence: With 60 families relying on agriculture and livestock, there was a need for sustainable practices to enhance economic stability.
• High Migration Rates: Significant migration due to lack of facilities and opportunities highlighted the need for local employment and improved living conditions.
• Aging Population: The elderly demographic created challenges in maintaining a productive workforce, making it crucial to engage younger residents and women in meaningful work.
• Environmental Concerns: The village’s need for environmental conservation, especially in forest fire mitigation, aligned with the initiative's dual focus on ecological and economic benefits.

These conditions made Goom Village an ideal choice for fostering community resilience and sustainability.

Addressing Key Challenges

The Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery initiative aimed to address several challenges in Goom Village:

• Economic Instability: By creating jobs and providing a stable income, particularly for women, to counter the village’s reliance on agriculture and high migration rates.
• Environmental Degradation: To combat issues like deforestation and forest fire risks by growing native and valuable plants, promoting environmental conservation.
• Lack of Infrastructure: To improve essential facilities and enhance the quality of life, addressing the decline in infrastructure and reducing migration.
• Community Engagement: To empower local residents, especially women, through training and involvement in nursery management and sustainable practices.
• Scepticism and Experience: To build confidence and demonstrate successful plant cultivation, overcoming initial skepticism due to a lack of experience.

In short, the initiative sought to create a sustainable model benefiting both the local economy and environment.

Initiative Proposal

The initial proposal for the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery was drafted by the villagers of Goom, with significant contributions from key figures in the community. Notably, the leadership of  Smt. Rajni Devi , the President of the nursery committee, and  Shri Kuldeep Singh Bisht , the village Pradhan, played crucial roles in articulating the community's vision and needs.

The main environmental and economic issues addressed in the proposal that aligned with The Hans Foundation’s mission included:

• Environmental Degradation: The need for reforestation and ecosystem restoration to counteract deforestation and forest fire risks.
• Economic Challenges: The proposal aimed to create local jobs and enhance economic resilience amidst high migration rates and a lack of sustainable livelihoods.
• Community Empowerment: Emphasis on capacity building, especially for women, to foster engagement and ownership, aligning with The Hans Foundation’s goals of empowerment and gender equality.
• Sustainable Practices: Promotion of sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship to support long-term ecological balance and community well-being.

Inception and Approval

During the physical inspection of the proposed nursery site for the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery, several key factors were assessed to ensure its suitability. The evaluation focused on land suitability, including soil quality, drainage, and topography, to support plant growth. The availability of reliable irrigation facilities and the site's accessibility for transporting materials were also critical. Additionally, the potential environmental impact, including contributions to local biodiversity and measures to prevent soil erosion, was considered. The community's needs and the alignment of the initiative with local aspirations were key factors as well.

The Forest Officer's recommendation was pivotal in the approval process, providing expert assessment and formal documentation that influenced the final decision. Their evaluation highlighted how the nursery aligned with broader conservation goals. Other criteria included the community proposal outlining the initiative's benefits, compliance with local regulations, and support from The Hans Foundation, which demonstrated a commitment to the nursery’s success and sustainability.

Formation of the Executive Committee

The selection of committee members for the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery was conducted during an open meeting to ensure transparency and inclusivity. Community members, including landowners and volunteers, were invited to express their interest in serving on the committee. The process was democratic, involving nominations and votes, which helped in selecting individuals who were genuinely committed to the initiative.

Committee members were assigned several key roles and responsibilities. They were tasked with overseeing the nursery’s operations, managing resources, and providing leadership to guide the initiative's development. They also played a crucial role in engaging with the community, raising awareness, organizing meetings, and fostering participation. Financial oversight was another critical responsibility, with members managing budgets, fundraising, and maintaining financial records. Additionally, they facilitated training sessions to share knowledge on nursery management and sustainable practices, thus empowering the community.

Involving landowners and volunteer firefighters brought significant benefits. Landowners provided valuable resources and local agricultural expertise, which were essential for the nursery's success. Their participation also helped build community trust and encouraged broader engagement. Volunteer firefighters contributed their knowledge in fire management, which was crucial for protecting the nursery and ensuring community safety. The collaboration between these diverse members enhanced the committee’s problem-solving capabilities and led to more innovative approaches to managing the nursery.

Training and Capacity Building: Equipping the Committee for Effective Nursery Management

1. Land Preparation  - Techniques for preparing the land for planting. 2. Seed Sowing  - Methods for effectively sowing seeds to ensure successful germination. 3. Bed Construction  - Guidelines for constructing beds suitable for plant growth. 4. Polybag Filling  - Instructions on how to fill polybags for sapling cultivation.

The training was structured to provide both theoretical knowledge and practical skills, ensuring that the committee members could apply what they learned directly to their nursery operations. The Hans Foundation played a pivotal role in delivering this training, which was crucial for building the committee's capacity to manage the nursery effectively.

As for feedback from the committee members, the training was beneficial, as it equipped them with the necessary skills to overcome initial challenges and successfully cultivate a variety of saplings. 

Nursery Activities and Collaboration

The nursery selects species based on environmental and economic criteria. Chosen species are either native to or well-adapted to the local ecosystem, enhancing biodiversity and supporting habitat restoration. For example, Baanj (Oak) and Kachnar offer ecological benefits such as supporting wildlife and improving soil health. Economically, species like mulberry (Sahtoot) and Kachnar are valued for their market demand and industrial uses. The ease of cultivation is also considered for successful management.

The nursery grows 10,000 saplings of Baanj, 6,000 of Kachnar, and 2,500 of Amwala (Emblica officinalis), among others. These species aid in soil conservation, prevent erosion, and contribute to carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change. They also enhance biodiversity by supporting local wildlife. Economically, the sale of saplings provides income for the community and promotes sustainable livelihoods, reducing migration and strengthening local economies. The nursery’s approach effectively combines environmental conservation with economic benefits.

Addressing Initial Scepticism: Overcoming Challenges with Leadership and Support

The main sources of scepticism and uncertainty regarding the success of the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery initiative included:

1.  Lack of Prior Experience: The committee members, particularly the women involved, had little to no prior experience with plant production and nursery management. This lack of familiarity with the processes and techniques necessary for successful cultivation led to doubts about their ability to manage the nursery effectively.

2.  Community Doubts: There may have been general scepticism within the community about whether the initiative would yield tangible results, especially given the historical challenges faced by the village, such as high migration rates and limited resources.

3.  Environmental Challenges: The initial condition of the land, which was overrun with invasive species, posed a significant challenge to starting the nursery.

The committee, under the leadership of Rajni Devi and with the support of The Hans Foundation, cleared the land of invasive species and prepared it for planting. This hands-on approach demonstrated their commitment and capability, gradually building confidence in the initiative's potential for success.

Leadership and Support

The Hans Foundation played a crucial role in the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery initiative's success by providing continuous support in several key areas. They offered detailed training on nursery management, technical guidance to address challenges, and financial assistance for equipment and seeds. The foundation also organized village-level meetings to raise awareness and foster community involvement.

To maintain motivation and engagement among villagers, the leadership team, including Smt. Rajni Devi and Shri Kuldeep Singh Bisht, used several strategies. They involved community members in decision-making, celebrated small successes to boost morale, maintained open communication with regular updates, and encouraged a learning-oriented approach to handle both achievements and setbacks.

This combined effort of The Hans Foundation’s support and the leadership team's effective strategies ensured the initiative's success and sustained community engagement.

Community Engagement and Awareness: Tools and Methods

The Hans Foundation conducted training sessions that provided both technical knowledge and hands-on learning experiences, helping build skills and fostering a sense of community ownership. Awareness campaigns were also implemented to educate the community about the nursery's benefits and the importance of environmental conservation, encouraging greater participation.

Additionally, feedback mechanisms were established to ensure that community members could voice their concerns and contribute to decision-making. Celebrating milestones such as successful sapling growth and sales helped maintain enthusiasm and reinforce community spirit. Collaborative activities, including land preparation and seed sowing, further strengthened teamwork and commitment.

Together, these tools and methods effectively engaged the community, fostering a sense of ownership and collaboration that was crucial for the initiative's success.

Village-Level Meetings: Organizing and Promoting Community Involvement

The village-level meetings organized by the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery and The Hans Foundation played an essential role in raising awareness and fostering a proactive community spirit. These meetings were organized with active participation from committee members, especially women, who played key roles in promoting the initiative and mobilizing community members. Promotion was done through word-of-mouth and community networks, ensuring broad attendance from local residents, landowners, and volunteers. Regular scheduling of these meetings allowed for continuous updates and addressed concerns, maintaining ongoing communication with the community.

Key topics covered in the meetings included the importance of environmental conservation, particularly regarding forest fire prevention and the benefits of tree planting. Updates on the nursery's activities, such as sapling cultivation and management progress, were shared to build transparency and trust. Discussions also focused on encouraging community involvement in supporting the nursery through planting activities and promoting sapling sales.

These meetings significantly contributed to raising awareness and fostering a proactive community spirit by encouraging residents to actively engage in environmental stewardship and local development. They helped build community cohesion by bringing residents together to discuss shared goals and challenges, overcoming initial scepticism. The active participation of women not only empowered them but also showcased their leadership capabilities, contributing to a shift in perceptions about women’s roles in community development and environmental management.

Financial Management: Strategies and Future Plans

The Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery implemented several strategies to ensure financial prudence and support its operations:

• Strategies for Financial Prudence: The committee opened a savings account at PNB Chaulyusain with an initial deposit of INR 28,000 to support ongoing operations and future initiatives. Budgeting and financial planning covered essential expenses, while revenue generation from sapling sales is anticipated to reinvest about INR 100,000 into the nursery.
• Initial Contribution's Role: The initial INR 28,000 helped procure essential materials and equipment, providing a financial cushion and allowing the committee to focus on operations without immediate income pressure.
• Plans for Diversifying Funding Sources: The nursery plans to reinvest revenue from sapling sales to expand operations, explore additional partnerships, and improve training and productivity.

Expansion and Future Vision

The Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery has outlined several specific plans for expansion to ensure sustainability and provide employment opportunities:

Site Expansion: Plans include increasing the nursery's land area from the current 10 Nali (0.2 Hac.) to accommodate more sapling varieties and enhance production capacity.

Infrastructure Development: Upgrades to irrigation facilities and the addition of new greenhouses or polyhouses are planned to improve sapling growth and operational efficiency.

Diversification of Plant Species: Introducing a broader range of plant species to meet market demand and environmental needs, such as medicinal plants, fruit trees, and ornamental plants.

Contribution to Sustainable Employment

Expanding the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery will create new jobs in nursery management, fieldwork, and sales, providing stable employment for local residents. The plan includes training programs to develop skills in horticulture and sustainable agriculture, offering long-term career opportunities and enhancing local expertise.

Measures for Scalability and Sustainability

To ensure scalability and sustainability, the nursery is focusing on strong community engagement and a robust financial plan that includes diversifying funding sources and reinvesting revenue. Environmental management practices will minimize the ecological footprint, and regular monitoring will help adapt operations for continued success and impact.

Partnerships and Key Learnings

The major partnerships formed during the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery initiative and their key takeaways include:

• Role: Provided financial support, training, and technical guidance essential for the nursery’s setup and operation.
• Takeaway: Demonstrates the critical role of external support in empowering grassroots initiatives and building necessary skills for sustainability.
• Role: Assisted in securing a market for the nursery's saplings.
• Takeaway: Highlights the value of local government partnerships in enhancing initiative visibility and facilitating resource access.
• Role: Actively participated in various nursery operations, from land preparation to seed sowing.
• Takeaway: Shows the importance of community engagement in fostering ownership and ensuring long-term initiative success.
• Role: Provided critical training on nursery management practices.
• Takeaway: Underlines the necessity of expert knowledge for overcoming challenges and improving practices.
• Role: Managed funds and supported nursery operations through a savings account.
• Takeaway: Emphasizes the importance of financial management and planning for initiative sustainability.

Partnership Impact and Future Revenue

The partnership with the Block Development Office Dwarikhal for sapling sales was established through proactive outreach and negotiations by the nursery committee. They reached out to offer saplings from the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery, leading to a formal agreement on the sale terms.

The partnership is expected to generate around INR 100,000 from the sale of approximately 5,000 saplings, including mulberry and Kachnar. This financial boost will support ongoing operations, create local jobs, and contribute to environmental conservation efforts. The revenue will be reinvested into covering operational costs, improving infrastructure, and further training for committee members. Additionally, it will support plans to expand nursery output to 30,000 plants, enhancing its community impact.

Reflecting on these experiences, Ms. Seema Singh emphasizes the vital role of collaboration. She notes that working with local authorities, such as the Forest Officer and Divisional Forest Officer, was crucial for securing land approvals and technical guidance, ensuring the nursery was established on suitable land with the necessary facilities. The partnerships with community members and organizations, including The Hans Foundation, fostered a strong sense of ownership and commitment, which was essential for mobilizing resources and enthusiasm. Looking ahead, she outlines plans to further strengthen existing partnerships by providing regular updates and seeking input from local authorities. Additionally, the foundation aims to expand its network by engaging NGOs, agricultural experts, and environmental organizations for further expertise. Future initiatives will include organizing joint training programs with local agricultural departments to enhance nursery management skills and sustainable practices. To boost market development, they will collaborate with local businesses and participate in fairs and markets, while also planning to partner with academic institutions for monitoring and evaluation to refine strategies and assess the initiative’s impact effectively.

Initiative Impact and Success Stories

Economically, the nursery has created job opportunities for local residents, particularly women, thereby empowering them both socially and economically. The sale of approximately 5,000 saplings to the Block Development Office is anticipated to generate around INR 100,000, which will be reinvested into the nursery to support its ongoing operations and future expansion. This revenue generation is a key step towards establishing the nursery as a self-sustaining business, contributing positively to the local economy.

The impact of the initiative is further highlighted through personal testimonials. Smt. Rajni Devi, President of the nursery committee, shared, “ This initiative has empowered women in our village and given us a reliable source of income .” Shri Prem Singh, the committee Secretary, added, “ The revenue from sapling sales will help us enhance the nursery and offer better training to our members. ” A local villager said, “ We see the positive changes in our environment and are proud to contribute to a better future through this initiative .” These outcomes and testimonials underscore the initiative's success in driving meaningful change both environmentally and economically within the community.

Reflection on Success Factors

The Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery's success stemmed from several key factors. It significantly contributed to environmental conservation by cultivating native species like 10,000 Baanj (Oak) and 6,000 Kachnar saplings, aiding reforestation, enhancing biodiversity, and mitigating forest fire risks. The initiative also improved air quality and restored wildlife habitats. Economically, it created jobs, particularly for women, and generated about INR 100,000 from sapling sales, which will be reinvested to support and expand the nursery.

Community involvement was crucial, with testimonials reflecting its impact: Smt. Rajni Devi motioned the empowerment of women, Shri Prem Singh highlighted the benefits of revenue for nursery improvement, and a local villager praised the environmental benefits. The initiative’s success underscores the value of integrating community engagement with environmental and economic goals.

Insights for the Social Impact Sector

The success of the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery highlights several key factors and collaborative efforts. Strong leadership from Smt. Rajni Devi and her committee, combined with The Hans Foundation’s support for training and resources, was crucial. Active community involvement, especially by women, fostered ownership and sustainability. Additionally, comprehensive training and effective financial management were essential.

Collaboration and a unified vision for environmental and economic goals drove significant progress. The community’s adaptability and willingness to learn from challenges were critical for continuous improvement.

Key lessons for future initiatives include prioritizing ongoing training, engaging local stakeholders for support and resources, implementing sound financial planning, encouraging community ownership, and promoting adaptability and resilience. These elements are fundamental for ensuring the long-term success of similar projects.

Moreover, the initiative provides valuable insights for the social impact sector, particularly regarding scalability, replicability, and sustainable development :

Future Outlook and Strategic Goals

Looking ahead, The Hans Foundation has outlined several ambitious goals for the Hans Mahila Kisan Nursery. Ms. Singh emphasizes , "Our long-term objectives include ensuring sustainability by generating enough revenue to cover costs and support expansion. We plan to boost production to 30,000 saplings and further empower the community. Additionally, we aim to replicate this success in other regions by documenting our approach and strengthening partnerships with local stakeholders."

The future vision for the nursery involves strategic expansion and sustained community empowerment. The foundation will focus on scaling operations, enhancing sustainability, and exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions for broader impact.

Related Articles

From Victim to Victor: How Nilesh Transformed Her Life Through Resilience and Education

Sewing Dreams: Avishek’s Journey to Self-Reliance

CASE STUDY: Sarthak Educational Trust’s Inspiring Work and Triumph in Disability Empowerment

Case Study: Breaking the Cycle – Bal Raksha Bharat’s Collaborative Approach to Ending Child Labour in Assam’s Tea Plantatio

From Waste to Wealth: Nestlé's Biodigester Success in Punjab and Haryana

Kelachandra Coffee: Setting Standards in Community-Centric Coffee Cultivation

Democratizing Healthcare: How Online Chikitsa Mitra is Transforming Rural Medical Access

Prioritising Education for Underserved Communities: A Look at the Comprehensive Initiatives of Wells Fargo India

Skills for a Brighter Future: The Pravah Model for Sustainable Change

Top Stories

In the heart of India, where the challenges of pov

From Education to Environment: How Sumadhura Foundation is Shaping Stronger Communities

In today's rapidly evolving business landscape

Centre to Crack Down on E-Waste Violators with Audits and Penalties

New Delhi, August 17, 2024: In a significant move

Groundwater Levels Surge by Over 1 Meter in 12 Haryana Districts

New Delhi, August 17, 2024: Amid the worrisome rep

Planet vs Plastic: Earth Suffocates; Looming Health Hazards Demand Immediate Response

As per a study estimate, humans are consuming 39,0

Google PhD Fellowships for Computer Science and Related Fields: Application Window Closing on May 8th

Google PhD Fellowships have been announced for the

Green Tourism: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future

"Take only memories, leave only footprints,&q

An open Letter to Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw, Union Minister, Ministry of Railways: 10 Questions We Need Answers For!

To, Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw Union Minister, Mi

TheCSRUniverse.com is a dynamic information and knowledge advisory platform which comprehensively covers issues related to Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from India and around the world.

Quick Links

• Partner with Us
• Privacy Policy

Stay Connected

About Us | Team | Partner with Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Comment Policy | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer

Copyright © TheCSRUniverse. All Rights Reserved.

Get Access to:

• Weekly Newsletter
• CSR analysis and insights
• CSR policy updates
• Interviews and Special Reports
• Monthly Magazine

Forget Password

Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

iGCSE Geography Case Studies (Economic Development (Environmental Risks…

• 1,333 people per km²
• Lower death rates (3 0% die, 70% are born in 24h )
• 50% of people don't use contraceptives due to religious reasons
• Life Expectancy 72 years
• 53x Bigger than Bangladesh but has a lower population
• It has a high GDP of 1.2 trillion dollars
• Only 10% of land is sustainable to live on (size of Zambia)
• It is far away from large western countries (1 5,000km from Europe and America)
• 3 people per km ² (world avergae is 56 )
• Strict Refusal of Migrants
• 1 in 3, 14 year olds have to work to support their family
• Average of 5 children per women
• Low life expectancy (women 56)(men 53)
• Contraceptives are taboo
• 11/1000 mothers will die in child birth
• Low Life Expectancy (40-50)
• 1 in 3, 14 years olds have to work to support the family
• Population doubled from 550 million to 1.13 billion between 1949 and 1990
• Introduced in 1979
• After policy fertility rate fell to 1.5 - 1.7
• Prevented 400 million births
• Offered cash bonuses, better housing etc..
• 24 million men without partners in 2030
• 6 million women being prostitutes
• 23% of people 15-49 have AIDS
• Life expectancy of 66 years
• 380,000 people have AIDS
• In 2000 a 15 year old had a 50% chance of dying from an AIDS related illness
• Mexico 2.21
• Mexico 8,000
• Mexixo 3.9%
• Mexico 2nd Largest income is from remittances (money entering the country form citizens in other countries (particularly the USA)) estimated at 32 billion dollars
• Rocinha Favela
• 3/4 of the population have electricity
• 608 favelas covering 30km²
• 37,000 people per km²
• 42 million in 1960, now 67 million
• 32% of the population is over 60
• In 2016, the Olympic Stadium was built near transforming the area full of pricey hotels etc..
• 20km of beach further outside the city that was swamp and transformed to accommodate rich people and the CBD became too crowded
• 3/4 of the accommodation there is high rise apartments
• Airbus Factories
• Mirail, Arenes, Patte D'Oie - Working / Student Housing
• Balma / Minimes - Middle Class Housing
• Pibrac / Seilh / Plaisance de Touch - High Class Housing
• CBD - Allée Jean Jaures, Capitol, Place Wilson, Esquirol
• Airbus Staggers Work Hours on Tuesday and Thursdays
• Park and Ride bus along N124
• Has 7 lines of hybrid buses that come every 8 minutes 24h
• Expand to 10 lines by 2020
• Metros come every 2 minutes
• Carries 220,000 people per year
• 2.33 billion euros
• Lines T1 and T2 connect the airport, industrial and residential district to the CBD
• Runs long hours
• Spans the southern district where there is steeper relief
• Ends at oncopole
• It takes 30mins in car but takes 10min on the new cable car
• Comes every 2 mins
• Population : 4
• Dispersed Settlement
• Hilly Relief, agricultural space, bad accessibility
• Population : 185
• Hilly Relief, bad accessibility
• Population : 1800
• Linear Settlement
• flat Relief, agricultural space, good accessibility, access to water
• Population : 2600
• Population : 8000
• Nucleated Settlement
• surrounded by bought agricultural land that is not used for construction, Contains retail and commerce
• Population : 860,000
• Good accessibility, bridging point, flat relief, good climate, trading, supply of water and resources
• Population : 1,300,000
• Good accessibility, flat relief, rapidly evolving retail and commerce, good climate
• Magnitude of 9.1
• Friday 11 March 2011
• Caused 360 billion USD of damage
• Moved the whole island about 2.4 metres eastward
• Primary Effect - Earthquake
• Secondary Effect - Tsunami
• Tertiary - stopped cooling to the 3 nuclear reactor and had an explosion (Fukishima)
• In Columbia, November 13 1985
• Caused BY the destructive plate movement between the Nazca and South-American Plate
• Melted 10% of all ice on the mountain range and created Lahar (water and ash)
• Lahar killed 21,000 people, at 21 mph, during the night
• Region lost 65% of livestock and 30% of grain / rice crops
• Estury is very flat
• Water is very cloudy because it carries lots of sediment in suspension
• High velocity
• Rainfall is low
• Abrasion of the Garonne causes lateral and vertical erosion causing avalanches and forming V shaped valleys
• Pyrénees and global warming mean snow melting adds lots of water to the river which changes the gradient of the river
• La Bastan River (Bastan Valley)
• Lots of Tributaries (high current)
• Up to 18m of snow in Winter 2012-2013
• 25km from the Spanish Border (French Pyrenees)
• Low Interception Rates
• Sudden Increase in temperature in June
• Hit after Haiti
• 147 shelter for 23,000 people
• Florida put in "state of emergency"
• Left 600,000 without electricity
• 15,000 worker deployed to fix power cuts
• Was a category 5 hurricane between hit in October
• less than 2,000 (1,710)
• Did not issue major evacuations
• 80% of buildings in the Capital, Jeremie, were destroyed
• Food Crisis and Cholera Epidemic
• Deforestation rose by 28% from 2013 to 2012
• In 2018, 5,843km² land was destroyed
• Used for logging of space for agriculture
• "Follow the Frog" product do not contain anything that harms the rainforest
• In 2015 global brands connected to "Follow the Frog" grew 4% instead the average 1%
• Caused by tropical storms such as the west African Monsoon
• 900 million people affected by its desertification
• 1/3 of the children cannot grow properly because food cannot be grown due to arid conditions
• 19 million people are at risk of food shortages
• In 2012, crop production was reduced by 26% due to droughts
• Green Wall, 7000km long, 15km protects the desert from spreading
• Plants with the green wall are healthy and can sell; promotes bio diversity and fights against poverty
• Conglomoration (the industry works close together to reduce costs and increase the amount offered to potential customers)
• Existing Companies (Astrium, British Aerospace, Rolls Royce are nearby)
• Attractive place to live, coast in 90km away, Pyrenees etc...
• Transportation - A62, A64, A66 run near facilities, it has its own international airport (Blagnac) and has access to the runways
• Has universities, R&D facilities focused around the industry
• Well connected in the Airbus network through roads and beluga aircraft
• 55,000 employees
• Works in 4 European Countries: Spain, Germany, France and United Kingdom
• 64 billion USD revenue in 2018
• North East Indiana, USA
• Promotes itself to show people how mass farming is really done
• Large Demand
• Machinery and Agricultural Technology
• Flat Relief
• Fertile Soil
• Seasonal Changes
• Precipitation
• Transportation
• Slaughtering
• Destruction of Ecosystems
• High yielding seeds produce an average yield of 5 tonnes instead of 1.5 tonnes
• Takes 4 months instead of 5
• Greater resistance to rain and wind
• Loans allow farmers access to seeds and equipment
• Irrigation schemes were built to ensure good water supplies
• Positive : those who could afford saw an High Yield Variety increase of 3%
• Negative : Most couldn't afford the seeds and didn't see a change in crop yield, many debts couldn't be paid back
• Depends of the flooding of the River Ganges, if it is a bad flood it will destroy the whole crop
• Depends of the monsoon, if rainfall is slower the climate becomes too arid and crops cannot grow
• 7+ million in need of aid
• 462,000 children severely malnourished
• 70% in the capital are Hungry
• Country of conflict (Forgotten War, 4 year long)
• Cholera Epidemic
• Imports 90% of food, medicine and fuel. Blocked by Naval Blockade
• 3 million forced to flee homes
• Broughton (Wings)
• Hamburg (Fuselage, cabin installation & paint)
• Stade, Germany (Tailfin)
• Puerto Real, Spain (Rudder)
• Saint Nazaire (Nose)
• Méaulte, France (fuselage sub assembly)
• Getafe, Spain (Horizontal Tailplane)
• Toulouse (final assembly)
• Wings are carried from Broughton to Mostyn where they are taken to Saint Nazaire
• Garonne becomes too narrow at Langon so they then go on Road
• One of the Indonesian Islands. East of East Jakarta
• In 1970 the population has doubled from 2 to 4 million
• The number of tourists has gone from 120,000 (1970) to 2 million.
• The average tourist has 3x the amount of waste of a Balinese
• The waste destroys environmentally sensitive mangroves to swamps
• Sky rise hotels, clubs and visual polluting infrastructure in Denpasar
• Contrast in Ubud (rural community) use religious farming techniques called Subic Irrigation keeping the environment safe whilst farming.
• Commissioned in 1968
• Produces 2,000 mWh for 2 million people
• Near the river Trent for cooling
• Next to the M1 for transport of raw materials
• Close to Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire coal mines (now closed)
• Near Derby, Leicester and Nottingham but not in the centre (NIMBY)
• Built on flat relief (floodplain)
• 21 nuclear power plants in Frace
• 2 along the Garonne river
• Germany decommission all nuclear power stations by 2030
• Local demand from Toulouse Agen and Montauban
• Demand by the Aviation Industry
• Close to small settlements (golfech)
• Gets water supply from Garonne (river water)
• flat relief
• Produces 84.7 billion kWh of electricity
• decreased CO² emissions by 100 million tonnes
• Largest concrete structure ever
• 1.2 million people forced out of their homes
• 150,000 acres of land was flooded
• 2/3 of population doesn't have access to safe water
• Tanzania gets water from 3 major lakes
• In 2007, 80% of all rain was acid rain
• China pledged to remove 15% of the chemical water pollution by 2010 and put in place chemical controls which were nonexistent before
• In the area 30 million people are employed (near workforce of France)
• In 2017, it was named the "Airpocalipse" because of build up of soots created by factories
• Government covers up the pollution by publishing fake weather statistics
• Shenzhen produces 70% of all photocopiers and 80% of all artificial Xmas trees
• Government imposing stricter rules of pollution for factories, vehicle emissions and higher sewage treatment requirmenets
• Supermarkets no longer can throw away (give it charity)
• French food banks receive 35,000 tonnes of food from supermarkets
• France throws away 7.1 million tonnes of food yearly
• Started using "plant bottles" containing 30% plant material
• Main target to reduce packaging efficiency by 25% and increase recycling by 50%
• Plastic waste accounts for 60% of all trash found of Europe beaches
• Take plastic from ocean to make new sustainable and recyclable plastic bottles
• Special boats that can gather 2-8 tonnes of plastic from ocean

Environmental Risks of Economic Activity ( CIE IGCSE Geography )

Topic questions.

Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about desertification.

How did you do?

Did this page help you?

Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about human influence on the greenhouse effect.

Using Fig. 6.2 only, explain how humans are influencing the natural greenhouse effect.

Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about threats to the natural environment in the Caspian Sea.

Using information from Fig. 6.1 only, name: – a major urban area within 50 km of the Caspian Sea ......................................................................................... – a river which flows into the Caspian Sea.

Using evidence from Fig. 6.1 only, suggest three likely impacts on the natural environment of pollution in the Caspian Sea. 1 ............................................................................... 2 ............................................................................... 3 ................................................................................

Explain how each of the economic activities shown in Figs. 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Fig. 6.2 .................................................................................... Fig. 6.3 .................................................................................... Fig. 6.4 .....................................................................................

Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about economic activities and threats to the natural environment.

Study Fig. 6.2, which shows advice about conservation of natural resources.

Explain how following the advice given in Fig. 6.2 can help to conserve natural resources.

Study Fig. 6.2, which shows information about desertification in Northern Africa.

Describe the distribution of the areas in Northern Africa where the risk of desertification is very high.

State two methods which people in rural areas of LEDCs could use to reduce desertification.

For each of your chosen methods, explain why you think it will be successful.

Suggest why it is difficult to reduce water pollution in the Caspian Sea.

Explain how the economic activities shown in Fig. 6.1 may cause global warming.

Explain why greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere.

Explain how an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is causing global warming.

Explain the importance of conserving natural resources and the natural environment.

Describe the impacts of desertification on local people.

For a named area you have studied, describe how economic development is damaging the natural environment.

Name of area....................................................

Describe the problems caused by the increase in the greenhouse effect (global warming). You should refer to named areas affected.

Describe the threats caused by global warming. You should refer to named areas affected.

For a named area you have studied, explain how economic activity is managed to reduce the risks to the natural environment.

Name of area .............................................

Economic activity .............................................

For a named area you have studied, explain how economic activity is causing the local natural environment to be at risk.

Name of area ...........................................

Economic activity ...........................................

• International
• Education Jobs
• Schools directory
• Resources Education Jobs Schools directory News Search

GCSE Geography - Environmental Risks of Economic Development

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

14 August 2024

• Share through email
• Share through twitter
• Share through linkedin
• Share through facebook
• Share through pinterest

Uplift your geography performance with our GCSE Geography - Environmental Risks of Economic Development revision guide! This extensive guide is crafted to make your study sessions more productive. It includes 8 meticulously designed slides and follows the IGCSE Cambridge specification while being flexible for any exam board. No matter your objective, this guide equips you with everything necessary to achieve your maximum potential. Share how this guide enhanced your exam preparation & performance by leaving us a review!

• 1 PDF document with no access or editorial restrictions
• Covers the specification point 3.7 from the official Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 syllabus
• Definitions aligned with official mark schemes to ensure full marks
• Annotated diagrams to convey clear messages
• 1 Case study included:
• Area where the Environment is at Risk(Aral Sea)

This guide delves into the following topics:

• Threats to the Natural Environment
• Soil Erosion & Desertification
• Global Warming
• Sustainability

For a detailed preview of the document’s contents, please refer to the second image. For cheaper prices and free sample guides check out our website revisionguru.uk and give us a follow on instagram @revision.guru for a free revision guide

Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?

Your rating is required to reflect your happiness.

It's good to leave some feedback.

Something went wrong, please try again later.

This resource hasn't been reviewed yet

To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it

Report this resource to let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch.

Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource:

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

• < Previous Dissertation
• Next Dissertation >

Home > gradstudies > UNL Dissertations > 125

Graduate Studies

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents from University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Preschool executive control and adolescent dietary outcomes: highlighting the role of context.

Marla Lopez , University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow

First Advisor

Timothy Nelson

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

Date of this Version

Document type.

Dissertation

A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Graduate College of the University of Nebraska in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Under the supervision of Professor

Lincoln, Nebraska, August 2024

Copyright 2024, the author. Used by permission

Research has identified executive control (EC) as an important predictor of dietary outcomes among youth. Executive control in preschool age has been shown to predict important outcomes across development for youth, indicating that good, foundational EC abilities are associated with successful development in later life. Dietary outcomes across adolescence, an important transitional period for establishing healthy eating behaviors, are understudied. Therefore, the current study sought to link two critical developmental periods, examining how preschool EC is associated with dietary trajectories across adolescence. Further, the study aimed to identify how contextual factors, specifically indices of socio-economic status and the home and neighborhood food environment, moderated this association. In a longitudinal study including 326 participants, results showed that on average, dietary outcomes as measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) across ages 14 to 18 followed a relatively stable trajectory. Further, of the contextual moderators examined, income-to-needs ratio and counts of convenience stores present in the neighborhood moderated the association between preschool EC and adolescent dietary outcomes. Contrary to hypotheses, these interactions occurred at lower levels of obesogenic risk (e.g., approximately average and higher income-to-needs ratio; approximately two and less convenience store counts). In these models, at lower levels of obesogenic risk, preschool EC was positively associated with the intercept factor at age 14, indicating that better preschool EC was associated with better HEI scores in early adolescence. In the income-to-needs ratio model, preschool EC was negatively associated with the slope, indicating that while financial resources were initially beneficial for adolescents with better preschool EC at age 14, this effect dissipated over time. Conversely, adolescents with poorer preschool EC experienced improvement in dietary outcomes over time. Findings point to the longitudinal impact preschool EC has on dietary outcomes, and the conditions under which such associations unfold. Advisor: Timothy D. Nelson

Recommended Citation

Lopez, Marla, "Preschool Executive Control and Adolescent Dietary Outcomes: Highlighting the Role of Context" (2024). Dissertations and Doctoral Documents from University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023– . 125. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissunl/125

Since August 19, 2024

Included in

Psychology Commons

Advanced Search

Search Help

• Notify me via email or RSS
• Administrator Resources
• How to Cite Items From This Repository
• Copyright Information
• Collections
• Disciplines

Author Corner

• Guide to Submitting
• gradstudies Website

Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement

Privacy Copyright