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How to write a KNEC research methods for Tvet

The following entails a list of all topics and chapters on how to write a KNEC research methods for TVET students in KENYA and a clearly written and downloadable sample of the research method document. A good Research methods should have a cover page, declaration, dedication, acknowledgement and abstract each on its own pages.

A good cover page should have the title of the research proposal, course code of the candidate, index number, exam series, institution name, supervisors name and the department for example business or ICT department. You may also choose to add references, appendix and questionnaire to your research proposal.

DECLARATION, DEDICATION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Research objectives

1.4 Research questions

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Limitation of the study

1.7 Scope of the study

1.8 Conceptual framework

1.9 Definition of terms

2. CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Introduction

3. CHAPTER THREE

3.0 R esearch design and methodology

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research design

3.3 Target population

3.4 Sample design

3.5 Data collection

3.6 Data analysis procedure

3.7 Instrument reliability of the research

4. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Data analysis and presentation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Demographic characters of the sample

In this chapter remember to include your presentation in charts, graphs and suitable tables this will help increase your marks for the research

5. CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion of findings, conclusion and recommendations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Discussion of findings

5.3 Recommendation

5.4 Conclusion

Ensure that you follow all the research methods for Tvet list of items listed above during writing, after completing typing your research project ensure you do all the necessary editing of your research proposal. This editing will include proper page numbering, spacing, fonts, alignment and most importantly the table of contents.

After printing your research bind the pages together and submit your work on the day of presentation for marks award

Check the research sample here

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KNEC| KASNEB| KISM| Study notes and Revision materials for schools in Kenya. KNEC certificate courses, Diplomas, Higher Diplomas, KISM courses cpsp-k and aps-k, KASNEB cpa, atd, cs, cifa, ccp, dcm, cict and cict, Ksce and Kcpe

Research Methods notes – KNEC Diploma

Table of Contents

Research Methods

Knec: diploma in business management – module iii, knec: diploma in supply chain management – module iii.

Topics covered in this unit/subject are as follows:

General Objectives

• By the end of the module unit, the trainee should be able to:
• Carry out a given research project
• Carry out data collection for different types of projects
• Carry out research and compile reports
• Analyze and interpret project data and make conclusions based on the subject matter

Topic 1: Introduction to Research Methods

• Meaning of research methods
• Importance of research
• Challenges faced by researchers
• Criteria for classification of research
• Types of research

Topic 2: The Research Process

• Overview of the Process

Topic 3: Research Proposal

• Meaning and importance of research proposal
• Types of proposals
• Component of research proposal

Topic 4: Data Collection

• Definition of terms
• Types of data
• Instruments and methods of data collection

Topic 5: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

• Presentation of data
• Analysis of data
• Interpretation of data

Topic 6: Report Writing

• Research report format
• Presentation of report

Topic 7: Emerging Issues and Trends in Research Methods

• Emerging trends and issues in research methods
• Challenges posed by emerging issues and trends in research methods
• Coping with challenges posed by emerging issues and trends in research methods

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TUK-Research Project

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Kennedy Sankale Leshan

The research seeks to establish the challenges that exist or hinder the users in accessing information resources at, The Technical University of Kenya Library as well as giving out the possible recommendations and solutions to these problems. The library takes the responsibility of offering all the needs to the students of The Technical University of Kenya which as an institution of higher learning, (library.tukenya.ac.ke) it offers programs from certificate, diploma and undergraduate degrees at the Bachelor’s level. In this respect it will be noted that in the education of technical personnel at the university level, institutions of higher learning in Kenya have consistently over the years only focused on the training of professionals at the level of engineers, architects, surveyors, planners, and estate managers. The education and training of the technologist has however been totally neglected in this structure. Given that the technologist is usually the ‘driving engine’ in the actual industrial production, it should be no surprise that Kenya has been unable to make serious breakthrough in industrialization. To this extent in addition to producing graduates at the fully professional degree level, TU-K continues in the tradition that has been set by KPUC in offering as well degrees aimed at producing technologists, (http://library.tukenya.ac.ke/). Information literacy training program manual (2013) asserted that, The Technical University of Kenya Library and Information Center, providing a full range of high quality services based on both print and electronic media to university students, faculty, staff, alumni and external readers. According to the graduation pamphlet (2001) TU-K Library offers undergraduate, diploma and certificate students’ services for their learning and research needs. The library building is situated at a central position in the University. It was opened in 1980.

Joseph K Mwanzo

This research project was conducted through descriptive method of questionnaire and Interview schedule to gather information on access and utilization of Web 2.0 tools and Social networking sites at Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library the main library for the university of Nairobi.The researcher established that university of Nairobi Library staff uses Web 2.0 tools and social networking sites such as Youtube, Facebook and twitter to create online visibility,connect with students,publish library events, provision of information literacy and also networking among Library staff.However despite the fact that university of Nairobi students are technosavvy, among the 35 students who participated in the study only 6 students (3Female and 3 Male) were able to identify the types of web 2.0 tools and social networking sites such as Youtube and Facebook with twitter which are linked to the university of Nairobi Library website.Facebook was widely used at the rate of 80% by students in connecting with the library staff and ask questions on use of electronic resources and other information resources. The researcher established that the university of Nairobi Library has not marketed these Web 2.0 and social networking sites to enhance their access and utilization in addition challenges such as in-adequate time for the library staff to facilitate the use of these library 2.0 tools, Unstable wifi in the library and regular power-outage were some of the reasons why these Web 2.0 tools and Social networking sites have not been accessed and utilized by many students.

Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology

Niran Adetoro

Oyeronke Adebayo , Michael Fagbohun

Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the information needs and most preferred source of information of undergraduate students in a Nigerian university of technology. Students in their second and third years of study in the departments of Estate Management and Architecture both in the school of Environmental Technology in Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) were surveyed. An adopted questionnaire was used to gather data for this study. The questionnaire was randomly distributed to the students in these departments thereby giving equal opportunity of being selected as part of the survey. Two hundred and fifty seven (257) copies of the uestionnaire were distributed, two hundred and twenty (220) were returned but two hundred and three (203) representing response rate of 80% were found usable for data analysis. The result of the findings was analysed using simple percentages and is represented in charts. The study found out that the undergraduate students' information needs are mainly centred on academic and allied social issues, and they mostly preferred to use the Internet to address their information needs. It was recommended that the library put in place a 24 hour internet service so as to combat the challenge of having long queues at the media centre and cyber cafes.

Joseph M Kavulya

Unpublished)[Thesis]

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JILACON 2017

BASANTA KUMAR Das

This paper depicts the current situation of public libraries in Jharkhand State. The Authors find that the state of these libraries in Jharkhand, is very pathetic, hence a model has been proposed for strengthening the publice library system in Jharkhand.

Dr. Sur Chandra Singha (Meitangkeisangbam Bungobi Singha)

Web 2.0 tools acts as information facilitators to provide the essential information not only on demand but also in improvise of its use. These tools through LIS professionals appreciate to meets the library users of information need. The present study has been carrying out with an observation to examine the application of various Web 2.0 tools by the IIT Libraries website. The data used for the present study were collected through intensive content analysis of the library websites of the sixteen IITs in India. It has been revealed that 12 (75%) of IIT Library websites adopted Web 2.0 tools in their library webpages whereas remaining other not adopting still now. Most of the IIT Libraries offers the facility of Web OPAC to search the various information resources available in their libraries. The result indicated that IIT Indore used the highest number of Web 2.0 tools in the library website.

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Provides the methodologies to prepare master's dissertation.

IJALIS Special Issue 2015

V.J. Suseela

Libraries as repositories of knowledge, information and resources need to be associated with structuring of information systems, services, spaces and objects for their users to retrieve his information. The library is the channel for connecting 'the user' to information sources. Based on the concept, several user services have been created by the libraries over the period such as books lending, cataloguing, document delivery, interlibrary loan, photocopy of articles, referral, and reference etc. in addition to creation of documentation services or procuring secondary services like - Abstracts & Indexes of Journal articles, bibliographic, current awareness as well SDI bulletins etc. from external scientific agencies. The ultimate objective of the libraries and information centres is always to design and redesign the library services considering user needs from time to time. The international standards developed by ISO for Human-centred design for interactive systems also formed the basis for many User Centric Design methodologies for libraries and information centers. The ‘user’ is the dynamic component that enforces the design of library services, organization and collection of information as well as learning resources. Several managerial strategies, operations, applications and the best practices are being evolved in view of the ever changing user requirements and also efforts are put to explore new methodologies to know the user needs. The emphasis on User Centric Library (UCD) models and services is becoming more in the digital era with the increase of information, resources and transformation of physical format of information, mode of dissemination through speedy telecommunication channels and especially due to advanced ICT applications in libraries and information centres irrespective of their type. The prime theme of special issue - ‘User-centric design (UCD) of library services, practices, models and applications” to elicit some best practices, experiences, explorations and thoughts to add to the knowledge in this direction to enhance the quality of library resources and services and also to evaluate them in terms of user needs. Thus the user studies, user information or user research and methodologies play vital role in the cyclic process of UCD. This issue is special as the topic is hot with real issues that librarians need to be aware and tackle the information issues of users for which the librarian himself need to be information literate with latest updates. The present issue is thus focusing on the user needs and also means/ways of applying ‘user centric design’ concepts to the development of library systems as well as the services. The application of strategic management principles for moulding library environments more user friendly was dealt supplemented by some case studies based on results of surveys in different organizations. The studies attempted to explore the level of users’ awareness of ICT advancements and availability of e-resources (including even Urdu language studies); those have been spreading in almost all campuses in the country since more than two decades. There were attempts to assess the use of Internet, e-resources and to elicit information about the user’s expressions/preferences on resources, physical library buildings, requirements and impediments in accessing resources in the transformation of libraries in electronic/digital era. The primary emphasis was however laid on the academic institutions, but it has not exempted corporate environment. The libraries and information centres have been depending on tools to locate, access and share information. In this context, studies on search engines as the most important means of retrieving information through web sources and their latest developments as per user’s requirements; the web 2.0 tools to facilitate user interaction as well as feedback and the document delivery tools for sharing information was analyzed. Since libraries are service organizations, they should be made customer driven (user) by adapting ICT environment in campuses and libraries by implementing library automation, acquisition of e-resources and employing web based tools etc. emphasizing the need to update/evaluate the tools, services in the light of changing users requirements from time to time.

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Research Methods KNEC Diploma Notes

CHAPTER ONE: PRELIMINARIES – Click to view

CHAPTER TWO: THE INTRODUCTION – Click to view

CHAPTER THREE: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – Click to view

CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY – Click to view

CHAPTER FIVE: DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION – Click to view

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS – Click to view

CHAPTER SEVEN: REFERENCES – Click to view

CHAPTER EIGHT: APPENDICES – Click to view

CONCLUSION: GETTING AN OVERALL PICTURE – Click to view

CHAPTER ONE

Preliminaries.

Proposal and thesis writing are areas of research that have caused a lot of challenges to scholars and rise archers. These challenges are at times caused by the researcher’s inability to clearly define what is expected in a research proposal or thesis. Proposal and thesis writing constitute part of the research process. This chapter therefore gives a brief overview of research proposal and thesis writing and the variables therein.

The Concept of Research

The term “research” means to look for, examine, investigate or explore. Orodho and Kombo (2002:2) define research as the process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through the planned systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data.

Kerlinger (1973:11) defines r esearch as a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical in vestigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.

Tuchman (1978:1) describes research as a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions.

K eywords in these definitions include: process, systematic, collection, analysis and interpretation. Research can therefore be defined as a systematic process of collecting, examining and interpretin g data.

Research involves the following c omponents:

• It is systematic. Research attempts to solve p roblems whether social, economic, political, cultural or health-related in a systematic way. It is systematic in that a general system is followed. This involves the Identification of the problem, review of related literature and data collection. The process of data collection requires proper organization and control so that the data will enable valid decisions to be made about the research problem at hand. This is followed by data analysis, conclusions and re commendations.
• It is objective. Research attempts to find an objectives unbiased solution to the problem. Research involves gathering new data from primary sources (first hand) and secondary sources (using existing data). It attempts to find an objective unbiased solution to the problem.
• It is based on observable experience or empirical evidence. It demands accurate observation and description.
• It employs carefully designed procedures and rigorous analysis.

Types of Research

Research can either be qualitative or qu antitative.

Qualitative Research

This is a form of research that involves description. Qualitative research seeks to describe and analyze the culture and behaviour of humans and their groups from the point of view 0f those being stud.ied. Examples of qualitative research include case studies of communities and institutions. Qualitative research uses the natural setting, for instance, a classroom setting and not a laboratory. This means the scenario is not artificial. Qualitative research relies on a research strategy that is flexible and interactive. This includes interviewing, focus group discussions and questionnaires. In qualitative research, feelings and insights are considered important (Orodho and Kombo, 2002). Sometimes qualitative research is called naturalistic inquiry or field studies.

APPLICABILITY

Qualitative research is appropriate inkier the following c onditions:

When the subject matter is unfamiliar. For example, when one wants to know the causes and effects of a certain phenomenon and the answer is unfamiliar to the researcher. For example, The effect of free primary education on school accessibility and retention or The effect of price increases on commodity consumption.

• When a researcher wants to relate particular aspects of behaviour to the wider context. For example when one wants to find out the effects of abortion on academic performance, a few schools and students will be sampled. The findings of the study will be applicable to a wider context.
• When meanings rather than frequencies are sought. For example when analyzing the effect of abortion on education, the researcher may be more interested in why students procure abortions and the effect abortion has on their education. The emphasis will be on the causes and impact of abortion.
• When flexibility of approach is needed to allow for discovery of the unexpected and in depth investigation of particular topics. for example in finding out the effect of abortion on education, the researcher may interview those who have carried out an abortion and are willing to be interviewed. Focus group discussions may be used. The researcher can also change a research instrument depending on the respondents. For example, a researcher may have planned to use a questionnaire written in English but may discover the majority of respondents are semi- illiterate. The researcher may therefore choose to interview and use the language which the respondents are most comfortable in. The researcher may also want to determine if there is any relationship between the academic performance of a student prior to and after the abortion.
• This method is used for studying selected issues, cases or events in depth and detail (Orodho and Kombo, 2002).

FORMS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research include the following:

Ethnographies, which are observations of groups.

• Phenomenological studies which study subjects over a period of time through developing relationships with them and reporting findings based on research experiences.
• Case studies which use various data to investigate the subject over time and by activity.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research relies on the principle of verifiability. That means confirmation, proof, corroboration or substantiation. Knowledge emerges from what can be proven by direct observation. The researcher’s values, interpretation and1 feelings are not considered. Objectivity is reinforced. This approach1 is mainly applicable in scientific studies. In quantitative research, the researcher tries as much as possible to be detached from the subject of study or respondent. This research establishes the cause-effect relaitj05in Quantitative research focuses on measurement i.e. the of numerical events according to rules. The numbers are specified, for example, sex: male or female.

Quantitative research is applicable under the following conditions:

• When the research incorporates the Statistical (how many?) element, designed to quantify the extent to which a target group is aware of, thinks this, believes that or is c1ined to behave in a certain way.
• When frequencies are sought to meanings. The quantitative approaches involve the collecti0 of numerical data in order to explain certain phenomena.
• When control of approach is needed to allow for discovery of the unexpected and in-depth investigati0 of particular topics. For example in finding out the effect, control of one phenomenon of interest is needed. Rigid methodological and all procedures must be specified before the beginning of data collection and followed in an unalterable course.
• When data analysis is mainly statistical (deductive process).
• When the scenario is artificial, for instance in a laboratory.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative and quantitative approaches to research are complimentary. Where appropriate, they should be combined to maximize the strengths and minimize the limitation of each. For example, in a study on the effect of abortion on education, a researcher can first use  qualitative research and interview respondents to find out their views on the effect of abortion. The researcher can then segregate one group of students who have terminated their pregnancies, and another group that has not terminated pregnancy and observe them keenly based on specific psychological tests. The researcher can therefore make deductions on the effect of abortion on education.

The Research Proposal

To propose means, to put forward, suggest, intend or advise. Proposals therefore refer to suggestions, intentions, plans or schemes. A research proposal can consequently be referred to as a research plan, suggestion or request. It is a plan since it puts forward for consideration one’s plan of intent. It is a suggestion as it attempts to persuade people reading it to do something. This is either to fund a study, recommend that research should be carried out or to recommend the implementation of a project. Therefore, a research proposal is a request to implement a programme/study.

A research proposal includes three main chapters. (These will be discussed in detail in the following chapters). The first chapter is the introduction. It consists of the background to the study; statement of the research problem; purpose and objectives of the study; hypothesis; conceptual or theoretical framework. The second chapter is the review of related literature while the third chapter deals with the research methodology. References and appendices are included after the third chapter.

Qualities of an Effective Proposal

An effective research proposal clearly states:

• What is being proposed, what the project is about?
• How it will be carried out
• When it will be carried out
• How much it will cost.

The Research Thesis

A research thesis is a written scientific report that deals with concerns related to a problem or series of problems in one’s area of research. A thesis consists of the first three chapters of the proposal, plus the research findings, conclusions and recommendations. The body of the thesis includes the following:

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Data Collections, Research Projects, and Funding Opportunities

Discover data collections, research projects, and funding opportunities related to nutrition, food insecurity, and physical inactivity in tribal communities. 

Data Collections

Centers for disease control and prevention (cdc): adult physical inactivity outside of work interactive maps.

CDC developed  interactive maps  showing differences in physical activity among U.S. adults by race and ethnicity and location in 2022. 27 states had a physical inactivity prevalence of 30 percent or higher among non-Hispanic AI/AN adults.

National Cancer Institute (NCI): Cancer Resources 

For information on AI/AN specific cancer surveillance and tumor registries, as well as the programs that support these efforts, visit this National Cancer Institute (NCI) webpage . 

Learn about AI colorectal screening programs and review cancer literature searches specific for Native American populations on NCI’s Native American Health webpage .

National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Aids Research (OAR): Data Hub

To learn about funding opportunities and ongoing research on HIV/AIDS within AI/AN populations, visit NIH’s  Office of Aids Research (OAR) Data Hub . 

Research Projects and Resources

Centers for diabetes translation research (cdtr).

The   Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Translation Research , funded under the Centers for Diabetes Translation Research (CDTR) program , has a mission to translate research of proven efficacy into practice in both clinical and community settings, with the goal of improving the diabetes-related health of Native people.  Learn more about this grant award .

CDC: Keys to Success Tip Sheet: Enrolling and Retaining American Indian Participants in the National Diabetes Prevention Program Lifestyle Change Program

Including traditional foods in type 2 diabetes prevention programs serving AI/AN communities can help program participants achieve their goals. This tip sheet provides lessons learned and insights on how staff can include traditional foods and make their program more culturally relevant for AI/AN participants. 

NIH: ADVANCE: Advancing Prevention Research for Health Equity

NIH provides funding support for a variety of research, training, infrastructure development, and outreach and information dissemination projects. The NIH Office of Disease Prevention is coordinating the NIH-wide research effort, ADVANCE: Advancing Prevention Research for Health Equity . As part of this initiative, this Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) focuses specifically on preventive interventions to address cardiometabolic risk factors in populations that experience health disparities, including AI/AN people. In the United States, AI/AN children experience disproportionate health disparities, including high rates of diabetes, obesity, and dental caries when compared to all other groups. Youth from AI/AN populations also face socio-cultural barriers in school and community settings that undermine the importance of their Native identity.

NIH: Exploring Food Insecurity as a Social Determinant of Health Among American Indian and Alaska Native Adolescents at Risk for Gestational Diabetes

Exploring Food Insecurity as a Social Determinant of Health Among American Indian and Alaska Native Adolescents at Risk for Gestational Diabetes   aims to explore how food insecurity impacts AI/AN females prior to pregnancy and will identify solutions to decrease food insecurity and diabetes health disparities in AI/AN communities. 

NIH: Native Collective Research Effort to Enhance Wellness (N CREW) 

The NIH supported program   Native Collective Research Effort to Enhance Wellness (N CREW) supports Tribes and Native American Serving Organizations (T/NASOs). T/NASOs participating in the program conduct research to address overdose, substance use, and pain, including related factors such as mental health and wellness. Phase I completed in November 2023 with the goal to support T/NASOs to plan, develop, pilot, and implement research and data improvement projects. Projects have received an initial review, and the process to award the projects has been initiated.

NIH: Osage Community Supported Agriculture Study (OCSA) 

The Osage Community Supported Agriculture Study (OCSA)   will test the efficacy of a CSA program combined with culturally tailored nutrition and cooking education among Osage adults, evaluate its cost-effectiveness, and develop a multimedia toolkit for disseminating findings .

NIH: Promoting Linguistic and Cultural Identity through Bilingual Children’s Stories to Address Nutrition and Health in Indigenous Communities

The Promoting Linguistic and Cultural Identity through Bilingual Children’s Stories to Address Nutrition and Health in Indigenous Communities project will develop a platform for the creation, distribution, and consumption of Native-authored, bilingual resources. The resources, tailored to AI/AN families, will relate to health, nutrition, and traditional foods. The goal is to create a library of dynamic, bilingual children’s eBooks in AI/AN languages and English, with accompanying interactive activities to promote parent-child dialogue and co-reading.

NIH/NHLBI: Strong Heart Study (SHS) 

The  Strong Heart Study (SHS) is a study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among American Indian men and women, and is one of the largest epidemiological studies of American Indians ever undertaken. 

NIH/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): Building Food Sovereignty, Sustainability, and Better Health in Environmentally impacted Native Americans

This National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) project   will identify and implement safe and nutritious farming practices and restore food sovereignty through development of a farming system program supported by the Turtle Clan-founded Munsee Three Sisters Medicinal Farm. This innovative study will integrate a culturally centered, environmental road map created from community input for food sovereignty and sustainability that can be shared and disseminated to other environmentally impacted Nations. 

NIH/NIEHS: Native American Health and the Environment

NIH supports research to determine how environmental agents cause or exacerbate human diseases, including research to improve the environmental health of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN).  Learn more about these NIEHS-founded initiatives .

Research Funding Opportunities

Nih: intervention research to improve native american health (irinah) program.

The  Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health (IRINAH) Program supports research on interventions that aim to improve the health and well-being of Native American populations, including traditional nutrition and sports. IRINAH supports: 

• Etiologic research that will directly inform intervention development or adaptations
• Research that develops, adapts, or tests interventions for health promotion, prevention, treatment, or recovery
• Research on dissemination and implementation that develops and tests strategies to overcome barriers to the adoption, integration, scale-up, and sustainability of effective interventions

The IRINAH program includes 3 different funding opportunities:  R01 - PAR-23-298 ,  R21 - PAR-23-299 , and  R34 - PAR-23-285 .

NIH: Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) Program

The  Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH) Program funds federally recognized American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) Tribes and organizations for health research, research career enhancement, and research infrastructure enhancement activities. The NARCH program aims to support research directly linked to health concerns specifically identified, selected, and prioritized by tribal communities. 

The NARCH program includes 2 funding opportunities:   S06– PAR-23-166 and   R34 – PAR-24-041 . 

NIH: Notices of Special Interest

The  Determining the Tri-directional Relationship Among Oral History, Nutrition, and Comprehensive Health Notice of Special Interest Funding Opportunity supports research on the interplay of nutrition/food insecurity, oral diseases, and comprehensive health across the lifespan.

The  Stimulating Research to Understand and Address Hunger, Food and Nutrition Insecurity Notice of Special Interest Funding Opportunity encourages research on the efficacy of interventions and development of new measures for nutrition security and the mechanisms of food insecurity on a variety of health outcomes.

The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.

Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by ODPHP or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.

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KNEC notes and Revision materials

Study notes, Revision materials and Past papers for courses examined by KNEC

Marketing Research

This is the systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific marketing situation facing the company. There is a design of an interview guide and a questionnaire. Marketing research is based on specific and opportunities that the company would like to pursue. It therefore requires;

• A market survey.
• Product preference tests –why; improvements etc
• Sales forecasts based on various regions
• Advertising evaluation-i.e. are you effective?

Sources   of   Information

• Primary sources – this is fresh research i.e. information being collected for the first time to solve a particular problem or gain insight into a particular event. This information is collected through questionnaires, interviews, observation, field surveys, opinion calls, experimentation, aptitude tests etc.
• Secondary sources – this is information stored in some records and hence it is not an original information source. It can either be from internal or external sources.
• Internal sources- these are sources of information that already exists within the organization. The information could have been collected for other uses but can be used for the current research e.g. company magazine and the internal records system.
• External sources- they are sources outside the organization and include the: internet, ministry of trade and industry newspaper, libraries etc

Written by  KNEC notes and Past Papers

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KNEC / TVET CDACC STUDY MATERIALS, REVISION KITS AND PAST PAPERS

Quality and Updated

• Types of Research Proposals

There are two main types of research proposals: Academic research proposals Project research proposals (business proposals)

In general, business proposals can be divided between those generated internally and externally. • An internal proposal is done for the corporation by staff specialists or the research department of the firm. • External proposals are either solicited or unsolicited. Sponsors can be university grant committees, government agencies, corporations, and so forth. With few exceptions, the larger the project, the more complex is the proposal.

Academic Research Proposals These are proposals in which the researcher proposes to undertake a piece of research on some patinent issue leading to a definite academic qualification ie, diploma, degree, masters, doctorate etc. These are certain specific components that must go into such a proposal although the format may vary from institution to institution. The accepted format should be known to the student before embarking on writing of the proposal.

The Structure of the Research Proposal The proposal can be structured in 3 sections:

1.Preliminary Information: The title page should have the following information:

• A clear title: This should have title of the study eg, Nakumat Supermarkets: A study of the Factors that Enhance the Organisational Commitment of Employees.
• Name of the student registration no/department/faculty registered in.
• Required fulfillment eg, proposal submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree in Business Administration, Mount Kenya University; May 2002. Other preliminary information should then follow, ie,
• Table of contents
• Authority from supervisors ie, this proposal has been submitted with the approval of the university supervisor(s). 1. …………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………….
• Declaration page: This declares the research to be one’s original work and not a duplicate from elsewhere.
• List of abbreviations.
• List of figures (if any)

2.CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background to the problem 1.2 The statement of the problem 1.3 The purpose of the study 1.4 The objectives of the study 1.5 Research questions 1.6 Research hypothesis (these can be substituted with assumptions of the study. In other words, it is not necessary or a must for the student to have research hypothesis especially if the study is of descriptive nature). 1.7 Theoretical background / conceptual framework. 1.8 Rationale or justification / conceptual framework 1.9 Limitations and delimitations of the study. 1.10 Assumptions of the study. 1.11 Definition of terms.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Theoretical literature review 2.2 Empirical literature review 2.3 Summary of literature.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction (not always necessary) 3.1 Research design. 3.2 Target population. 3.3 Sampling procedures. 3.4 Methods of data collection 3.5 Procedures of data collection 3.6 Data analysis

3.References or Bibliography Names of authors of the books reviewed, ie, Name of author Name of book Published by Year Place John Peters Research Methods Kenya Ltd 1997 Nairobi Kenya Appendices • Time schedule • Budget • Data collection instruments and any other document that the researcher may consider important for the readers.

Format Executive Summary / Abstract This allows the reader to understand quickly the thrust of the proposal. It is essentially an informative abstract, giving the reader the chance to grasp the essentials of the proposal without having to read the details. As such, the abstract should include brief statements of the problem and research questions, the research objectives and the benefits of your approach (methodology). It should also have some preliminary information on the expected findings. Ideally, the executive summary should be kept to a single page.

Introduction/Background of the Study This is meant to stimulate interest of the reader. It acquaints the reader with the problem, provides some background and necessary information about the study. A good introduction shoud be brief and flow smoothly. A well written introduction should lead to the statement of the problem.

Statement of the Problem This section needs to convince the reader / sponsor to continue reading the proposal. You should capture the reader’s attention by stating the problem clearly, its background, and consequences, and the resulting research questions. The problem statement should be brief and to the point. Problem statements too broadly defined cannot be addressed adequately in one study. Therefore, after reading this section, the reader should know the problem, its significance and why something should be done to change the status quo. • Remember, problem statement is the most critical part of the study, ie, without a problem, there is no study!

Purpose of the Study A broad statement indicating what the researcher intends to do about the problem being investigated. Why have you undertaken to investigate this problem? Why now?

Objectives of the Study This module addresses the purpose of the investigation. It is here that you lay out exactly what is being planned by the proposed research. The objectives module flows naturally from the problem statement, giving the reader concrete, and achievable goals. The objectives should be stated clearly and must be testable. Objectives should be specific be as possible. Objectives are important because: • They determine the kind of research questions to be asked (posed). • They determine the data collection and analysis procedures to be used. • The research objectives section is the basis for judging the remainder of the proposal and ultimately, the final report. Verify the consistency of the proposal by checking to see that each objective is discussed in the research design, data analysis and results sections.

Research Questions These refer to the questions which a researcher would like to be answered by undertaking the study. Research questions are more of objectives put in a question form, sometimes it is not necessary to have both. In a case where the objectives are general statements, then it may be necessary for the research questions to be concluded. The research questions should be very specific and guiding to the study.

Significance / Justification of the Study Highlights the reasons for conducting the research, for instance what gaps in knowledge has the study addressed? Has it contributed to the solution of an immediate problem? Who will the research benefit?

Limitations and Delimitations of the Study A limitation is an aspect of the study that the researcher knows may negatively affect the results or generalizability of the results but which s/he has no control over. In other words, it is a factor that will affect the study in an important way and it is not in the control of the researcher. For example, when one is administering a questionnaire, one may not be in a position to force people to answer certain questions which are personal. Again, people may constantly go on giving wrong replys to some questions and this affects the contents of the study.

Delimitation on the other hand is an aspect mainly been able to be controlled by the researcher. For example, the researcher is able to control the sampling size, location of the study, be able to know how many research assistants are required. These aspects may also affect the outcome of the study to a certain extent.

In summary the limitations surface as variables which cannot be controlled by the researcher but affect the study. As a researcher, one must be honest enough to admit and is possible outline these limitations. Not stating these limitations is morally and ethically wrong.

Hypothesis In general, a hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem. It is remains largely a guess until facts are found to confirm or discredit it. The word hypothesis is a Greek word meaning ‘ground work’ or ‘bases – supposition, proposition. Hypothesis would generally be generated by the theory being used. In most cases, without clear hypothesis people have wasted time doing circular studies.

Review of the Literature There is a need for the review of both theoretical and empirical literature. This is a necessary and indispensable part of the proposal. There are two schools of thought that have argued over literature review, which is basically about the detail or length this section should take. One school of thought argues that one cannot write a comprehensive literature review if the proposal is required to be short – 10 to 20 pages. Therefore, the review should be short and focus on – highlighting key issues in the literature, what is the study for and what methodology will be used, how will it add to the existing literature (continuation of knowledge).

The second school of thought argues that literature review should be comprehensive and detailed. Such a detailed review will enable one to access if there is enough information to go on and if the study problem is of any interest to people. Secondly, literature review must be done because it fulfills a requirement for all study procedures and it also gauges the importance of the proposal. There are certain advantages of detailed review:

1. One is able to gain a good background about the field of study – one is able to gain facts about the topic and most important learn about the authoritative authors / writers in that field. What ideas do these writers consider important – what are their main hypothesis – how have they defined the various concepts and terms. 2. A detailed literature review also provides valuable information on the methodology used in the study of certain phenomena. One is able to analyse the various methods used by various writers and from this consider which is best going to suit the topic chosen. Again all these methodologies have their requirements – ie, special skill or computer equipment) which one may not have and thus one is able to choose the methodology which is available given one’s technical skills. 3. Detailed literature review will enable us ascertain whether the study is needed and timely. Is the area of any interest to require further research? Therefore, one is able to get valuable clues from literature review. 4. Detailed literature review enables one to pinpoint the critical issues – refine the problem statement. 5. Detailed literature review helps one to generate hypothesis and questions for further study.

Generally, recent studies published in recent journals are an important source of getting information about the current ‘burning issues’ in the subject. The journals also provide information about the current professionals in the area and what they have said about the issue / subject. One is able to know about the most ‘cited articles’, because these are articles which are considered authoritative in their field of inquiry. Not all journals are equally good. The quality of the journal is very important. The journal must contain articles that have been written by authoritative authors, who have specialised in certain fields. One should be able to know about the qualifications of the writers by checking through the editorial board. Besides recent articles, one should be able to read books on the topic of study. Some books do contain seminal work in certain topics. Four kinds of works should be scanned through for information:

• Dissertation abstract
• Major books in the field
• Electronic material / computerised information banks

In summary, such information centres should provide information on the evolution and the present state of the study topic. They should provide justification for providing additional information to existing knowledge and also advance knowledge. One should select only those studies that are related to the study topic. If nothing is related directly to your study topic, then select those that come close to it. Take time to review how they relate to the study and how do they differ significantly from the study.

Choose the most recent literature and method, and other works that are considered seminal. Discuss the selected study in detail so that a non-specialised can understand the study. Briefly explain how the study relates to your problem and how yours differ from those you have reviewed. If you are aware of concurrent studies, cite them if possible.

Specification of the Research Methodology This section gives a detailed procedure of the methods to be used for the study. The literature review section is used as the basis of methodology investigation. In other words literature review specifies the methods used and you can use the information to model your methodology. This section should also provide information on the data one intends to use, sources of that data, the characteristics / attributes of that data, ie, the population. It will also indicate whether if there are any manipulations to be done on the data. How does one go about generating qualitative data?

In summary, this section outlines the research design to be used. It provides the model which the researcher is going to use. One can provide preliminary results depending on the kind of investigation been undertaken.

Research Design The design describes what you are going to do in technical terms. This section should include as many subsections as needed to show the phases of the project. Provide information on your proposed design for tasks such as sample selection and size, data collection method, instrumentation, procedures, and ethical requirements. When more than one way exists to approach the design, disucss the methods you rejected and why your selected approach is superior.

Data Analysis A brief section on the methods used for analysing the data is apropriate for large-scale contract research projects and doctoral theses. With smaller projects, the proposed data analysis would be included within the research design section. Describe your proposed treatment and the theoretical basis for using the selected techniques . This is often an arduous section to write. By use of sample charts and dummy tables, you can make it easier to understand your data.

Appendices Any detail that reinforces the body of the proposal can be included in an appendix. This includes researcher vitae, budget details, lengthy descriptions of special facilities, definition of terms etc.

Bibliography For all projects that require literature review, a bibliography is necessary. Use the bibliographic format required by the sponsor / supervisor. Example: Author, year of publication, title of the book, publisher, place of publication: Koutsoyiannus, A; 1973: Theory of Econometrics; 2nd edition, Mcmillan, London

Time Plan and Budget Time plan is important for monitoring the development of the study. One should set out a time plan for literature review, a draft report and final report. One should also estimate the resources that are going to be committed to the project. One should establish the main cost components. Research personnel cost – main researcher, assitants. Equipment requirements / office supplies Travel costs Publication costs Miscellaneous costs / contingencies

Evaluating the Research Proposal In practice, many items contribute to a proposal’s acceptance and funding.

• First, the proposal must be neatly presented. Although a proposal produced on a word processor and bound with an expensive cover will not overcome design or analysis deficiencies, a poorly presented, unclear, or disorganised proposal will not get serious attention for the reviewing sponsors.
• Second, the proposal’s major topics should be easily found and logically organised. The reviewer should be able to page through the proposal to any section of interest.
• The proposal also must meet specific guidelines set by the sponsoring company or agency. These include budgetary restrictions and schedule deadlines.
• A fourth important aspect is the technical writing style of the proposal. The problem statement must be easily understood. The research design should be clearly outlined and methodology explained. The importance / benefits of the study must allow the sponsor to see why the research should be funded. The objectives and results sections should communcate exactly the goals and concrete results that will come from the study.
• Finally, budget and schedule considerations must be kept in mind. A schedule that does not meet the expected deadlines will disqualify the proposal. A budget that is too high for the allocated funds will be rejected. Conversely, low budgets compared to competing proposals suggest that something is missing or there is something wrong with the researcher.

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