Data were collected using the automatic search functions of the forums.
In total, data from 48 participants aged 60–94 years were included. Three articles had overlapping samples, as specified in Table 2 . The results are presented in two themes: (1) QOL, minority joy, and resilience (positive aspects), and (2) experiences of discrimination, stigmatization, and minority stress (negative aspects).
QOL results from being able to come out and be recognized and accepted for one’s identity [ 29 , 73 ]. Some of the transgender participants in Siverskog’s study [ 29 ] experienced more freedom in exploring their identities after retirement. The participants described a desire to be acknowledged and recognized for their own qualities and unique life history, while also being treated like everyone else, as one lesbian participant in Löf and Olaison’s study [ 73 ] said:
… We’re all individuals and we’re all different. You have to show consideration to everyone.
And some people need to act or think in one way. And other people think in another way. And that means you can’t treat everyone the same because it’s wrong somehow…
Before disclosing one’s gender or sexual identity, one needs to feel safe and respected as an older LGBTQ adult. The participants in Löf and Olaison’s study [ 73 ] emphasized that to feel safe in a future care situation, nursing staff need to have LGBTQ knowledge and be able to treat older LGBTQ adults in a competent and affirmative way.
Experiences of minority joy were found in the narratives about “coming in” to an LGBTQ community [ 72 ]. Here, “coming in” refers to joining a community, and “coming home” refers to feeling at home within the community. Memories of “coming in” also relate to the mysteriousness of the LGBTQ community wherein different rules apply and some places are inaccessible and hidden from the rest of society [ 72 ]. “Coming in” is used in contrast to “coming out [of the closet],” a metaphor used within the LGBTQ community to describe self-disclosure of sexual orientation or gender identity to other people. “Coming in” and finding collective strength together with people with shared experiences was described as life-changing and as providing a sense of liberation. As one participant in Siverskog and Bromseth´s study [ 72 ] said:
It has strengthened me a lot. When I meet my old classmates, even if they understand that I am gay, I feel that I have my own life, I belong somewhere, and I have my own context and that is so very important; so I am really happy for the struggle that has been faced
Some participants in Löf and Olaison’s study [ 73 ] discussed how important it was to have a sense of belonging with others who have had the same experiences throughout life and had lived a life not in accordance with societal norms, and that they would prefer to live in a special housing for older LGBTQ adults.
The LGBTQ community has shown resilience in response to memories of struggles, where people have come together and joined each other in fighting for a common cause (LGBTQ rights) [ 72 ]. One example of this is the HIV/AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s, wherein the community collectively cared for one another and experienced solidarity, but many also had personal memories of loss and grief [ 72 ].
We had several people [in our gay choir] who were HIV positive and died. And some of them got so skinny. We sang at the Rosenlund hospital for those who were hospitalized there, and for some, it was so secretive that they did not even come out of their rooms but just opened the door so they could hear us. Their parents had no idea they were HIV positive. It was pretty horrible.
However, for some participants, the sense of community had eroded, and they felt alienated because of their age when accessing LGBTQ community events that largely catered to and centered around younger members. Some of the participants in Siverskog and Bromseth´s study [ 72 ] had no access to LGBTQ spaces and had little social support.
One participant, who had identified as a woman during a large period of his life, had worked as a teacher and participated in a documentary on national TV. Afterwards, the participant was harassed by colleagues and was offered to retire earlier than planned [ 29 ]. Male, today stealth with trans praxis, described:
They [colleagues] used me as a subject for the morning prayers, praying for me to get cured… I experienced more and more opposition at work and then I got called up to my boss, who offered to retire me early.
Several transgender participants in Siverskog’s study [ 29 ] had experienced stigmatization from an early age and throughout their lives. When exhibiting gender-non-conforming desires, such as dressing according to the other legal gender’s norms, they felt that such behaviors were not socially acceptable. Some described being shamed or even abused when their trans identity was discovered. With time and growing up, shame related to dressing or acting according to the other legal gender increased, and resulted in hiding, being careful, and so on [ 29 ]. As one participant who identifies as a man but has a female gender expression full time said:
It has been a threat that someone would find out that I was interested in wearing women’s clothes. So I stayed away from that. I felt I would be completely estranged and left out if I did that. And that is something transvestites live with to a great extent; that you simply get pointed out and shamed. And I lived with this, and still do, as a limiting part.
Although the concept of minority stress was not explicitly formulated in the studies, there were several descriptions of situations where the participants experienced stressors associated with their sexual minority status. For example, the older trans people experienced a lack of knowledge regarding trans in different contexts [ 29 ]. When meeting cis members of the LGBTQ community, the trans participants found that there was a lack of basic trans understanding [ 29 ]. Additionally, the participants experienced a lack of knowledge in the healthcare sector, even in healthcare professionals who were specialized in trans care (gender affirmative care). They had to educate their doctors, care staff, and social workers. One participant brought information material to her doctor. Some participants described having to come out repeatedly in new healthcare relationships (physicians, and hormone replacement therapy nurses) and having to explain trans-related issues [ 29 ]. Some of them feared being labeled or seen as disgusting by healthcare providers [ 29 ]. One transsexual woman described her thoughts:
As long as I live at home, I think it will be alright, but then when you get older and maybe have to move to a nursing home … Yes, when it is time and they come here and see that it is a man in women’s clothes, “God how disgusting; we don’t want to go to that person again,” you know right?
Some of the participants in Siverskog’s study [ 71 ] found aging problematic in relation to performing gender, while others did not. LGBTQ spaces were harder to access because of ageism and the participants lacked social support, which led to feelings of loneliness and isolation. With age, loss as well as lack of bodily functions are normalized, as such, cis bodies and trans bodies converge in function and appearance, as compared to younger bodies [ 29 ]. Simultaneously, older age can make gender-confirming surgery riskier and more difficult—one’s own body making such surgery impossible. If the culture had been more accepting, some participants would have sought out surgery earlier in their younger years. Some regretted not having come out earlier [ 71 ]. For those who had age-related health reasons to not undergo gender reaffirming surgery, coming out late also influenced a legal gender change, because the law, at the time of data collection, mandated sterilization for a change of legal gender [ 71 ]. One transsexual woman said:
… when they heard that I had atrial fibrillation and a pacemaker and took a lot of heart medicine and Varan [medicine], yes, then [the doctor] just put down the pen and said, “you can forget about that, because no one will put a knife in you if it’s not absolutely necessary”
The quote from the doctor suggests a view that gender reaffirming surgery for her was “not absolutely necessary” (regardless of whether medically possible or not), leading to stigmatization of the participant´s transsexual identity.
With this systematic review, we sought to evaluate and synthesize qualitative research on the lived experiences of older LGBTQ adults (aged 60 and above) in Japan and Sweden. We synthesized the findings focusing on QOL, minority joy, resilience, minority stress, discrimination, and stigmatization. With no study from Japan and only four Swedish papers to review, the findings were summarized in two over-arching themes: (a) QOL, minority joy, and resilience, and (b) discrimination, stigmatization, and minority stress.
The results of this systematic review were limited. While we found one peer-reviewed article from Japan, it did not solely include older adults, and therefore we excluded it. Five peer-reviewed journal articles from Sweden (2014–2020) focusing on LGBTQ adults aged 60 years or older were found, of which one was excluded since the phenomenon was not distinctive for older LGBTQ adults. Of these remaining four, three articles used overlapping data sets and were flagged as having quality concerns. These issues highlight the fact that older LGBTQ adults are an understudied population and there is a need for more studies in the field. Even though the number of papers about LGBTQ older adults has gradually been increasing from around 2015 in Japan, most of them are not peer reviewed, or do not include the right age span, or first-hand experiences from the LGBTQ older adults themselves. Furthermore, it seems that the subject has not been established as a research field in Japanese academia yet. Researchers may not have recognized this because of the lack of information about them, and there are also difficulties finding older LGBTQ participants for the research. Looking at the current Japanese society, the awareness about LGBTQ issues is increasing, but people’s attention is primarily focused on the situation for the younger generation. There are some statements in non-peer reviewed papers about older LGBTQ adults’ difficulty to come out about their sexuality in Japanese society because of the strong stigma [ 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]. In addition, older LGBTQ people report that they, since youth, have been treated as invisible people in Japanese society [ 76 , 78 , 79 ].
The selected articles did not specifically study QOL, resilience, or minority joy, but we found aspects in the studies relevant to living a life with dignity ensuring wellbeing (QOL), overcoming difficulties in a positive way (resilience), and experiencing positive aspects due to identifying as LGBTQ (minority joy). Participants described that it was important to be recognized and accepted for one’s identity, be able to talk about oneself, receive respect from care staff, and obtain care for individual needs [ 73 ]. For some participants, older age seemed to be associated with more freedom in exploring one’s identity [ 29 , 71 , 72 ]. Resilience and minority joy were primarily described in relation to community and to finding a home in LGBTQ spaces. Participants highlighted the importance of finding people with similar experiences. Difficult experiences, such as the HIV pandemic, which was related to both personal and communal grief, also gave rise to activism, solidarity, and communal caretaking, which were described in positive terms. The exploration of positive aspects related to older LGBTQ adults have been studied to a lesser degree than minority stress and negative outcomes. The results of this study are largely consistent with preliminary results from the Swedish study on minority joy [ 36 ], and earlier reviews concerning older LGBTQ people. For example, Averett and Jenkins [ 21 ] and McCann and Brown [ 27 ] reported participants’ resilience in handling challenges, and McParland and Camic [ 26 ] highlighted community as an important health factor for older LGBTQ adults.
One serious experience of discrimination in the legal sense was described, wherein the participant faced harassment form colleagues, and several (especially trans) participants had experienced stigmatization from an early age and throughout their lives [ 22 ]. Minority stress was described as associated with low knowledge about LGBTQ issues in society at large and in healthcare and care facilities [ 22 ]. For transgender participants, this was also experienced in LGBTQ spaces. This is in line with earlier studies on youth and adults in a Swedish context [ 7 , 8 ]. Some participants described how LGBTQ spaces were harder to access because of ageism and that they lacked social support, which led to feelings of loneliness and isolation. Moreover, some participants also experienced age-related difficulties when trying to access gender affirming care [ 73 ]. Loneliness is described in earlier reviews on older LGBTQ adults [ 20 , 24 ], and negative attitudes and discrimination, including negative treatment in residential or other care settings, are well studied [ 20 , 22 , 26 ]. The results from the current study are, therefore, consistent with those of earlier studies in the area, mainly conducted in English-speaking countries.
In contrast to earlier reviews, which included studies focused primarily on gay men, followed by lesbians and bisexuals, and only few on transgender participants [ 9 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 26 ], the Swedish studies tended to focus more on interviews with trans people. Therefore, trans-related topics, such as gender-affirming healthcare and trans-specific stigma, were prevalent in the synthesis of the included studies.
Japan and Sweden share similar demographic structures concerning a growing population aged 60 years or over [ 80 ]. Nevertheless, they differ immensely and have different socio-legal starting points, with Sweden having greater social acceptance toward LGBTQ people than Japan [ 53 ]. The articles used in the synthesis reveal difficulties for LGBTQ adults in Sweden to assert the same rights as heterosexual and cisgendered people and difficulties living in society with a high QOL. All articles reviewed specified legal conditions regarding discrimination and QOL with direct references to current and relevant legal sources. Thus, this synthesis reveals the current scenario of the problems that older LGBTQ adults experience in contact with society. However, it is noteworthy that although the articles reported experiences of perceived discrimination among the participants in the study, they did not analyze or discuss if such experiences meet the legal criteria of discrimination in the legal sense [ 81 ].
This study has some limitations. There is limited qualitative research on older LGBTQ adults in Japan and Sweden, and the current study was based on four Swedish articles only. Therefore, it is not possible to draw any generalizable conclusions about the needs of older LGBTQ people based on these limited findings. Second, although we assessed the quality of the articles, we included articles despite concerns regarding the methods used. This was done because of the difficulties in finding relevant literature. Thus, qualitative researchers must ensure a high degree of quality in their work; for example, declaring a clear and replicable methodology and ensuring validation of interpretations. At the same time, we must acknowledge the differing methodological cultures across disciplines. Therefore, the strict inclusion criteria of this study, although intended as a strength, may be seen as a weakness. Had we adhered fully to the inclusion criteria, we would have been able to include only one study in the synthesis. Finally, although we sought to illuminate the lived experiences of older LGBTQ adults in Japan and Sweden, and thereby compare the differing legal, social, and cultural contexts, the present results can relate only to the Swedish circumstances. Thus, the Japanese circumstances cannot be inferred owing to the lack of research on older LGBTQ adults. However, TM and YH, the Japanese authors, conducted a comprehensive review of the Japanese research literature, which included various types of papers, such as opinion papers. This review identified several important themes related to addressing LGBTQ issues among older individuals. The findings indicated the need for further qualitative studies that involve the opinions of affected individuals and relevant agencies to address these issues. Eleven informative papers were found during the Japanese search, out of which one was peer-reviewed and the remaining ten were non-peer-reviewed. These papers were excluded from the current study because they did not align with our research protocol, for more information see Supplementary Materials , which focused on individuals aged 60 and above and specifically included peer-reviewed publications as well as first-hand experiences of LGBTQ older adults. Considering the Japanese academic landscape in this research area, we nevertheless decided to explore non-peer-reviewed papers to gather significant information about LGBTQ older adults and develop hypotheses for future studies in this field. The results from these non-peer-reviewed papers will be published in a separate article in the near future.
Additionally, during the course of this study, the Japanese authors consulted healthcare professionals regarding LGBTQ issues in healthcare settings. Surprisingly, none of the professionals recognized the significance of such issues or acknowledged their existence based on their clinical experiences. Consequently, it is crucial for Japanese researchers to conduct further research that directly involves the perspectives of older LGBTQ individuals who have been affected by these issues.
The situation for older LGBTQ adults in Japan is severely understudied, which is in line with the situation in Asia in general. For example, a previous mixed methods scoping research on older LGBTQ adults in Asia found only 10 articles for inclusion (4 were qualitative; of all the articles, 5 were from Israel, 2 from the Philippines, and 1 each from China, India, and Thailand) [ 15 ]. More research is required in Japan and across Asia.
This qualitative synthesis demonstrates several strengths. First, as we had strict inclusion criteria, we ensured that the views of only older LGBTQ adults (and not others) were part of the synthesis. Second, the reviewers were blind to one another at each stage of the review, which ensured that bias or undue influence from other team members could be minimized. This suggests that the findings are, as far as possible, impartial and objective. Finally, we discussed diverging interpretations until consensus was reached, which indicates that we undertook a collaborative and thorough approach to the analysis. Therefore, despite the demonstrated weaknesses, the synthesis should be regarded as trustworthy.
This synthesis highlights the need for more rigorous qualitative research, especially in Japan, but also in Sweden, on the context and experiences of older LGBTQ adults.
To the best of our knowledge, this synthesis is the first to include only Japanese and Swedish articles. While we could not include any Japanese articles, the synthesis highlights the Swedish context and the need for more research on older LGBTQ adults.
The Swedish articles showed that participants wished to be acknowledged for their identities, unique life histories, and assets. They wished to be treated like everyone else, while emphasizing the need for staff in healthcare services to possess a greater understanding and respect for the unique circumstances of older LGBTQ adults.
We would like to thank Ida Henriksson, librarian, University Library of Linnaeus University, Sweden; and Nozomi Fujioka, Administrative Documentation Lawyer, Fujioka Certified Administrative Procedures Legal Specialist Office, Japan.
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph20136281/s1 , research protocol, qualitative assessment.
This research was funded by MIRAI2.0—Joint seed funding of Japan–Sweden collaborative projects, grant number 2022 and 2023; Intsam travel grant; the Uppsala University travel grants. The KAJIMA Foundation, 2023, Japan.
Conceptualization, all authors; methodology, A.S.B.; software, A.S.B. and R.H.; validation, all authors; formal analysis, A.S.B., R.H. and A.-C.P.H.; investigation, A.S.B. and T.M.; resources, A.S.B., R.H., T.M.; data collection, A.S.B. and T.M.; writing—review and editing, all authors; visualization, A.S.B.; supervision, A.S.B.; project administration, A.S.B., A.-C.P.H., M.W., T.M. and Y.H.; funding acquisition, A.S.B., A.-C.P.H., M.W., T.M. and Y.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc.) individuals face an array of challenges to physical activity participation, such as discrimination and exclusion. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of LGBTQ+ experiences in physical activity. Eight focus groups of LGBTQ+ individuals (N = 42) were conducted using a semistructured interview guide, and broad discussions about personal physical activity experiences were encouraged. All focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and subject to thematic analysis. Three main themes emerged with the following considerations: (a) intersectionality-an intersectional approach is required to explore the complexity of LGBTQ+ experiences within physical activity; (b) the contested concept of "athlete"-LGBTQ+ communities have unique conceptions associated with "athlete" that can render sport, and by extension physical activity contexts, elitist and inaccessible; and (c) "a safe space for us"-LGBTQ+-friendly physical activity practices should be explored to provide practical suggestions for inclusive practices.
Keywords: exercise; gender; health behavior; health promotion; sexual diversity; special needs populations.
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Lgbtq qualitative and mixed methods research in counseling psychology: a content analysis, description.
In LGBTQ Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research in Counseling Psychology: A Content Analysis authors Roberto L. Abreu et al., examine the current qualitative and mixed methods research conducted historically on LGBTQ individuals. They identify the current challenges with existing research and make recommendations for future research that is more representative and inclusive. In addition, they discuss how the findings can inform practice and training. Copyright: 2022
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This chapter brings together some of the analytical foci that characterize the fields of family studies and sexuality studies, situating “family sexuality” at the conceptual heart of the equation. It provides both a methodological introduction and practical guidance to qualitative methods and demonstrates how a qualitative mixed methods (QMM) approach can open up new insights on intergenerational relationships and the experience and meanings of parenthood and childhood in LGBT-parent families. It introduces traditional qualitative research methods such as the semi-structured interview and new approaches such as the psychosocial biographical narrative interview and participatory techniques involving diaries and visual methods. I show how visual methods are particularly useful in eliciting data on the intersecting dimensions of family relationships, mapping the emotional geography of households, and enabling children to equally participate in family research. Using empirical data to illustrate different methods, this chapter demonstrates the analytical rewards that are offered through creativity in research design and discusses how such rich and dynamic data can be brought together in analysis.
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Capturing the complexity of families using innovative methods.
Behind Closed Doors was an ESRC-funded project (RES-000-22-0854), completed in 2004–2005.
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Jacqui Gabb
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Katherine R. Allen
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Gabb, J. (2013). Qualitative Research on LGBT-Parent Families. In: Goldberg, A., Allen, K. (eds) LGBT-Parent Families. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4556-2_21
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However, a review of qualitative research related to LGBTQ+ young people's mental health highlighted that many LGBTQ+ young people feel they need more support from their school, community and mental health providers as well as more information . It is also not known what factors stop or help LGBTQ+ young people to self-manage their mental health.
The focus of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive overview by collating and critically appraising the existing evidence-base of qualitative research studies of the last ten years (2008-2018), a decade that has seen a global increase in acceptance towards LGBT (Flores and Park 2018), which sought to provide a youth voice in ...
This qualitative study examined a diverse sample of LGBTQ young adults and their experiences of disclosure and nondisclosure to medical providers. Participants (n = 206, age range 18-27) completed questionnaires assessing health care access and use as part of a larger study.
The role of personal care and physical health has been raised in previous research asking young people about how they look after their mental health, for example with interviews with LGBTQ + young ...
identified five core themes: (1) Isolation, rejection, phobia, need for support; (2) Marginalization; (3) Depression, self-harm. and suicidality; (4) Policy and environment; and (5 ...
Qualitative research with LGBTQ adolescents has the potential to uncover new indicators of support from the perspective of these young people. This expansion in scope can add new knowledge regarding the most salient and specific protective factors for this population beyond what is already known about supportive school and community ...
The work of medical, social, and behavioral sciences plays a key role in deepening our understanding of inequalities and current issues in the LGBTQIA+ community, while also helping to create policies, practices, and procedures to improve lives. This collection of freely available research, videos, and books takes a look at queer theory, gender ...
Roberto L. Abreu, PhD, is an assistant professor and director of the Collective Healing and Empowering VoicEs through Research and Engagement (¡Chévere!)Lab in the Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology area, at the University of Florida. His research explores ways in which marginalized communities resist systemic oppression and promote collective well-being, with a particular focus ...
To summarize, the purpose of the present study is to provide a content analysis of how counseling psychology journals have used qualitative and mixed methods research to illustrate the experiences of LGBTQ individuals in the last decade (20092019). Speci cally, this paper aimed to answer the fol-.
Research into men-tal health disparities and challenges for LGBTQI+ youth to date has a predominantly quantitative focus, and several systematic reviews provide an overview of quantitative data available on issues faced by Sexual and Gender Minority Youth (SGMY) (e.g. Brown et al. 2016; McDonald 2018).
Jun 5, 2023. by Janet Salmons, Ph.D., Research Community Manager for Methodspace. In this post, find a multidisciplinary collection of studies conducted to understand some aspect of LGBTQ+ people's lives and their communities. In a previous Methodspace post, find articles about the experiences of LGBT+ researchers, and methodological and ...
We conducted a scoping review in accordance with Cochrane guidelines to identify participant and methodological characteristics of qualitative research conducted with young people on LGBTQ + bullying victimization. From 2005 to 2020, we identified 1,579 abstracts, with 141 articles retained for full-text screening and 35 included in the review.
Caitlin M. Nye MSN, RN, NPD-BC, CHSE (she/her) is a 5th year PhD student at the School of Nursing at the State University of New York University at Buffalo. Caitlin's doctoral research focuses on the knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of nursing faculty regarding inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ+) topics in undergraduate, pre-licensure curricula.
This entry will discuss the history of research ethics as they apply to LGBTQ research, the debate concerning whether or not LGBTQ individuals should be considered a 'vulnerable population', methods of best practice for conducting ethically sound, inclusive LGBTQ research, and the ethics of selecting research topics concerning LGBTQ ...
The mental health of adolescents that are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) has been the focus of many studies from Western societies during the past 20 years, and suggestions have been made on how to improve the adolescents' well-being (Madireddy & Madireddy, 2020; Russell & Fish, 2016; Taylor, 2019).Adolescence is considered as the end period of the individual's ...
designs to advance knowledge in the field. However, qualitative and mixed. methods are rarely used in counseling psychology to exam ine the experiences. of LGBTQ individuals. This content ...
There is a lack of research on older lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) adults. This systematic review aimed to synthesize Japanese and Swedish qualitative research on LGBTQ adults aged 60 years or older following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
Abstract. Qualitative research on LGBTQ-parent families and queer individuals and families of all kinds has burgeoned, to include narratives, interviews, diaries, emotion maps, participatory action research, and visual and performative methods—individually or in combination. In this chapter, we examine a range of qualitative methods ...
Abstract. LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc.) individuals face an array of challenges to physical activity participation, such as discrimination and exclusion. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of LGBTQ+ experiences in physical activity. Eight focus groups of LGBTQ+ individuals (N = 42) were conducted ...
Corbin and Strauss (2015) note that qualitative research is valuable for exploring "intricate details about phenomena such as feelings, thou ght process, and emotions that
In LGBTQ Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research in Counseling Psychology: A Content Analysis authors Roberto L. Abreu et al., examine the current qualitative and mixed methods research conducted historically on LGBTQ individuals. They identify the current challenges with existing research and make recommendations for future research that is ...
Full text of 26 magazines, chiefly from the US, covering LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) interests. Covers more than six decades of the history and culture of the LGBT community. For cultural studies, current events, political aspects, and all interdisciplinary topics:
Research on children's lives in many ways exemplifies the benefits of creativity in research design and a QMM approach. European scholars in the field of qualitative studies of childhood have presented a compelling argument that we need to listen to children when writing about subjects that involve them (James & Prout, 1990).We can no longer rely on adults' reported accounts of children ...