Design and Methods.
Table 8.1 is derived from ‘Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake ‘ by Bedrettin Yazan, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. 5
There are several forms of qualitative case studies. 1,2
Discovery-led case studies, which:
Theory-led case studies, which:
Single and collective case studies, where: 2, 9
In both intrinsic, instrumental and illustrative case studies, the exploration might take place within a single case. In contrast, a collective case study includes multiple individual cases, and the exploration occurs both within and between cases. Collective case studies may include comparative cases, whereby cases are sampled to provide points of comparison for either context or the phenomenon. Embedded case studies are increasingly common within multi-site, randomised controlled trials, where each of the study sites is considered a case.
Multiple forms of data collection and methods of analysis (e.g. thematic, content, framework and constant comparative analyses) can be employed, since case studies are characterised by the depth of knowledge they provide and their nuanced approaches to understanding phenomena within context. 2,5 This approach enables triangulation between data sources (interviews, focus groups, participant observations), researchers and theory. Refer to Chapter 19 for information about triangulation.
Advantages of using a case study approach include the ability to explore the subtleties and intricacies of complex social situations, and the use of multiple data collection methods and data from multiple sources within the case, which enables rigour through triangulation. Collective case studies enable comparison and contrasting within and across cases.
However, it can be challenging to define the boundaries of the case and to gain appropriate access to the case for the ‘deep dive’ form of analysis. Participant observation, which is a common form of data collection, can lead to observer bias. Data collection can take a long time and may require lengthy times, resources and funding to conduct the study. 9
Table 8.2 provides an example of a single case study and of a collective case study.
Title | ||
---|---|---|
Nayback-Beebe, 2012 | Clack, 2018 | |
‘The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative case study… was to gain a holistic understanding of the lived-experience of a male victim of intimate partner violence and the real-life context in which the violence emerged.’ | ‘in-depth investigation of the main barriers, facilitators and contextual factors relevant to successfully implementing these strategies in European acute care hospitals’ | |
‘What is the lived experience of living in and leaving an abusive intimate relationship for a white middle class male?’ | ‘(1) what are the main barriers and facilitators to successfully implementing CRBSI prevention procedures?; and (2) what role do contextual factors play?’ | |
A single, intrinsic qualitative research study. Following Yin’s case study approach, the authors wished to uncover the contextual conditions relevant to the phenomenon under study – living in and leaving an abusive intimate relationship as a white, middle-class male. The researchers wanted to understand and explore the contextual conditions related to female-to-male perpetrated intimate partner violence. | A qualitative comparative case study of 6 of the 14 hospitals participating in the Prevention of Hospital Infections by Intervention and Training (PROHIBIT) randomised controlled study on the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention. The case study examined contextual factors that affect the implementation of an intervention, particularly across culturally, politically and economically diverse hospital settings in Europe. | |
United States of America, insights from a case study to provide nurses with an understanding that intimate partner violence occurs in the lives of men and women, and to be aware of this in the inpatient and outpatient settings. | European acute-care hospitals that were participating in the PROHIBIT randomised controlled trial. | |
Three in-depth interviews conducted for one month. The participant was a 44-year-old man who met the following inclusion criteria: • self-reported survivor of physical, emotional, verbal abuse, harassment and/or humiliation by a current or former partner • the violence occurred in the context of a heterosexual relationship • was in the process of leaving or had left the relationship | Data collection before and after the implementation of an intervention and included 129 interviews (133 hours) with hospital administration, IPC and ICU leadership and staff, telephone interviews with onsite investigators alongside 41 hours of direct observations | |
Existential phenomenology following Colaizzi’s method for data analysis. | Thematic analysis was inductive (first site visit) and deductive (second site visit), with cross-case analysis using a stacking technique; cases were grouped according to common characteristics and differences, and similarities were examined. | |
Theme 1. Living in the relationship – confrontation from within Theme 2. Living in the relationship – confrontation from without Theme 3. Leaving the relationship – realisation and relinquishment Overarching theme: Living with a knot in your stomach | Three meta themes were identified • implementation agendas • resourcing • boundary spanning |
Qualitative case studies provide a study design with diverse methods to examine the contextual factors relevant to understanding the why and how of a phenomenon within a case. The design incorporates single case studies and collective cases, which can also be embedded within randomised controlled trials as a form of process evaluation.
Qualitative Research – a practical guide for health and social care researchers and practitioners Copyright © 2023 by Darshini Ayton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
In the research world, case studies are like real-life stories that help us understand complex situations better. They're like magnifying glasses that zoom in on specific events or issues, giving us a closer look at how things work in the real world. However, the task isn't just about telling a story – it involves meticulous data analysis to uncover important insights.
Learners use a particular research methodology depending on what they want to find out. These methods can be like tools in a toolbox, each suited to a particular job. Some researchers might use interviews to talk to people involved in the analysis, while others might gather information from documents or observations. Using these types, scholars can gather various information to get a complete picture of the situation they're studying. They also follow strict rules and ethics to ensure their findings are trustworthy and accurate. Now, let's look at the different types of case studies researchers use to explore various topics and phenomena.
A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth examination of a particular subject or phenomenon within its real-life context. Unlike other scrutiny types that focus on general trends or statistical analysis, they delve deeply into specific instances to understand the intricacies and complexities of individual instances. Students immerse themselves in the subject matter, collecting detailed data through various methods such as interviews, observations, surveys, and document analysis. By triangulating multiple sources of information, case studies strive to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the issue under investigation.
The research methodology is highly flexible and adaptable, tailored to each research project's unique characteristics and objectives. Scholars may choose from a range of qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-type approaches, depending on the nature of the inquiry questions and the available resources. Qualitative research methods, such as interviews and observations, allow learners to explore the rich context and nuances of the matter, uncovering underlying motivations, attitudes, and behaviors. Meanwhile, quantitative techniques, such as surveys and statistical analysis, provide numerical data to supplement and validate qualitative findings.
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The major types of case studies encompass six different categories, each investigating issues within specific situations, environments, or organizations. As research methods, case studies can be used in various subject areas like the arts, psychology, economics, or politics. This isn’t the easiest assignment, so if you lack time or skills to pursue it, click on the write my case study for me link to recruit one of our inquiry methodology experts.
An illustrative case study provides a vivid and detailed depiction of a particular phenomenon or situation, typically to aid in understanding complex concepts or theories. The goal is to offer a clear and accessible illustration of theoretical principles or practical applications through real-world examples. Unlike other types that aim for in-depth analysis or hypothesis testing, the purpose of illustrative research methodology is primarily educational or explanatory. Researchers often select topics that are easily understandable and representative of broader concepts, using qualitative methods such as interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather rich descriptive data that can be used to illustrate key points.
Illustrative case studies find applications in various educational and professional settings where visual aids or concrete examples are valuable for conveying complex ideas or concepts. For instance, in academic settings, illustrative types may be used in lectures or textbooks to illustrate theoretical principles in fields such as psychology, sociology, or business. In professional contexts, they could be utilized in training programs or presentations to demonstrate best practices or real-world applications of concepts. These case studies are implemented through carefully selecting and presenting issues, often accompanied by detailed analysis and reflection to highlight key insights and lessons learned. The insights gained from such qualitative research enhance understanding and facilitate learning in diverse contexts.
An exploratory case study investigates novel research questions or relatively unexplored phenomena to generate hypotheses and gain initial insights into the subject. Its goal is to lay the groundwork for further inquiry by exploring new territories, identifying key variables, and understanding the context surrounding the phenomenon of interest. Unlike other case studies that delve into established theories or known phenomena, the purpose of an exploratory paper is to pave the way for deeper inquiry and hypothesis testing. Students often use qualitative methods such as interviews, observations, and literature reviews to gather preliminary data and develop a foundational understanding of the subject.
Exploratory case studies find applications in fields with limited facts and data or where new phenomena emerge, such as emerging technologies, social trends, or organizational practices. For example, researchers might investigate the adoption and usage patterns of a new digital platform or application in technology. In social sciences, these papers focus on exploring the experiences and perceptions of marginalized communities or understanding emerging forms of social interaction in digital spaces. These case studies are implemented through iterative data collection and analysis, often involving pilot studies or initial fieldwork to refine topic questions and methodologies. The insights from exploratory works contribute to expanding knowledge in diverse fields and inform subsequent homework endeavors.
A cumulative case study is a data analysis method that involves the sequential examination of multiple issues over time to build a comprehensive understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue. The goal of this type of case study is to gather insights from the accumulation of individual instances, allowing learners to identify patterns, trends, and commonalities across diverse contexts. Unlike other papers that focus on a single topic or event, cumulative assignments synthesize information from multiple sources to develop a holistic understanding of the subject under investigation. Researchers employing this approach often use qualitative and quantitative methods, combining techniques such as interviews, surveys, observations, and statistical analysis to collect and analyze data from each instance.
Cumulative case studies find applications in various fields where broad qualitative research of complex phenomena is required, such as education, healthcare, and business. For example, in education, aspiring scholars might use cumulative case studies to explore the effectiveness of different teaching approaches or interventions across multiple classrooms or schools. Such tasks could examine the outcomes of various treatment approaches or healthcare policies in different patient populations. They are implemented through systematic data collection and analysis, often involving longitudinal studies or meta-analysis to synthesize findings across multiple subject matters. The insights gathered contribute to developing evidence-based practices and inform decision-making in diverse fields.
A critical instance case study examines a specific event or occurrence considered pivotal or significant within a particular context. This type of case study aims to deeply analyze the circumstances surrounding the critical instance and understand its implications for broader theories or phenomena. Unlike other types of case studies that aim for generalizability or comprehensive understanding, a critical instance case study aims to explore the unique factors and dynamics at play in a singular event. Researchers employing this approach often use qualitative methods such as interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather detailed data that shed light on the critical instance and its implications.
Critical instance case studies find applications in various fields where understanding the impact of singular events is essential, such as sociology, political science, or organizational behavior. For example, in sociology, students might use critical instance case studies to examine the effects of a specific protest or social movement on societal attitudes and behaviors. In political science, such case studies could focus on analyzing the consequences of a significant policy decision or electoral outcome. These case studies are implemented through thorough investigation and analysis of the critical instance, often involving interdisciplinary approaches to capture its multifaceted nature and implications. The insights gained from critical instance case studies contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and complexities of real-world events and phenomena.
An intrinsic case study is a research method where the subject is of particular interest rather than being selected for its relevance to a broader theory or phenomenon. The purpose is to deeply understand the unique qualities, intricacies, and complexities of the subject under investigation. Unlike other types that seek generalizability or causal relationships, an intrinsic case study aims to explore and appreciate the richness of the individual issue. Academicians employing this approach often use qualitative methods such as interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather rich, detailed data that capture the subject's essence.
Intrinsic case studies are commonly implemented in fields where understanding the particularities of individual instances is crucial, such as anthropology, ethnography, or cultural studies. For example, researchers might conduct an intrinsic investigation in anthropology to explore a specific indigenous community's customs, rituals, and beliefs. Similarly, in cultural studies, intrinsic papers focus on understanding the unique dynamics of a particular subculture or social phenomenon. These case studies are implemented through immersive fieldwork, where you engage with the subject directly, often spending extended periods in the field to develop a deep understanding of the context and culture under study. The insights contribute to understanding human behavior, culture, and society.
A descriptive case study is a research method that provides a detailed description of a particular phenomenon, event, or situation. Its primary goal is to paint a comprehensive picture of the subject under study, capturing its various facets, characteristics, and dynamics. Unlike other case studies that aim for deeper analysis or causal explanations, the purpose of a descriptive exploration is to document and present facts and observations without interpreting them extensively. It often involves collecting data through multiple sources such as interviews, observations, documents, and archival records to ensure a well-rounded understanding of the subject.
Descriptive case studies find applications in various fields and industries. For instance, they can be used in education to examine teaching tactics or classroom dynamics. In healthcare, they may focus on patient experiences or treatment outcomes. Similarly, descriptive papers can explore organizational structures, management practices, or market trends in business settings. They are implemented through careful data collection and analysis, often involving qualitative methods such as interviews or surveys, supplemented by quantitative data when necessary. Descriptive research findings can inform decision-making, guide policy development, or serve as a basis for further inquiry in the respective fields. Here are additional topics for case study for you to explore.
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Understanding different case study types is essential as they each serve distinct purposes. Each type can delve into one of five critical, cumulative, or exploratory subjects. Let's examine them closely to grasp their nuances and applications.
Case studies focusing on individuals typically delve into a specific person's experiences, behaviors, and characteristics. This could involve exploring their background, personality traits, life events, challenges, and responses to various situations. They are often used in fields such as psychology, counseling, and healthcare to understand human behavior, personality development, or the effectiveness of interventions.
Case studies centered on groups examine the dynamics, interactions, and relationships within a specific group. This could include families, teams, communities, or organizations. Researchers might explore group dynamics, decision-making processes, conflicts, cohesion, and the impact of group norms or culture. They are common in sociology, organizational behavior, and social work to understand group dynamics and social structures.
Case studies focusing on locations analyze specific geographical areas, such as neighborhoods, cities, or regions. Learners might investigate a particular location's social, economic, environmental, or cultural aspects and the impact of urban planning, development projects, or policy interventions. These case studies are relevant in urban planning, geography, environmental studies, and public policy to inform decision-making and community development efforts.
Papers centered on organizations explore the structure, operations, strategies, culture, and performance of a specific company, nonprofit, government agency, or institution. Researchers might examine issues such as leadership, organizational change, corporate social responsibility, or crisis management. These case studies are prevalent in business, management, and public administration to analyze organizational behavior and practices.
Focus on events to investigate specific incidents, occurrences, or phenomena within a defined timeframe. This could include natural disasters, political movements, public health crises, or technological innovations. Researchers might analyze the causes, responses, impacts, and lessons learned from the event. We recommend reading our article about the pros and cons of case studies to enrich your knowledge regarding this academic assignment.
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A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single person, group, event, or community. This research method involves intensively analyzing a subject to understand its complexity and context. The richness of a case study comes from its ability to capture detailed, qualitative data that can offer insights into a process or subject matter that other research methods might miss.
A case study strives for a holistic understanding of events or situations by examining all relevant variables. They are ideal for exploring ‘how’ or ‘why’ questions in contexts where the researcher has limited control over events in real-life settings. Unlike narrowly focused experiments, these projects seek a comprehensive understanding of events or situations.
In a case study, researchers gather data through various methods such as participant observation, interviews, tests, record examinations, and writing samples. Unlike statistically-based studies that seek only quantifiable data, a case study attempts to uncover new variables and pose questions for subsequent research.
A case study is particularly beneficial when your research:
Learn more about Other Types of Experimental Design .
Various fields utilize case studies, including the following:
For example, consider a case study in a business setting where a startup struggles to scale. Researchers might examine the startup’s strategies, market conditions, management decisions, and competition. Interviews with the CEO, employees, and customers, alongside an analysis of financial data, could offer insights into the challenges and potential solutions for the startup. This research could serve as a valuable lesson for other emerging businesses.
See below for other examples.
What impact does urban green space have on mental health in high-density cities? | Assess a green space development in Tokyo and its effects on resident mental health. |
How do small businesses adapt to rapid technological changes? | Examine a small business in Silicon Valley adapting to new tech trends. |
What strategies are effective in reducing plastic waste in coastal cities? | Study plastic waste management initiatives in Barcelona. |
How do educational approaches differ in addressing diverse learning needs? | Investigate a specialized school’s approach to inclusive education in Sweden. |
How does community involvement influence the success of public health initiatives? | Evaluate a community-led health program in rural India. |
What are the challenges and successes of renewable energy adoption in developing countries? | Assess solar power implementation in a Kenyan village. |
Several standard types of case studies exist that vary based on the objectives and specific research needs.
Illustrative Case Study : Descriptive in nature, these studies use one or two instances to depict a situation, helping to familiarize the unfamiliar and establish a common understanding of the topic.
Exploratory Case Study : Conducted as precursors to large-scale investigations, they assist in raising relevant questions, choosing measurement types, and identifying hypotheses to test.
Cumulative Case Study : These studies compile information from various sources over time to enhance generalization without the need for costly, repetitive new studies.
Critical Instance Case Study : Focused on specific sites, they either explore unique situations with limited generalizability or challenge broad assertions, to identify potential cause-and-effect issues.
As with any research study, case studies have a set of benefits and drawbacks.
While case studies emphasize specific details over broad theories, they should connect to theoretical frameworks in the field. This approach ensures that these projects contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the subject, rather than standing as an isolated entity.
The following are critical steps in developing a case study:
Analysts typically use thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes within the data and compare different cases.
A good case study requires a balanced approach, often using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
The researcher should constantly reflect on their biases and how they might influence the research. Documenting personal reflections can provide transparency.
Avoid over-generalization. One common mistake is to overstate the implications of a case study. Remember that these studies provide an in-depth insights into a specific case and might not be widely applicable.
Don’t ignore contradictory data. All data, even that which contradicts your hypothesis, is valuable. Ignoring it can lead to skewed results.
Finally, in the report, researchers provide comprehensive insight for a case study through “thick description,” which entails a detailed portrayal of the subject, its usage context, the attributes of involved individuals, and the community environment. Thick description extends to interpreting various data, including demographic details, cultural norms, societal values, prevailing attitudes, and underlying motivations. This approach ensures a nuanced and in-depth comprehension of the case in question.
Learn more about Qualitative Research and Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data .
Morland, J. & Feagin, Joe & Orum, Anthony & Sjoberg, Gideon. (1992). A Case for the Case Study . Social Forces. 71(1):240.
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What do you study in your college? If you are a psychology, sociology, or anthropology student, we bet you might be familiar with what a case study is. This research method is used to study a certain person, group, or situation. In this guide from our dissertation writing service , you will learn how to write a case study professionally, from researching to citing sources properly. Also, we will explore different types of case studies and show you examples — so that you won’t have any other questions left.
A case study is a subcategory of research design which investigates problems and offers solutions. Case studies can range from academic research studies to corporate promotional tools trying to sell an idea—their scope is quite vast.
While research papers turn the reader’s attention to a certain problem, case studies go even further. Case study guidelines require students to pay attention to details, examining issues closely and in-depth using different research methods. For example, case studies may be used to examine court cases if you study Law, or a patient's health history if you study Medicine. Case studies are also used in Marketing, which are thorough, empirically supported analysis of a good or service's performance. Well-designed case studies can be valuable for prospective customers as they can identify and solve the potential customers pain point.
Case studies involve a lot of storytelling – they usually examine particular cases for a person or a group of people. This method of research is very helpful, as it is very practical and can give a lot of hands-on information. Most commonly, the length of the case study is about 500-900 words, which is much less than the length of an average research paper.
The structure of a case study is very similar to storytelling. It has a protagonist or main character, which in your case is actually a problem you are trying to solve. You can use the system of 3 Acts to make it a compelling story. It should have an introduction, rising action, a climax where transformation occurs, falling action, and a solution.
Here is a rough formula for you to use in your case study:
Problem (Act I): > Solution (Act II) > Result (Act III) > Conclusion.
The purpose of a case study is to provide detailed reports on an event, an institution, a place, future customers, or pretty much anything. There are a few common types of case study, but the type depends on the topic. The following are the most common domains where case studies are needed:
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The case study format is typically made up of eight parts:
Let's discover how to write a case study.
When writing a case study, remember that research should always come first. Reading many different sources and analyzing other points of view will help you come up with more creative solutions. You can also conduct an actual interview to thoroughly investigate the customer story that you'll need for your case study. Including all of the necessary research, writing a case study may take some time. The research process involves doing the following:
Read Also: ' WHAT IS A CREDIBLE SOURCES ?'
Although your instructor might be looking at slightly different criteria, every case study rubric essentially has the same standards. Your professor will want you to exhibit 8 different outcomes:
Pick a topic, tell us your requirements and get your paper on time.
Let's look at the structure of an outline based on the issue of the alcoholic addiction of 30 people.
Introduction
After you’ve done your case study research and written the outline, it’s time to focus on the draft. In a draft, you have to develop and write your case study by using: the data which you collected throughout the research, interviews, and the analysis processes that were undertaken. Follow these rules for the draft:
📝 Step | 📌 Description |
---|---|
1. Draft Structure | 🖋️ Your draft should contain at least 4 sections: an introduction; a body where you should include background information, an explanation of why you decided to do this case study, and a presentation of your main findings; a conclusion where you present data; and references. |
2. Introduction | 📚 In the introduction, you should set the pace very clearly. You can even raise a question or quote someone you interviewed in the research phase. It must provide adequate background information on the topic. The background may include analyses of previous studies on your topic. Include the aim of your case here as well. Think of it as a thesis statement. The aim must describe the purpose of your work—presenting the issues that you want to tackle. Include background information, such as photos or videos you used when doing the research. |
3. Research Process | 🔍 Describe your unique research process, whether it was through interviews, observations, academic journals, etc. The next point includes providing the results of your research. Tell the audience what you found out. Why is this important, and what could be learned from it? Discuss the real implications of the problem and its significance in the world. |
4. Quotes and Data | 💬 Include quotes and data (such as findings, percentages, and awards). This will add a personal touch and better credibility to the case you present. Explain what results you find during your interviews in regards to the problem and how it developed. Also, write about solutions which have already been proposed by other people who have already written about this case. |
5. Offer Solutions | 💡 At the end of your case study, you should offer possible solutions, but don’t worry about solving them yourself. |
Even though your case study is a story, it should be based on evidence. Use as much data as possible to illustrate your point. Without the right data, your case study may appear weak and the readers may not be able to relate to your issue as much as they should. Let's see the examples from essay writing service :
With data: Alcoholism is affecting more than 14 million people in the USA, which makes it the third most common mental illness there. Without data: A lot of people suffer from alcoholism in the United States.
Try to include as many credible sources as possible. You may have terms or sources that could be hard for other cultures to understand. If this is the case, you should include them in the appendix or Notes for the Instructor or Professor.
After you finish drafting your case study, polish it up by answering these ‘ask yourself’ questions and think about how to end your case study:
Problems to avoid:
Let's see how to create an awesome title page.
Your title page depends on the prescribed citation format. The title page should include:
Here is a template for the APA and MLA format title page:
There are some cases when you need to cite someone else's study in your own one – therefore, you need to master how to cite a case study. A case study is like a research paper when it comes to citations. You can cite it like you cite a book, depending on what style you need.
Citation Example in MLA Hill, Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing, 2008. Print.
Citation Example in APA Hill, L., Khanna, T., & Stecker, E. A. (2008). HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.
Citation Example in Chicago Hill, Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies.
To give you an idea of a professional case study example, we gathered and linked some below.
Eastman Kodak Case Study
Case Study Example: Audi Trains Mexican Autoworkers in Germany
To conclude, a case study is one of the best methods of getting an overview of what happened to a person, a group, or a situation in practice. It allows you to have an in-depth glance at the real-life problems that businesses, healthcare industry, criminal justice, etc. may face. This insight helps us look at such situations in a different light. This is because we see scenarios that we otherwise would not, without necessarily being there. If you need custom essays , try our research paper writing services .
Crafting a case study is not easy. You might want to write one of high quality, but you don’t have the time or expertise. If you’re having trouble with your case study, help with essay request - we'll help. EssayPro writers have read and written countless case studies and are experts in endless disciplines. Request essay writing, editing, or proofreading assistance from our custom case study writing service , and all of your worries will be gone.
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How to cite a case study in apa, how to write a case study.
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There are many different kinds of case studies. There are also various uses for writing case studies, from academic research purposes to provision of corporate proof points. There are approximately four types of case studies: illustrative (descriptive of events), exploratory (investigative), cumulative (collective information comparisons) and critical (examine particular subject with cause and effect outcomes). After becoming familiar with the different types and styles of case study instructions and how each applies to your purposes, there are some steps that make writing flow smoothly and ensure the development and delivery of a uniform case study that can be used to prove a point or illustrate accomplishments.
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To write a case study, start with an introduction that defines key terms, outlines the problem your case study addresses, and gives necessary background information. You can also include photos or a video if they will help your work to be more persuasive. Then, present your findings from the case study and explain your methodology, including how you used your data to come to your conclusions. In your conclusion, offer possible solutions or next steps for research, based on your results. To learn how to select participants for your case study, keep reading. Did this summary help you? Yes No
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What is a case study.
A case study is an in depth focussed study of a person, group, or situation that has been studied over time within its real-life context.
There are different types of case study:
We are often looking to develop patient stories as case studies and these will use qualitative methods such as interviews to find specific details and descriptions of how your subject is affected.
Patient stories are illustrative or critical instance case studies. For example, an illustrative case study might focus on a patient with an eating disorder to provide a subjective view to better help trainee nutritionists understand the illness. A critical instance case study might focus on a patient with a very rare or uniquely complex condition or how a single patient is affected by an injury.
1. get prepared.
Find inspiration for your own evaluation with these real life examples
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The Evaluation and Evidence toolkits go hand in hand. Using and generating evidence to inform decision making is vital to improving services and people’s lives.
The toolkits have been developed by the NHS Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire Integrated Care Board (BNSSG ICB), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) and Health Innovation West of England .
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Weighing the pros and cons of this method of research
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Where do you find data for a case study, how do i write a psychology case study.
A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in many different fields, including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work.
The point of a case study is to learn as much as possible about an individual or group so that the information can be generalized to many others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective, and it is sometimes difficult to generalize results to a larger population.
While case studies focus on a single individual or group, they follow a format similar to other types of psychology writing. If you are writing a case study, we got you—here are some rules of APA format to reference.
A case study, or an in-depth study of a person, group, or event, can be a useful research tool when used wisely. In many cases, case studies are best used in situations where it would be difficult or impossible for you to conduct an experiment. They are helpful for looking at unique situations and allow researchers to gather a lot of˜ information about a specific individual or group of people. However, it's important to be cautious of any bias we draw from them as they are highly subjective.
A case study can have its strengths and weaknesses. Researchers must consider these pros and cons before deciding if this type of study is appropriate for their needs.
One of the greatest advantages of a case study is that it allows researchers to investigate things that are often difficult or impossible to replicate in a lab. Some other benefits of a case study:
On the other hand, a case study can have some drawbacks:
Researchers may choose to perform a case study if they want to explore a unique or recently discovered phenomenon. Through their insights, researchers develop additional ideas and study questions that might be explored in future studies.
It's important to remember that the insights from case studies cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. However, case studies may be used to develop hypotheses that can then be addressed in experimental research.
There have been a number of notable case studies in the history of psychology. Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies. Some great examples of case studies in psychology include:
Such cases demonstrate how case research can be used to study things that researchers could not replicate in experimental settings. In Genie's case, her horrific abuse denied her the opportunity to learn a language at critical points in her development.
This is clearly not something researchers could ethically replicate, but conducting a case study on Genie allowed researchers to study phenomena that are otherwise impossible to reproduce.
There are a few different types of case studies that psychologists and other researchers might use:
The three main case study types often used are intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Intrinsic case studies are useful for learning about unique cases. Instrumental case studies help look at an individual to learn more about a broader issue. A collective case study can be useful for looking at several cases simultaneously.
The type of case study that psychology researchers use depends on the unique characteristics of the situation and the case itself.
There are a number of different sources and methods that researchers can use to gather information about an individual or group. Six major sources that have been identified by researchers are:
If you have been directed to write a case study for a psychology course, be sure to check with your instructor for any specific guidelines you need to follow. If you are writing your case study for a professional publication, check with the publisher for their specific guidelines for submitting a case study.
Here is a general outline of what should be included in a case study.
This section will have the following structure and content:
Background information : The first section of your paper will present your client's background. Include factors such as age, gender, work, health status, family mental health history, family and social relationships, drug and alcohol history, life difficulties, goals, and coping skills and weaknesses.
Description of the presenting problem : In the next section of your case study, you will describe the problem or symptoms that the client presented with.
Describe any physical, emotional, or sensory symptoms reported by the client. Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions related to the symptoms should also be noted. Any screening or diagnostic assessments that are used should also be described in detail and all scores reported.
Your diagnosis : Provide your diagnosis and give the appropriate Diagnostic and Statistical Manual code. Explain how you reached your diagnosis, how the client's symptoms fit the diagnostic criteria for the disorder(s), or any possible difficulties in reaching a diagnosis.
This portion of the paper will address the chosen treatment for the condition. This might also include the theoretical basis for the chosen treatment or any other evidence that might exist to support why this approach was chosen.
This section of a case study should also include information about the treatment goals, process, and outcomes.
When you are writing a case study, you should also include a section where you discuss the case study itself, including the strengths and limitiations of the study. You should note how the findings of your case study might support previous research.
In your discussion section, you should also describe some of the implications of your case study. What ideas or findings might require further exploration? How might researchers go about exploring some of these questions in additional studies?
Here are a few additional pointers to keep in mind when formatting your case study:
Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach . BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011;11:100.
Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach . BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011 Jun 27;11:100. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
Gagnon, Yves-Chantal. The Case Study as Research Method: A Practical Handbook . Canada, Chicago Review Press Incorporated DBA Independent Pub Group, 2010.
Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods . United States, SAGE Publications, 2017.
By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."
Illustrative case studies, description.
Illustrative case studies are descriptive studies that depict one or more circumstances of an event to explain the situation. According to Hayes, Kyer, and Weber (2015), this type of case study is used to “describe a situation or a phenomenon, what is happening with it, and why it is happening” (p. 8). It is used to familiarize students with a topic and introduce them to the common language found in the case study. Illustrative case studies are particularly useful when the targeted audience knows little if anything about the topic because these case studies describe every aspect of the case—for example, what the participants did and their involvement in the case, where the case occurred, and the like—in great detail (Davey, 1991). Illustrative case studies tend to be in-depth and rich in context, and they must provide every aspect of the case in language that is conducive to comprehension. Because these case studies are written using the exact details of the case (or cases), if they are not written in a manner that the reader can understand, they will not maintain audience interest (Hayes et al., 2015). The intent is to provide the reader with visually descriptive details about the environment, how the participants involved acted and reacted during the study, and any other information that is important to support the research. The goal of an illustrative case study is to paint a picture about the topic for the reader (Hayes et al., 2015). When writing an illustrative case study, the researcher should use clear language but avoid oversimplifying the verbiage because the rich description could be lost. For this reason, only a small number of cases, one or two at a time, should be used (Davey, 1991).
Illustrative Case Study : A descriptive study that depicts one or more circumstances of an event to explain the situation.
Exploratory Case Study : A study that involve researching a specific topic to the point where thorough, detailed, and complete understanding occurs.
Narrative Case Study : A qualitative study in which the researcher collects data from an individual or individuals about a specific life event or events that occurred in order to share and retell the story.
Critical Instance Case Study : A study that typically involves investigating one or more phenomena in an attempt to decipher and focus on a single occurrence instead of making a generalization about the situation.
Case Survey Method : A method used in cumulative case studies to quickly and creatively analyze the data collected from multiple cases.
Prospective Case Study : A study that involves the researcher observing a group of participants who have commonalities in an attempt to look for outcomes over a lengthy time period and relate them to other factors.
Program Implementation Case Study : A longitudinal study that involves a large sample size that allows the researcher to make a generalization about the participants in the study. This type of case study can be used to evaluate the implementation of a specific program.
Program Effects Case Study : A study that looks specifically at programs to determine the reasons for their successes and/or failures.
Embedded Case Study : A type of study that uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods, includes a main case study comprised of smaller sub-case studies, and is appropriate if the study needs to describe phenomena in detail.
Cumulative Case Study : A study in which the researcher collects and aggregates information from numerous data sources in order to make a generalization about the phenomena.
Writing A Case Study
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Many writers find themselves grappling with the challenge of crafting persuasive and engaging case studies.
The process can be overwhelming, leaving them unsure where to begin or how to structure their study effectively. And, without a clear plan, it's tough to show the value and impact in a convincing way.
But don’t worry!
In this blog, we'll guide you through a systematic process, offering step-by-step instructions on crafting a compelling case study.
Along the way, we'll share valuable tips and illustrative examples to enhance your understanding. So, let’s get started.
A case study is a detailed analysis and examination of a particular subject, situation, or phenomenon. It involves comprehensive research to gain a deep understanding of the context and variables involved.
Typically used in academic, business, and marketing settings, case studies aim to explore real-life scenarios, providing insights into challenges, solutions, and outcomes. They serve as valuable tools for learning, decision-making, and showcasing success stories.
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Case studies come in various forms, each tailored to address specific objectives and areas of interest. Here are some of the main types of case studies :
Crafting an effective case study involves a structured approach to ensure clarity, engagement, and relevance.
Here's a step-by-step guide on how to write a compelling case study:
Before diving into the writing process, clearly define the purpose of your case study. Identify the key questions you want to answer and the specific goals you aim to achieve.
Whether it's to showcase a successful project, analyze a problem, or demonstrate the effectiveness of a solution, a well-defined objective sets the foundation for a focused and impactful case study.
Gather all relevant information and data related to your chosen case. This may include interviews, surveys, documentation, and statistical data.
Ensure that your research is comprehensive, covering all aspects of the case to provide a well-rounded and accurate portrayal.
The more thorough your research, the stronger your case study's foundation will be.
Begin your case study with a compelling introduction that grabs the reader's attention. Clearly state the subject and the primary issue or challenge faced.
Engage your audience by setting the stage for the narrative, creating intrigue, and highlighting the significance of the case.
Step 4: Present the Background Information
Provide context by presenting the background information of the case. Explore relevant history, industry trends, and any other factors that contribute to a deeper understanding of the situation.
This section sets the stage for readers, allowing them to comprehend the broader context before delving into the specifics of the case.
Identify and articulate the challenges or problems encountered in the case. Clearly define the obstacles that needed to be overcome, emphasizing their significance.
This section sets the stakes for your audience and prepares them for the subsequent exploration of solutions.
Describe the strategies, actions, or solutions applied to address the challenges outlined. Be specific about the decision-making process, the rationale behind the chosen solutions, and any alternatives considered.
This part of the case study demonstrates problem-solving skills and showcases the effectiveness of the implemented measures.
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Present tangible outcomes and results achieved as a direct consequence of the implemented solutions. Use data, metrics, and success stories to quantify the impact.
Whether it's increased revenue, improved efficiency, or positive customer feedback, measurable results add credibility and validation to your case study.
Enhance the readability and visual appeal of your case study by incorporating relevant visuals such as charts, graphs, images, and infographics.
Visual elements not only break up the text but also provide a clearer representation of data and key points, making your case study more engaging and accessible.
Wrap up your case study with a strong and conclusive summary. Revisit the initial objectives, recap key findings, and emphasize the overall success or significance of the case.
This section should leave a lasting impression on your readers, reinforcing the value of the presented information.
The methods employed in case study writing are diverse and flexible, catering to the unique characteristics of each case. Here are common methods used in case study writing:
Conducting one-on-one or group interviews with individuals involved in the case to gather firsthand information, perspectives, and insights.
Directly observing the subject or situation to collect data on behaviors, interactions, and contextual details.
Examining existing documents, records, reports, and other written materials relevant to the case to gather information and insights.
Distributing structured surveys or questionnaires to relevant stakeholders to collect quantitative data on specific aspects of the case.
Combining direct observation with active participation in the activities or events related to the case to gain an insider's perspective.
Using multiple methods (e.g., interviews, observation, and document analysis) to cross-verify and validate the findings, enhancing the study's reliability.
Immersing the researcher in the subject's environment over an extended period, focusing on understanding the cultural context and social dynamics.
Effectively presenting your case study is as crucial as the content itself. Follow these formatting guidelines to ensure clarity and engagement:
If you're still having trouble organizing your case study, check out this blog on case study format for helpful insights.
If you want to understand how to write a case study, examples are a fantastic way to learn. That's why we've gathered a collection of intriguing case study examples for you to review before you begin writing.
Case Study Research Example
Case Study Template
Case Study Introduction Example
Amazon Case Study Example
Business Case Study Example
APA Format Case Study Example
Psychology Case Study Example
Medical Case Study Example
UX Case Study Example
Looking for more examples? Check out our blog on case study examples for your inspiration!
Case studies are a versatile and in-depth research method, providing a nuanced understanding of complex phenomena.
However, like any research approach, case studies come with their set of benefits and limitations. Some of them are given below:
|
|
Offer detailed insights into specific real-world situations | Findings may not be easily generalized to broader populations |
Provide a holistic view within natural context | Researcher's interpretation and biases can influence analysis |
Effective for investigating and addressing real-world problems | Time-consuming and resource-intensive |
Flexible nature allows incorporation of various data collection methods | Selection of cases may be biased |
Allow deep exploration, uncovering nuances and complexities | Potential for subjectivity in findings |
Contribute to theory development by generating hypotheses and empirical evidence | Less feasible for large-scale studies |
Humanize data by incorporating personal narratives, quotes, and anecdotes | External validity may be limited due to biased case selection |
Tips for Writing an Effective Case Study
Here are some important tips for writing a good case study:
To sum it up, creating a good case study involves careful thinking to share valuable insights and keep your audience interested.
Stick to basics like having clear questions and understanding your research type. Choose the right case and keep things organized and balanced.
Remember, your case study should tackle a problem, use relevant data, and show how it can be applied in real life. Be honest about any limitations, and finish with a clear call-to-action to encourage further exploration.
However, if you are having issues understanding how to write a case study, it is best to hire MyPerfectWords.com 's Professional service. Hiring our custom essay service will ensure that you will get the best grades on your essay without any stress of a deadline.
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What is the purpose of a case study.
The objective of a case study is to do intensive research on a specific matter, such as individuals or communities. It's often used for academic purposes where you want the reader to know all factors involved in your subject while also understanding the processes at play.
Some common sources of a case study include:
A normally acceptable size of a case study is 30-50. However, the final number depends on the scope of your study and the on-ground demographic realities.
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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.
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by Antony W
January 21, 2023
A case study can prove to be highly beneficial in the realm of academia.
If anything, it’s simpler and more efficient for students to learn if given the opportunity to examine real-world situations. They will also develop the ability to digest information presented to them irrespective of their course or levels of education.
In this guide, we look at the different types of case studies in details. In addition to mentioning the different forms of case studies, we’ll look at what each type signifies.
There are four different types of case studies, and each one serves a different function throughout the work.
They are all distinguished from one another by the unique characteristics of their own designs, and their primary objective is to examine issues brought up by a certain topic, which may be an individual, group or organization, an environment, or a situation.
When developing a topic, an opinion, or a concept, everyone has the potential to come across one or more of the following case studies:
A situation in which a preexisting hypothesis or viewpoint is present will serve as the setting for an illustrative case study.
The purpose of the case study is to develop a representative example in order to better comprehend the whole concept. It discusses all there is to know about a specific topic in as much depth as possible. It is possible that it will even have one or two instances to illustrate the issue for more clarity.
Beginning with a description is the first step in coming up with an illustrative case study. After that, you look for links between the topic of the text and evidence that comes from outside the text. As soon as you are able to demonstrate this proof, you will make a sound conclusion regarding the study.
The findings of an illustrative case study will provide insight into the process of developing a new hypothesis . In addition to this, quantitative data is necessary to achieve a more in-depth understanding of the subject matter.
To put it more plainly, an exploratory research is a primary project done prior to moving on to a large-scale inquiry. Its primary emphasis is on real-life circumstances and scenarios.
The primary objective of exploratory research is to locate any potential avenues of inquiry that warrant additional examination. It is an efficient strategy for suggesting other approaches to further investigation.
Cumulative Case study is one of the primary case studies utilized in qualitative research. It is an excellent tool for concurrently collecting data from a number of different sources.
The purpose of this case study is to provide a summary of previous research without providing any fresh information or expending any further effort on conducting new investigations.
Finding patterns shared by several reports may be possible with a cumulative case study. Additionally, it can be helpful in identifying discrepancies between case studies that have similar ideas or foundational assumptions.
In the grand scheme of things, a cumulative case study will also result in a greater knowledge of a difficult subject.
A critical instance case study is significant in determining the causes and effects of a specific occurrence or situation in the ecosystem.
This case study will take a close look at the overarching concept to see what makes it unique so that we can create some primary points from it.
The investigation of a large number of sources, each of which may have distinct interests or none at all, is the primary objective of this form of case study.
Critical Instance case study might offer an argument against an overarching thesis, not to mention determine the issue at hand or the most important aspect of that investigation.
Even if a case study just examines one aspect of a problem, it is nevertheless an efficient method of gaining knowledge on a specific subject.
But why is it necessary to write a case study in the first place?
When conducting more research on a topic, the primary objective of a case study is to discover previously unexplored aspects of the topic. In this respect, a case study is a valuable teaching tool that provides students with in-depth knowledge on a variety of subjects.
You might be wondering:
What are the advantages of doing a case study? Or why should you develop a case study in the first place?
A case study is an important aspect of academic writing because it enables you to:
There is no doubt that a case study is an essential component of the modern educational system. Before graduating, the vast majority of students must complete this type of an assignment .
However, in order for them to be able to work, they also need to be familiar with the various types of case studies. So if you’re about to write a case study, this guide should help you a great deal.
About the author
Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.
The chapters, sections, subtopics, and other components of a report must be organized in some way, and this constitutes your case study report’s compositional structure. Attending to such structure has been a topic of attention with other methodologies. For instance, L. Kidder and Judd (1986, pp. 430-431) write of the “hourglass” shape of a report for quantitative studies. Similarly, in ethnography, John Van Maanen (1988) has developed the concept of “tales” for reporting fieldwork results. He identifies several different types of tales: realist tales, confessional tales, impressionist tales, critical tales, formal tales, literary tales, and jointly told tales. These different types may be used in different combinations in the same report.
Alternatives also exist for structuring case study reports. This section suggests six illustrative structures (see Figure 6.1) that may be used with any type of case study formats just described. The illustrations are described mainly in relation to the composition of a single-case study, although the principles are readily translatable into multiple-case reports. As a further note and as indicated in Figure 6.1, the first three are all applicable to descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory case studies. The fourth is applicable mainly to exploratory and explanatory case studies, the fifth to explanatory cases, and the sixth to descriptive cases.
This is a standard approach for composing research reports. The sequence of subtopics starts with the issue or problem being studied and a review of the relevant prior literature. The subtopics then proceed to cover the methods used, the findings from the data collected and analyzed, and the conclusions and implications from the findings.
Most journal articles in experimental science reflect this type of structure, as do many case studies. The structure is comfortable to most investigators and probably is the most advantageous when research colleagues or a thesis or dissertation committee comprise the main audience for a case study. Note that the structure is applicable to explanatory, descriptive, or exploratory case studies. For example, an exploratory case may cover the issue or problem being explored, the methods of exploration, the findings from the exploration, and the conclusions (for further research).
A comparative structure repeats the same case study two or more times, comparing alternative descriptions or explanations of the same case. This is best exemplified in Graham Allison’s (1971) noted case study on the Cuban missile crisis (see Chapter 1, BOX 1). In this book, the author repeats the “facts” of the case study three times, each time in relation to a different conceptual model. The purpose of the repetition is to show the degree to which the facts fit each model, and the repetitions actually illustrate a pattern-matching technique at work.
A similar approach can be used even if a case study is serving descriptive, and not explanatory, purposes. The same case can be described repeatedly, from different points of view or with different descriptive models, to understand how the case might best be categorized for descriptive purposes—similar to arriving at the correct diagnosis for a clinical patient in psychology. Of course, other variants of the comparative approach are possible, but the main feature is that the entire case study (or the results of a cross-case analysis when doing a multiple- case study) is repeated two or more times, in an overtly comparative mode.
Because case studies generally cover events over time, a third type of approach is to present the case study evidence in chronological order. Here, the sequence of chapters or sections might follow the early, middle, and late phases of a case history. This approach can serve an important purpose in doing explanatory case studies because presumed causal sequences must occur linearly over time. If a presumed cause of an event occurs after the event has occurred, one would have reason to question the initial causal proposition.
Whether for explanatory or descriptive purposes, a chronological approach has one pitfall to be avoided: giving disproportionate attention to the early events and insufficient attention to the later ones. Most commonly, an investigator will expend too much effort in composing the introduction to a case, including its early history and background, and leave insufficient time to write about the current status of the case. Yet, much of the interest in the case may be related to the more recent events. Thus, one recommendation when using a chronological structure is to draft the case study backward. Those chapters or sections that are about the current status of the case should be drafted first, and only after these drafts have been completed should the background to the case be drafted. Once all drafts have been completed, you can then return to the normal chronological sequence in then refining the final version of the case study.
In this approach, the sequence of chapters or sections will follow some theory-building logic. The logic will depend on the specific topic and theory, but each chapter or section should reveal a new part of the theoretical argument being made. If structured well, the entire sequence and its unfolding of key ideas can produce a compelling and impressive case study.
The approach is relevant to both explanatory and exploratory case studies, both of which can be concerned with theory building. Explanatory cases will be examining the various facets of a causal argument; exploratory cases will be debating the value of further investigating various hypotheses or propositions.
This structure inverts the linear-analytic structure described previously. The direct “answer” or outcome of a case study and its substantive significance is, paradoxically, presented in the initial chapter or section. The remainder of the case study—and its most suspenseful parts—are then devoted to the development of an explanation of this outcome, with alternative explanations considered in the ensuing chapters or sections.
This type of approach is relevant mainly to explanatory case studies, as a descriptive case study has no especially important outcome. When used well, the suspense approach is often an engaging compositional structure.
An unsequenced structure is one in which the sequence of sections or chapters assumes no particular importance. This structure is often sufficient for descriptive case studies, as in the example of Middletown (Lynd & Lynd, 1929), cited in Chapters 2 and 3 (BOXES 8 and 14). Basically, one could change the order of the chapters in that book and not alter its descriptive value.
Descriptive case studies of organizations often exhibit the same characteristic. Such case studies use separate chapters or sections to cover an organization’s genesis and history, its ownership and employees, its product lines, its formal lines of organization, and its financial status. The particular order in which these chapters or sections is presented is not critical and may therefore be regarded as an unsequenced approach (see BOX 43 for another example).
Unsequenced Chapters, but in a Best-Selling Book
A best-selling book, appealing to both popular and academic audiences, was Peters and Waterman’s (1982) In Search of Excellence. Although the book is based on more than 60 case studies of America’s most successful large businesses, the text contains only the cross-case analysis, each chapter covering an insightful set of general characteristics associated with organizational excellence. However, the particular sequence of these chapters is alterable. The book would have made a significant contribution even if the chapters were in some other order.
If an unsequenced structure is used, the investigator does need to attend to one other problem: a test of completeness. Thus, even though the order of the chapters or sections may not matter, the overall collection does. If certain key topics are left uncovered, the description may be regarded as incomplete. An investigator must know a topic well enough—or have related models of case studies to reference—to avoid such a shortcoming. If a case study fails to present a complete description, the investigator can be accused of having assembled a skewed version of the case—even though the case study was only descriptive.
Source: Yin K Robert (2008), Case Study Research Designs and Methods , SAGE Publications, Inc; 4th edition.
13 Aug 2021
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Cite this chapter.
Part of the book series: Contemporary Systems Thinking ((CST))
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In this chapter, I provide case studies to illustrate the use of each of the broad categories of methodological approaches outlined in Part II of the book. These cases are meant to draw out the strengths of the different approaches and, at the same time, hint at their weaknesses. In order to consolidate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the various methodologies, each case is analyzed according to the theoretical schemata set out in Chapter 2—to see, for example, what metaphors are being employed to understand the organization in that intervention. The first two cases are well-known and documented in the literature; the other three stem from my own consultancy experience, and the names of the organizations and some of the circumstances of these interventions have been changed. In all instances, the space available makes it impossible to give a detailed account of what actually happened. The purpose of the chapter, in any case, is to demonstrate the logic of use of the methodologies rather than to seek to provide a thorough and “accurate” exposition of the events that took place. What the reader gets lies somewhere between description of actual interventions and what Ackoff (1989) calls “fables.”
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Jackson, M.C. (1991). Illustrative Case Studies. In: Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences. Contemporary Systems Thinking. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2632-6_8
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Table of contents
Writing with the use of the different types of case study methods is a bittersweet experience. First, you have to go through the herculean task of collecting data to analyze. This is the part where, if you have no grit, you just might give up passing your elephant through the needle. However, once you scale through this, the rest becomes a piece of cake. So, the real question is, how dedicated are you to following through to the end?
These research methods represent one of the best ways to learn in a classroom. This is because when a student can go through real-life examples, learning becomes faster and more effective.
However, there are different types and formats used in research methodology. Generally, all of them are used to provide answers to a question that can only be analyzed through a data breakdown. In this piece, you will learn about all the forms and types of research , as well as the ways they are applied to answer questions in basic daily living.
It’s an approach to treating essays like case studies, giving a long and detailed explanation. This means that when a topic is given, it is treated like a real-life scenario in which the key issues are identified and solutions provided after in-depth research.
A rule of thumb states that the purpose of case studies is to apply a procedure where the writer relies on a unique case more than a few others, to which they write down solutions to the problem identified. These projects are favored in many educational institutions. They have served as great tools to develop the thinking of first-year students who have never done any research previously. Focusing only on a project for an extended period is also another great way to explore ideas, as it lets writers prepare materials for future projects.
This concept initially appeared in the work of a 19th-century economist and sociologist. He studied family budgets and was the first person who applied the knowledge of case studies in social science. The process has since gained more popularity and credibility. It has even become a favorite of many a student. However, some aren’t familiar with how to develop this type of text. They usually resort to hiring a case study writing service , a service provider that helps with all the hard lifting for them. Also, there is a common belief that this is among the most common types of case study in sociology.
However, it can also be used in other fields, such as clinical and administrative fields, education, social work, sociology, anthropology, political science, social work, education, etc. This is because case studies are great choices to use to study in school as they target one line of action.
Furthermore, those who work in different fields have learned how to incorporate case studies into their research process. Consequently, this allows the student to research deeper and more carefully to unravel the whole matter.
Thus, it focuses on letting people learn how to research to reach practical conclusions through the proper learning of data collection and analysis.
Now that we have understood the way a case study research methodology works, the next question is, what are the types of case studies in research?
There are different case study examples for students in this piece that are used for several purposes. They are all differentiated based on differences in their design. Their main goal includes analyzing the various problems that arise within a particular topic, entity, group, organization, environment, or scenario. These kinds of studies, which cover a writing case study analysis , have various types of case studies in qualitative research which would be discussed below;
This type of case study research design appears in scenarios with an existing hypothesis or opinion. It aims to create a typical occurrence to help understand the existing idea being worked upon. It’s one of the most popular variations of research methodology and is renowned for its descriptive nature. They aim to explain all the details relating to that particular subject matter.
To begin this, you must first create a description. An example is the use of an essay service to write long papers. Then, you try to find connections between the subject of the text and external evidence.
Once you can establish the evidence that points to a connection, you can conclude the study. The results will reveal how to develop another theory. This type makes use of concrete results and utilizes quantitative data to gain deeper insight into the topic being studied.
In simple terms, such a study focuses on an initial project conducted before going ahead with an otherwise large-scale investigation. Usually, it is designed in the form of a self-contained document where it primarily centers on real-life contexts and situations. This type is commonly used in the social sciences, like political sciences, for research.
Generally, this type of case study helps to easily identify the possible research questions and methods, for example, the case study APA format , that will suit a large investigation. This helps to serve as the starting point for investigating studies.
As such, the main goal is to identify any loophole that calls for further investigation. Thus, it provides an effective way to search deeper into the smaller bits of a larger case study format.
It can be described as one of the main types of qualitative research studies. This is because it is a great tool to collect information from several sources simultaneously. This case study method aims to summarize past studies without sharing additional information or spending time carrying out new investigations. Here, it reflects a type of data analysis.
In addition, it can be used to find patterns between multiple articles and essays, and help see discrepancies in pieces with similar opinions or base theories. Overall, it will also cause a deeper understanding of a complex topic.
A critical case study examines the cause and effect of a particular event or scenario on the environment around it. To generate some main points, the process requires that you look critically at the main idea to identify what makes it special and different.
Thus, this study focuses on investigating the numerous sources for unique interests or none. This case study method can be applied to analyze a universal contention. This will help identify the problem hidden in that study.
This type of investigation focus is on a Single and unique Individual. This study can also include the people close to the Researcher. The point is to understand how subjects and their history intertwine among themselves to better understand all about them. This simply means studying the subject from the perspective of their surroundings.
Furthermore, the term “intrinsic” encourages researchers who have a genuine interest in a situation to use this approach whose goal is to properly understand the case study at hand in a given situation.
You need to create a descriptive study format for most hypothesis. It starts with explicitly describing what you are attempting to study. Then you should find links connecting what you’re studying and what has already been said about it.
Having achieved this, you should be able to draw conclusions and know how to extend the findings in your report. Summarily, this method involves starting with a descriptive theory. After which, the results are then observed, set into categories, and the information gathered is compared to an already existing theory.
The main goal is to identify new knowledge about an entity while performing further research. This makes this method a good teaching tool to give a student in-depth knowledge about certain case study topics . This shows a rich history and amazing development for its users.
The entire process of writing, from collecting information to working with past research, analyzing data, and writing the paper’s content, is tasking and will require a lot of research. However, as daunting as it may seem, it can be quite an intriguing experience. As such, your go-to cheat code as a writer is to identify the goals of the study before starting the research.
Having learned all of the aforementioned, why should you buy a case study or write one? These benefits include:
And that’s all on different case study types. Undoubtedly, it’s an important aspect of the present-day educational sector. Most students have to deal with this type of academic work before graduating. However, they also have to be familiar with the different types of writing to be able to work out the intricacies of this method. If you are looking for information on research studies and the individual types of case study, you’ll find the information in this article very useful.
What are the five methods of collecting data.
At the core of using a case method is your ability to collect data properly to establish your case and hypothesis. Thus, its success relies on the strength of the collection of data. There are five methods of collecting data, and they include:
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On-demand webinar: quality considerations for mobile blood draws and specimen collections: supporting decentralized studies and trials click the title above to watch the webinar. to watch the webinar recording you will need to register at this site..
Desription:
In this webinar, learn from experts with experience in leading mobile blood draws and specimen collections for a wide range of trials and studies.
Pharmaceutical, life sciences, research and healthcare organizations that need laboratory testing to support studies and trials are likely to instinctively consider the importance of quality programs for blood, urine and other specimen collections once they arrive at the lab for testing.
What may be less common to consider — but plays a critical role in overall quality — is the protocol to ensure quality during each step of the process throughout specimen collection, processing, handling and transport that takes place prior to the specimen arriving at the lab.
The considerations grow for decentralized trials and studies where the collection of samples likely will not occur at clinics or hospitals. In fact, blood draws and specimen collection in a decentralized model often occur in the most convenient location possible for participants: their home.
The convenience offered by decentralized trials can boost accessibility and support adherence and retention. However, collecting specimens in a participant’s home and transporting specimens to a laboratory present complexities that should be integrated into an overall quality program.
In fact, a range of quality considerations at each step in the collection process play an important role in the overall quality management. If additional assessments, such as a personal interview or biometric measurements, will be conducted along with the blood draw or other specimen collection, the quality considerations expand.
Attendees will learn about:
- Significant applications of mobile collection to support decentralized trials and studies
- Identifying important quality considerations — from collection and processing protocols to
temperature requirements for transport — for the development of a mobile collections
program for blood draws or other specimen collections
- Additional assessments and measurements, such as interviews and biometrics, which
may be integrated with mobile collection and their quality consideration
Presenters:
- Dr. Hope Karnes , MD, PhD, Medical Director, Quest Diagnostics
- Gene Stegeman, Director, Mobile Services for Health & Life Sciences, ExamOne
- Julia Larsen , RN, Director, Clinical Development Programs, Quest Diagnostics
Time of talk: 58 minutes
Live webinar: July 17, 2024
Posted as on-demand webinar: August 12, 2024
Disclosure : The views and opinions are those of the presenter. The content was current as of the time of recording in 2024.
Gene Stegeman, Director, Mobile Services for Health & Life Sciences, ExamOne
Julia Larsen , RN, Director, Clinical Development Programs, Quest Diagnostics
Quest® is the brand name used for services offered by Quest Diagnostics Incorporated and its affiliated companies. Quest Diagnostics Incorporated and certain affiliates are CLIA certified laboratories that provide HIPAA covered services. Other affiliates operated under the Quest® brand, such as Quest Consumer Inc., do not provide HIPAA covered services.
Quest®, Quest Diagnostics®, any associated logos, and all associated Quest Diagnostics registered or unregistered trademarks are the property of Quest Diagnostics. All third-party marks—® and ™—are the property of their respective owners. © 2024 Quest Diagnostics Incorporated. All rights reserved. Image content features models and is intended for illustrative purposes only.
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An illustrative case study is used to examine a familiar case to help others understand it. It is one of the main types of case studies in research methodology and is primarily descriptive.
Designing and Conducting Case Studies This guide examines case studies, a form of qualitative descriptive research that is used to look at individuals, a small group of participants, or a group as a whole. Researchers collect data about participants using participant and direct observations, interviews, protocols, tests, examinations of records, and collections of writing samples. Starting ...
We've put together 15 real-life case study examples to inspire you. These examples cover a variety of industries and formats, plus templates to inspire you.
There are several types of case studies, each differing from each other based on the hypothesis and/or thesis to be proved. It is also possible for types of case studies to overlap each other.
The GAO (Government Accountability Office) has described six different types of case study: 1. Illustrative: This is descriptive in character and intended to add realism and in-depth examples to other information about a program or policy. (These are often used to complement quantitative data by providing examples of the overall findings).
A case study deeply dives into a particular subject, such as a person, event, or group. Case studies are used in multiple areas of research. See examples of how to use case studies in your research.
In both intrinsic, instrumental and illustrative case studies, the exploration might take place within a single case. In contrast, a collective case study includes multiple individual cases, and the exploration occurs both within and between cases.
The major types of case studies encompass six different categories, each investigating issues within specific situations, environments, or organizations. As research methods, case studies can be used in various subject areas like the arts, psychology, economics, or politics. This isn't the easiest assignment, so if you lack time or skills to ...
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single person, group, event, or community. This research method involves intensively analyzing a subject to understand its complexity and context. The richness of a case study comes from its ability to capture detailed, qualitative data that can offer insights into a process or subject matter that ...
Learn how to write a case study from doing research to citing sources properly. We explore the different types of case studies and provide writing help.
Determine which case study type, design or style is most suitable to your intended audience. Corporations may choose illustrative case study method to show what has been done for a client; schools, educators and students may select cumulative or critical case study method and legal teams may demonstrate exploratory (investigative) case study method as a way to provide factual evidence.
A case study is an in depth focussed study of a person, group, or situation that has been studied over time within its real-life context. There are different types of case study: Illustrative case studies describe an unfamiliar situation in order to help people understand it. Critical instance case studies focus on a unique case, without a ...
A case study is an in-depth analysis of one individual or group. Learn more about how to write a case study, including tips and examples, and its importance in psychology.
Researchers, economists, and others frequently use case studies to answer questions across a wide spectrum of disciplines, from analyzing decades of climate data for conservation efforts to developing new theoretical frameworks in psychology. Learn about the different types of case studies, their benefits, and examples of successful case studies.
Abstract Qualitative case study methodology enables researchers to conduct an in-depth exploration of intricate phenomena within some specific context. By keeping in mind research students, this article presents a systematic step-by-step guide to conduct a case study in the business discipline. Research students belonging to said discipline face issues in terms of clarity, selection, and ...
Illustrative Case Study: A descriptive study that depicts one or more circumstances of an event to explain the situation. Exploratory Case Study: A study that involve researching a specific topic to the point where thorough, detailed, and complete understanding occurs. Narrative Case Study: A qualitative study in which the researcher collects ...
What Defines a Case Study? The definition of a case study is a topic of disagreement between disciplines, or even between researchers in the same discipline. In this section, we will describe some of the aspects associated with common case study practices, and present a definition for case studies that incorporates elements from multiple sources in order to provide a deeper understanding of ...
Want to conduct or write a case study? We can help! This blog discusses easy steps and tips on how to write a case study with a case study format and examples.
In this guide, we look at the different types of case studies that you may be asked to write in a class assignment.
Alternatives also exist for structuring case study reports. This section suggests six illustrative structures (see Figure 6.1) that may be used with any type of case study formats just described. The illustrations are described mainly in relation to the composition of a single-case study, although the principles are readily translatable into multiple-case reports. As a further note and as ...
Learn more about what a case study is, discover its types, learn how to write one, review an example and explore some ideas to inspire future case studies.
In this chapter, I provide case studies to illustrate the use of each of the broad categories of methodological approaches outlined in Part II of the book. These cases are meant to draw out the strengths of the different approaches and, at the same time, hint at...
Looking for the best guidelines for types of case study? Here you will find complete information about key cases, outlier cases and knowledge case studies.
This project specifically looks at the Hudson Valley Air Quality Coalition as a case study illustrative of what the citizen science process looks like in the context of the Hudson Valley community, made distinct through a focus on issues of air pollution. Open Access Agreement.
In this webinar, learn from experts with experience in leading mobile blood draws and specimen collections for a wide range of trials and studies. What may be less common to consider — but plays a critical role in overall quality — is the protocol to ensure quality during each step of the process throughout specimen collection, processing, handling and transport that takes place prior to ...
Health insurance companies claim prior authorization saves money, but this time-wasting, care delaying tactic may actually add significant costs to the nation's health system. In addition to resulting in worse patient care, prior authorization squeezes the pocketbooks of patients, employers ...
Possible illustrative topics, issues, matters, and agency concerns include but are not limited to, similar situations and circumstances involving the Catholic church, Penn State ... Regarding any and all investigations (including inquiries, reviews, inspections, studies, assessments or other examinations) commenced in 2024 by the Oklahoma ...